140 results on '"Born, Dennis-Peter"'
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2. Variation vs. specialization: the dose-time-effect of technical and physiological variety in the development of elite swimmers
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Lorentzen, Jenny, Björklund, Glenn, Stöggl, Thomas, and Romann, Michael
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- 2024
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3. Predicting future stars: Probability and performance corridors for elite swimmers
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Stöggl, Thomas, Lorentzen, Jenny, Romann, Michael, and Björklund, Glenn
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- 2024
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4. Specialize Early and Select Late: Performance Trajectories of World-Class Finalists and International- and National-Class Swimmers.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Björklund, Glenn, Lorentzen, Jenny, Stöggl, Thomas, and Romann, Michael
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COMPETITION (Psychology) ,EXERCISE tests ,ANALYSIS of variance ,TIME ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,ABILITY ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RESEARCH funding ,BODY movement ,SCOUTING (Athletics) ,SWIMMING ,ATHLETIC ability ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Purpose: To investigate performance progression from early-junior to peak performance age and compare variety in race distances and swimming strokes between swimmers of various performance levels. Methods: Using a longitudinal data analysis and between-groups comparisons 306,165 annual best times of male swimmers (N = 3897) were used to establish a ranking based on annual best times at peak performance age. Individual performance trajectories were retrospectively analyzed to compare distance and stroke variety. Performances of world-class finalists and international- and national-class swimmers (swimming points: 886 [30], 793 [28], and 698 [28], respectively) were compared across 5 age groups—13–14, 15–16, 17–18, 19–20, and 21+ years—using a 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: World-class finalists are not significantly faster than international-class swimmers up to the 17- to 18-year age group (F
2|774 = 65, P <.001, η p 2 =.14) but specialize in short- or long-distance races at a younger age. World-class breaststroke finalists show faster breaststroke times compared to their performance in other swimming strokes from an early age (P <.05), while world-class freestyle and individual medley finalists show less significant differences to their performance in other swimming strokes. Conclusions: While federation officials should aim for late talent selection, that is, not before the 17- to 18-year age group, coaches should aim to identify swimmers' preferred race distances early on. However, the required stroke variety seems to be specific for each swimming stroke. Breaststroke swimmers could aim for early and strong specialization, while freestyle and individual medley swimmers could maintain large and very large stroke variety, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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5. Competition age: does it matter for swimmers?
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Stäcker, Ina, Romann, Michael, and Stöggl, Thomas
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- 2022
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6. Comparing cross-sectional and longitudinal tracking to establish percentile data and assess performance progression in swimmers
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Rüeger, Eva, Beaven, C. Martyn, and Romann, Michael
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- 2022
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7. Normative data and percentile curves for long-term athlete development in swimming
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Lomax, Ishbel, Rüeger, Eva, and Romann, Michael
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- 2022
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8. Sprinting to the top: comparing quality of distance variety and specialization between swimmers and runners.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Romann, Michael, Lorentzen, Jenny, Zumbach, David, Feldmann, Andri, and Ruiz-Navarro, Jesús J.
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SPRINTING ,OLDER athletes ,LONG-distance running ,RUNNERS (Sports) ,SWIMMERS ,ELITE athletes ,LONG-distance runners ,WOMEN athletes - Abstract
Objectives: To compare performance progression and variety in race distances of comparable lengths (timewise) between pool swimming and track running. Quality of within-sport variety was determined as the performance differences between individual athletes' main and secondary race distances across (top-) elite and (highly-) trained swimmers and runners. Methods: A total of 3,827,947 race times were used to calculate performance points (race times relative to the world record) for freestyle swimmers (n = 12,588 males and n = 7,561 females) and track runners (n = 9,230 males and n = 5,841 females). Athletes were ranked based on their personal best at peak performance age, then annual best times were retrospectively traced throughout adolescence. Results: Performance of world-class swimmers differentiates at an earlier age from their lower ranked peers (15-16 vs. 17-20 year age categories, P < 0.05), but also plateaus earlier towards senior age compared to runners (19-20 vs. 23 + year age category, P < 0.05), respectively. Performance development of swimmers shows a logarithmic pattern, while runners develop linearly. While swimmers compete in more secondary race distances (larger within-sport variety), runners specialize in either sprint, middle- or long-distance early in their career and compete in only 2, 4 or 3 other race distances, respectively. In both sports, sprinters specialize the most (P < 0.05). Distance-variety of middle-distance swimmers covers more longer rather than sprint race distances. Therefore, at peak performance age, (top-) elite female 200 m swimmers show significantly slower sprint performances, i.e., 50 m (P < 0.001) and 100 m (P < 0.001), but not long-distance performances, i.e., 800 m (P = 0.99) and 1,500 m (P = 0.99). In contrast, (top-) elite female 800 m middle-distance runners show significantly slower performances in all their secondary race distances (P < 0.001). (Top-) elite female athletes specialize more than (highly-) trained athletes in both sports (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The comparison to track running and lower ranked swimmers, the early performance plateau towards senior age, and the maintenance of a large within-sport distance variety indicates that (top-) elite sprint swimmers benefit from greater within-sport specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Start and turn performances of elite male swimmers: benchmarks and underlying mechanisms.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Kuger, Joris, Polach, Marek, and Romann, Michael
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BIOMECHANICS , *BENCHMARKING (Management) , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *SWIMMING , *SPORTS events , *ANALYSIS of variance , *ATHLETIC ability , *VIDEO recording , *TIME - Abstract
The aim was to provide benchmarks and investigate contribution of start and turn performances in the European Short-Course Swimming Championship. Over all race distances, 932 individual races of male competitors were video captured and the start and turn performances were analysed. Start and turn performances contributed up to 26% and 56% of the total race time. Analysis of variance showed that the 15 m start times were faster for Freestyle and Butterfly (p < 0.001) compared to the other swimming strokes. In-water starts (Backstroke) were slower at the 5 m mark compare to on-block starts (p < 0.001). Tumble turns were faster than open turns (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis explained 82–97% of total variance in the race results with a decreasing effect of start performance for the longer distance races. Turn performance affected the results across all race distances (p < 0.001). The benchmarks and percentiles provide comparative data for swimmers of different performance levels. Considering the large contribution of start and turn performance to race time and the high effect in the regression model, training regimes that are mainly based on conditioning of free-swimming should be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Swimming turn performance: the distinguishing factor in 1500 m world championship freestyle races?
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Polach, Marek, Thiel, Dan, Kreník, Jan, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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- 2021
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11. Diving into a pool of data: Using principal component analysis to optimize performance prediction in women's short-course swimming.
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Staunton, Craig A., Romann, Michael, Björklund, Glenn, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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PREDICTION models ,TASK performance ,DATA analysis ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,PROBABILITY theory ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SWIMMING ,FACTOR analysis ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,TIME - Abstract
This study aimed to optimise performance prediction in short-course swimming through Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and multiple regression. All women's freestyle races at the European Short-Course Swimming Championships were analysed. Established performance metrics were obtained including start, free-swimming, and turn performance metrics. PCA were conducted to reduce redundant variables, and a multiple linear regression was performed where the criterion was swimming time. A practical tool, the Potential Predictor, was developed from regression equations to facilitate performance prediction. Bland and Altman analyses with 95% limits of agreement (95% LOA) were used to assess agreement between predicted and actual swimming performance. There was a very strong agreement between predicted and actual swimming performance. The mean bias for all race distances was less than 0.1s with wider LOAs for the 800 m (95% LOA −7.6 to + 7.7s) but tighter LOAs for the other races (95% LOAs −0.6 to + 0.6s). Free-Swimming Speed (FSS) and turn performance were identified as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in the longer distance races (200 m, 400 m, 800 m). Start performance emerged as a KPI in sprint races (50 m and 100 m). The successful implementation of PCA and multiple regression provides coaches with a valuable tool to uncover individual potential and empowers data-driven decision-making in athlete training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. The Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory and Accelerometer-Derived Measures in Trail Running and the Influence of Sensor Location.
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Staunton, Craig A., Swarén, Mikael, Stöggl, Thomas, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Björklund, Glenn
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ANALYSIS of variance ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,LONG-distance running ,CARDIOPULMONARY fitness ,ACCELEROMETERS ,WEARABLE technology ,FISHER exact test ,ACCELEROMETRY ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,REPEATED measures design ,DATA analysis software - Abstract
Purpose: To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures of exercise during trail running and determine the influence of accelerometer location. Methods: Eight trail runners (7 males and 1 female; age 26 [5] y; maximal oxygen consumption [ V ˙ O 2 ] 70 [6] mL·kg
−1 ·min−1 ) completed a 7-km trail run (elevation gain: 486 m), with concurrent measurements of V ˙ O 2 , heart rate, and accelerations recorded from 3 triaxial accelerometers attached at the upper spine, lower spine, and pelvis. External exercise intensity was quantified from the accelerometers using PlayerLoad™ per minute and accelerometry-derived average net force. External exercise volume was calculated using accumulated PlayerLoad and the product of average net force and duration (impulse). Internal intensity was calculated using heart rate and V ˙ O 2 -metrics; internal volume was calculated from total energy expenditure (work). All metrics were analyzed during both uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) sections of the trail run. Results:PlayerLoad and average net force were greater during DH compared with UH for all sensor locations (P ≤.004). For all accelerometer metrics, there was a sensor position × gradient interaction (F2,14 29.003; P <.001). The upper spine was lower compared with both pelvis (P ≤.003) and lower spine (P ≤.002) for all accelerometer metrics during both UH and DH running. Relationships between accelerometer and cardiorespiratory measures during UH running ranged from moderate negative to moderate positive (r = −.31 to.41). Relationships were stronger during DH running where there was a nearly perfect correlation between work and impulse (r =.91; P <.001). Conclusions: Simultaneous monitoring of cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures during trail running is suggested because of the disparity between internal and external intensities during changes in gradient. Sensor positioning close to the center of mass is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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13. Bio-banding in junior soccer players: a pilot study
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Romann, Michael, Lüdin, Dennis, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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- 2020
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14. How to Improve Change-of-Direction Speed in Junior Team Sport Athletes—Horizontal, Vertical, Maximal, or Explosive Strength Training?
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Keller, Sebastian, Koob, André, Corak, Dino, von Schöning, Valerian, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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- 2020
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15. Analysis of Freestyle Swimming Sprint Start Performance After Maximal Strength or Vertical Jump Training in Competitive Female and Male Junior Swimmers
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Stöggl, Thomas, Petrov, Arpad, Burkhardt, David, Lüthy, Fabian, and Romann, Michael
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- 2020
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16. Analysis of Freestyle Swimming Sprint Start Performance After Maximal Strength or Vertical Jump Training in Competitive Female and Male Junior Swimmers
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Stöggl, Thomas, Petrov, Arpad, Burkhardt, David, Lüthy, Fabian, and Romann, Michael
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- 2019
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17. Key performance indicators and leg positioning for the kick-start in competitive swimmers
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Burkhardt, David, Born, Dennis-Peter, Singh, Navrag, Oberhofer, Katja, Carradori, Sergio, Sinistaj, Suzanne, and Lorenzetti, Silvio
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Freestyle ,Start position ,Force plate ,Reliability ,Swimming - Abstract
The aim of the study was to (1) assess the test–retest reliability of a novel performance analysis system for swimming (KiSwim) including an instrumented starting block and optical motion capture system, (2) identify key performance indicators (KPI) for the kick-start, (3) determine the most beneficial position of the strong leg and (4) investigate the effect of acute reversal of leg positioning. During three sessions, kick-starts of 15 competitive swimmers were investigated. Eighteen kinematic and kinetic parameters showed high reliability (ICC>0.75) from which principal component analysis identified seven KPI (i.e., time to 15 m, time on-block, depth at 7.5 m, horizontal take-off velocity, horizontal impulse back plate, horizontal peak force back plate and vertical peak force front plate). For the preferred start position, the back plate showed a higher horizontal peak force (0.71 vs. 0.96 x body mass; p < 0.001) and impulse (0.191 vs. 0.28Ns/BW; p < 0.001) compared to front plate. Acute reversal of the leg position reduced performance (i.e., increased time to 15 m and reduced horizontal take-off velocity). However, plate-specific kinetic analysis revealed a larger horizontal peak force (p < 0.001) and impulse (p < 0.001) for the back compared to the front plate in any start position investigated. Therefore, swimmers are encouraged to position the strong leg in the back. (© 2020 Swiss Federal Institute of Sport)., Sports Biomechanics, 22 (6), ISSN:1476-3141, ISSN:1752-6116
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- 2023
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18. How to Improve Change-of-Direction Speed in Junior Team Sport Athletes—Horizontal, Vertical, Maximal, or Explosive Strength Training?
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Keller, Sebastian, Koob, André, Corak, Dino, von Schöning, Valerian, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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- 2018
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19. Circadian variation of salivary immunoglobin A, alpha-amylase activity and mood in response to repeated double-poling sprints in hypoxia
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Faiss, Raphael, Willis, Sarah Jean, Strahler, Jana, Millet, Gregoire P., Holmberg, Hans-Christer, and Sperlich, Billy
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- 2016
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20. Exercising in a Hot Environment: Which T-shirt to Wear?
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Sperlich, Billy, Born, Dennis-Peter, Lefter, Marie Denise, and Holmberg, Hans-Christer
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- 2013
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21. Why age categories in youth sport should be eliminated: Insights from performance development of youth female long jumpers.
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Rüeger, Eva, Javet, Marie, Born, Dennis-Peter, Heyer, Louis, and Romann, Michael
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Long-term sports participation and performance development are major issues in popular sports and talent development programs. This study aimed to provide longitudinal trends in youth female long jump performance development, participation, and relative age effects (RAEs), as longitudinal data for female athletes are missing. 51′894 season’s best results of female long jump athletes (n = 16′189) were acquired from the Swiss Athletics online database and analyzed within a range of 6–22 years of age. To examine longitudinal performance development and RAEs, data from athletes who participated in at least three seasons were selected (n = 41′253) and analyzed. Performance development was analyzed using age groups (AGs) and exact chronological age (CA) at competition. Differences between performances of birth quarters were analyzed using 83% confidence intervals (CIs) and smallest worthwhile change. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were used to quantify RAEs. With the traditional classification into age groups (AG), performances of athletes born between January and March (Q1) were significantly better than those born between October and December (Q4) from U8 to U17. Using exact CA resulted in similar performances in Q1 and Q4 until the U20 age category. The peak of participation was reached in the U12 category, and then decreased until the U23 category with a substantial drop at U17. Significant RAEs were observed from U8 to U19 and at U22. RAEs continuously decreased from U8 (large effect) to U14 (small effect). The present results show that differences in performance arise from the comparison of athletes in AGs. Thus, going beyond AGs and using exact CA, Q4 athletes could benefit from a realistic performance comparison, which promotes fair performance evaluation, un-biased talent development, realistic feedback, and long-term participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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22. Differences in Race Characteristics between World-Class Individual-Medley and Stroke-Specialist Swimmers.
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Gonjo, Tomohiro, Polach, Marek, Olstad, Bjørn Harald, Romann, Michael, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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- 2022
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23. Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Muscle Specific Analysis of Intensity and Fatigue during Cross-Country Skiing Competition—A Case Report
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Stöggl, Thomas and Born, Dennis-Peter
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Adult ,Leg ,Vasaloppet ,Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ,GNSS ,GPS ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,Article ,Oxygen Consumption ,NIRS ,Skiing ,heart rate ,Humans ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,double poling ,Muscle, Skeletal ,muscle oxygenation ,Fatigue - Abstract
The aims of the study were to assess the robustness and non-reactiveness of wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to monitor exercise intensity during a real race scenario, and to compare oxygenation between muscle groups important for cross-country skiing (XCS). In a single-case study, one former elite XCS (age: 39 years, peak oxygen uptake: 65.6 mL/kg/min) was equipped with four NIRS devices, a high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and a heart rate (HR) monitor during the Vasaloppet long-distance XCS race. All data were normalized to peak values measured during incremental laboratory roller skiing tests two weeks before the race. HR reflected changes in terrain and intensity, but showed a constant decrease of 0.098 beats per minute from start to finish. Triceps brachii (TRI) muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) showed an interchangeable pattern with HR and seems to be less affected by drift across the competition (0.027% drop per minute). Additionally, TRI and vastus lateralis (VL) SmO2 revealed specific loading and unloading pattern of XCS in uphill and downhill sections, while rectus abdominus (RA) SmO2 (0.111% drop per minute) reflected fatigue patterns occurring during the race. In conclusion, the present preliminary study shows that NIRS provides a robust and non-reactive method to monitor exercise intensity and fatigue mechanisms when applied in an outdoor real race scenario. As local exercise intensity differed between muscle groups and central exercise intensity (i.e., HR) during whole-body endurance exercise such as XCS, NIRS data measured at various major muscle groups may be used for a more detailed analysis of kinetics of muscle activation and compare involvement of upper body and leg muscles. As TRI SmO2 seemed to be unaffected by central fatigue mechanisms, it may provide an alternative method to HR and GNSS data to monitor exercise intensity.
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- 2021
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24. Repeated Double-Poling Sprint Training in Hypoxia by Competitive Cross-country Skiers
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FAISS, RAPHAEL, WILLIS, SARAH, BORN, DENNIS-PETER, SPERLICH, BILLY, VESIN, JEAN-MARC, HOLMBERG, HANS-CHRISTER, and MILLET, GRÉGOIRE P.
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- 2015
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25. Biomechanical, cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to electrically assisted cycling
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Sperlich, Billy, Zinner, Christoph, Hébert-Losier, Kim, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Holmberg, Hans-Christer
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- 2012
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26. Effects of different levels of compression during sub-maximal and high-intensity exercise on erythrocyte deformability
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Wahl, Patrick, Bloch, Wilhelm, Mester, Joachim, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Sperlich, Billy
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- 2012
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27. Does Hyperoxic Recovery during Cross-country Skiing Team Sprints Enhance Performance?
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Hauser, Anna, Zinner, Christoph, Born, Dennis-Peter, Wehrlin, Jon Peter, and Sperlich, Billy
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- 2014
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28. Start Fast, Swim Faster, Turn Fastest: Section Analyses and Normative Data for Individual Medley.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Romann, Michael, and Stöggl, Thomas
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RESEARCH , *REGRESSION analysis , *INTER-observer reliability , *INTRACLASS correlation , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *SWIMMING , *ATHLETIC ability , *SPORTS events , *STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
The aims of the study were to provide benchmarks and normative data for 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m short-course individual medley (IM) races, investigate differences between the various swimming strokes and turns involved in IM, and quantify the effect and contribution of various race sections on swimming performance. All IM races (n = 320) at the 2019 European Short-Course Swimming Championships were video monitored and digitized with interrater reliability described by a mean intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.968. Normative data were provided for the eight finalists of each event (FINA points = 886 ± 37) and the eight slowest swimmers from each event (FINA points = 688 ± 53). Contribution and effects of race sections on swimming performance were investigated using stepwise regression analysis based on all races of each event. Regression analysis explained 97-100% of total variance in race time and revealed turn time (β ≥ 0.53) as distinguishing factor in short-course IM races in addition to swim velocity (β ≥ -0.28). Start time only affected 100 m (β ≥ 0.14) and 200 m (β ≥ 0.04) events. Fastest turn times were found for the butterfly/backstroke turn. Breaststroke showed slowest swim velocities and no difference between fastest and slowest 100 m IM swimmers. Therefore, breaststroke may provide largest potential for future development in IM race times. Correlation analyses revealed that distance per stroke (r ≥ -0.39, P < 0.05) rather than stroke rate (r ≤ -0.18, P > 0.05) is a performance indicator and may be used by coaches and performance analysts to evaluate stroke mechanics in male IM swimmers despite its more complex assessment. Performance analysts, coaches, and swimmers may use the present normative data to establish minimal and maximal requirements for European Championship participation and to create specific drills in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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29. Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers.
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Cuenca-Fernández, Francisco, Ruiz-Navarro, Jesús J., Polach, Marek, Arellano, Raúl, and Born, Dennis-Peter
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- 2022
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30. Key performance indicators and leg positioning for the kick-start in competitive swimmers
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Burkhardt, David, Born, Dennis-Peter, Singh, Navrag B, Oberhofer, Katja, Carradori, Sergio, and Sinistaj, Suzanne
- Abstract
The aim of the study was to (1) assess the test-retest reliability of a novel performance analysis system for swimming (KiSwim) including an instrumented starting block and optical motion capture system, (2) identify key performance indicators (KPI) for the kick-start, (3) determine the most beneficial position of the strong leg and (4) investigate the effect of acute reversal of leg positioning. During three sessions, kick-starts of 15 competitive swimmers were investigated. Eighteen kinematic and kinetic parameters showed high reliability (ICC>0.75) from which principal component analysis identified seven KPI (i.e., time to 15 m, time on-block, depth at 7.5 m, horizontal take-off velocity, horizontal impulse back plate, horizontal peak force back plate and vertical peak force front plate). For the preferred start position, the back plate showed a higher horizontal peak force (0.71 vs. 0.96 x body mass; p < 0.001) and impulse (0.191 vs. 0.28Ns/BW; p < 0.001) compared to front plate. Acute reversal of the leg position reduced performance (i.e., increased time to 15 m and reduced horizontal take-off velocity). However, plate-specific kinetic analysis revealed a larger horizontal peak force (p < 0.001) and impulse (p < 0.001) for the back compared to the front plate in any start position investigated. Therefore, swimmers are encouraged to position the strong leg in the back.
- Published
- 2020
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31. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: More Accurate Than Heart Rate for Monitoring Intensity in Running in Hilly Terrain.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Stöggl, Thomas, Swarén, Mikael, and Björklund, Glenn
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ACTIVE oxygen in the body ,COMPARATIVE studies ,HEART beat ,NEAR infrared spectroscopy ,PROBABILITY theory ,PULMONARY gas exchange ,RUNNING ,OXYGEN consumption ,EXERCISE intensity - Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of trail running and evaluate whether heart rate (HR) adequately reflects the exercise intensity or if the tissue-saturation index (TSI) could provide a more accurate measure during running in hilly terrain. Methods: Seventeen competitive runners (4 women, ...O
2 max, 55 ± 6 mL ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1 ; 13 men, ...O2 max, 68 ± 6 mL ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1 ) performed a time trial on an off-road trail course. The course was made up of 2 laps covering a total distance of 7 km and included 6 steep uphill and downhill sections with an elevation gain of 486 m. All runners were equipped with a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer, HR belt, global positioning system receiver, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device to measure the TSI. Results: During the trail run, the exercise intensity in the uphill and downhill sections was 94% ± 2% and 91% ± 3% of maximal heart rate, respectively, and 84% ± 8% and 68% ± 7% of ...O2 max, respectively. The oxygen uptake (...O2 ) increased in the uphill sections and decreased in the downhill sections (P < .01). Although HR was unaffected by the altering slope conditions, the TSI was inversely correlated to the changes in ...O2 (r= -.70, P < .05). Conclusions: HR was unaffected by the continuously changing exercise intensity; however, TSI reflected the alternations in ...O2 . Recently used exclusively for scientific purposes, this NIRS-based variable may offer a more accurate alternative than HR to monitor running intensity in the future, especially for training and competition in hilly terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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32. Frontiers in Physiology / Biomechanical Adaptations and Performance Indicators in Short Trail Running
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Björklund, Glenn, Swarén, Mikael, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Stöggl, Thomas
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pacing ,stride frequency ,foot forces ,ground contact time ,downhill running - Abstract
Our aims were to measure anthropometric and oxygen uptake (VO2) variables in the laboratory, to measure kinetic and stride characteristics during a trail running time trial, and then analyse the data for correlations with trail running performance. Runners (13 men, 4 women: mean age: 29 5 years; stature: 179.5 0.8 cm; body mass: 69.1 7.4 kg) performed laboratory tests to determine VO2 max, running economy (RE), and anthropometric characteristics. On a separate day they performed an outdoor trail running time trial (two 3.5 km laps, total climb: 486 m) while we collected kinetic and time data. Comparing lap 2 with lap 1 (19:40 1:57 min vs. 21:08 2:09 min, P < 0.001), runners lost most time on the uphill sections and least on technical downhills (-2.5 9.1 s). Inter-individual performance varied most for the downhills (CV > 25%) and least on flat terrain (CV < 10%). Overall stride cycle and ground contact time (GCT) were shorter in downhill than uphill sections (0.64 0.03 vs. 0.84 0.09 s; 0.26 0.03 vs. 0.46 0.90 s, both P < 0.001). Force impulse was greatest on uphill (248 46 vs. 175 24 Ns, P < 0.001) and related to GCT (r = 0.904, P < 0.001). Peak force was greater during downhill than during uphill running (1106 135 vs. 959 104 N, P < 0.01). Performance was related to absolute and relative VO2 max (P < 0.01), vertical uphill treadmill speed (P < 0.001) and fat percent (P < 0.01). Running uphill involved the greatest impulse per step due to longer GCT while downhill running generated the highest peak forces. VO2 max, vertical running speed and fat percent are important predictors for trail running performance. Performance between runners varied the most on downhills throughout the course, while pacing resembled a reversed J pattern. Future studies should focus on longer competition distances to verify these findings and with application of measures of 3D kinematics. (VLID)3845475
- Published
- 2019
33. The SpeedCourt: Reliability, Usefulness, and Validity of a New Method to Determine Change-of-Direction Speed.
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Düking, Peter, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Sperlich, Billy
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MOTOR ability ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,ATHLETES ,ATHLETIC ability ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,EXERCISE physiology ,EXERCISE tests ,HANDBALL ,RESEARCH methodology ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH evaluation ,SOCCER ,T-test (Statistics) ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,RESEARCH methodology evaluation ,EXERCISE intensity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,INTRACLASS correlation - Abstract
Purpose: To determine the reliability, usefulness, and validity of 3 different change-of-direction tests on a SpeedCourt (SC
CODT ) in team-sport players. Methods: For reliability and usefulness, 30 players (16 female and 14 male: age 19 ± 3 y, height 169 ± 30 cm, body mass 70 ±11 kg) performed 3 SCCODTS differing in duration (7--45 s) on 3 occasions 1 wk apart. The total sprint times (TT) and time to change direction (TCD) were analyzed for each SCCODT . For validity, 14 players performed the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) and 505 test on a separate occasion. Results: TT for all SCCODTS is reliable (ICC > .79, CV < 5%), useful (TE < SWC0.5 ), and valid (IAT r > .71, P < .05; 505 test r > .54, P < .05). SCCODT variable TCD may be useful (TE = SWC0.5 ) but shows limited reliability with ICC >.65 and a CV >5%. Conclusions: All SCCODTS are reliable, useful, and valid to detect moderate performance changes regarding TT, with limited reliability for TCD. The quality of assessment improves when players are well familiarized with the SCCODT [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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34. How to improve technical and tactical actions of dominant and non-dominant players in children's football?
- Author
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Hintermann, Mirjam, Born, Dennis-Peter, Fuchslocher, Jörg, Kern, Raphael, and Romann, Michael
- Subjects
- *
SOCCER for children - Abstract
As young football players develop important technical and tactical skills during competitive matches, this study investigated quantity and quality of technical and tactical actions in real game conditions in a 4v4 compared to the traditional 7v7 match format. In total, three matches of each format were played by 103 young football players (10.3±0.6 years) and video monitored for subsequent manual tagging of technical and tactical events. Based on the number of technical and tactical actions in the 7v7 matches, players were classified as dominant or non-dominant and changes in these subgroups were assessed during the 4v4 match format. The 4v4 match format significantly (P<0.001) increased total number of actions per player per minute compared to the 7v7 matches (5.59±1.44 and 2.78±0.73, respectively) and the number of successful (2.88±0.92 and 1.15±0.49, respectively) and unsuccessful (1.05±0.42 and 0.67±0.23, respectively) actions. Both dominant and non-dominant players increased their number of actions during the 4v4 compared to 7v7 match format. Despite a missing significant interaction effect, there was a larger percentage increase in number of actions for the non-dominant players (143%) compared to dominant players (72%) in 4v4. The 4v4 match format shows twice as many technical and tactical actions in real game conditions and, therefore, may improve players' skill development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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35. Muscle Oxygenation Asymmetry in Ice Speed Skaters: Not Compensated by Compression.
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Zinner, Christoph, Herlitz, Britta, Richter, Katharina, Holmberg, Hans-Christer, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
EXERCISE ,BODY composition ,QUADRICEPS muscle physiology ,ACTIVE oxygen in the body ,ANALYSIS of variance ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,COMPRESSION stockings ,ATHLETIC ability ,CLINICAL trials ,CROSSOVER trials ,EXERCISE physiology ,HEART rate monitoring ,LACTATES ,NEAR infrared spectroscopy ,STATISTICAL sampling ,ICE skating ,SPORTS sciences ,STATISTICS ,T-test (Statistics) ,DATA analysis ,QUADRICEPS muscle ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,BODY mass index ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,ELITE athletes ,REPEATED measures design ,OXYGEN consumption ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Purpose: The current investigation assessed tissue oxygenation and local blood volume in both vastus lateralis muscles during 3000-m race simulations in elite speed skaters on ice and the effects of leg compression on physiological, perceptual, and performance measures. Methods: Ten (6 female) elite ice speed skaters completed 2 on-ice trials with and without leg compression. Tissue oxygénation and local blood volume in both vastus lateralis muscles were assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy. Continuous measures of oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate, and velocity were conducted throughout the race simulations, as well as blood lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion before and after the trials. In addition, lap times were assessed. Results: The investigation of tissue oxygénation in both vastus lateralis muscles revealed an asymmetry (P < .00; effect size = 1.81) throughout the 3000-m race simulation. The application of leg compression did not affect oxygénation asymmetry (smallest P = .99; largest effect size = 0.31) or local blood volume (P = .33; 0.95). Lap times (P = .88; 0.43), velocity (P = .24; 0.84), oxygen uptake (P = .79; 0.10), ventilation (P = . 11 ; 0.59), heart rate (P = .21 ; 0.89), blood lactate concentration (P = .82; 0.59), and ratings of perceived exertion (P = .19; 1.01) were also unaffected by the different types of clothing. Conclusion: Elite ice speed skaters show an asymmetry in tissue oxygénation of both vastus lateralis muscles during 3000-m events remaining during the long gliding phases along the straight sections of the track. Based on the data, the authors conclude that there are no performance-enhancing benefits from wearing leg compression under a normal racing suit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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36. Does Upper-Body Compression Improve 3 x 3-Min Double-Poling Sprint Performance?
- Author
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Sperlich, Billy, Born, Dennis-Peter, Zinner, Christoph, Hauser, Anna, and Holmberg, Hans-Christer
- Subjects
EXERCISE ,ACTIVE oxygen in the body ,ANALYSIS of variance ,COMPRESSION stockings ,ATHLETIC ability ,BODY composition ,CARDIAC output ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CROSS-country skiing ,CROSSOVER trials ,EXERCISE physiology ,EXERCISE tests ,HEART rate monitoring ,HEMOGLOBINS ,BIOELECTRIC impedance ,LACTATES ,NEAR infrared spectroscopy ,PULMONARY gas exchange ,RESEARCH funding ,SPORTS sciences ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,REPEATED measures design ,OXYGEN consumption ,ERGOMETRY ,EXERCISE intensity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,STROKE volume (Cardiac output) - Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate whether upper-body compression affects power output and selected metabolic, cardio- respiratory, hemodynamic, and perceptual responses during three 3-min sessions of double-poling (DP) sprint. Method: Ten well-trained male athletes (25 ± 4 y, 180 ± 4 cm, 74.6 ± 3.2 kg) performed such sprints on a DP ski ergometer with and without a long-sleeved compression garment. Result: Mean power output was not affected by such compression (216 ± 25 W in both cases; P = 1.00, effect size [ES] = 0.00), although blood lactate concentration was lowered (P < .05, ES = 0.50-1.02). Blood gases (ES = 0.07-0.50), oxygen uptake (ES = 0.04-0.28), production of carbon dioxide (ES = 0.01-0.46), heart rate (ES = 0.00-0.21), stroke volume (ES = 0.33-0.81), and cardiac output (ES = 0.20-0.91) were also all unaffected by upper-body compression (best P = 1.00). This was also the case for changes in the tissue saturation index (ES = 0.45-1.17) and total blood content of hemoglobin (ES = 0.09-0.85), as well as ratings of perceived exertion (ES = 0.15-0.88; best P = .96). Conclusion: The authors conclude that the performance of well-trained athletes during 3 x 3-min DP sprints will not be enhanced by upper-body compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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37. Variation in competition performance, number of races, and age: Long-term athlete development in elite female swimmers.
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Lomax, Ishbel, and Romann, Michael
- Subjects
- *
OLDER athletes , *SWIMMING competitions , *ELITE athletes , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *PEARSON correlation (Statistics) , *SWIMMERS - Abstract
While talent development and the contributing factors to success are hardly discussed among the experts in the field, the aim of the study was to investigate annual variation in competition performance (AVCP), number of races per year, and age, as potential success factors for international swimming competitions. Data from 40'277 long-course races, performed by all individual female starters (n = 253) at the 2018 European Swimming Championships (2018EC) for all 10 years prior to these championships, were analyzed. Relationships between 2018EC ranking and potential success factors, i.e., AVCP, number of races per year, and age, were determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. While AVCP was not related to ranking, higher ranked swimmers at the 2018EC swam more races during each of the ten years prior to the championships (P < 0.001). Additionally, older athletes were more successful (r = -0.42, P < 0.001). The regression model explained highly significant proportions (P < 0.001) and 43%, 34%, 35%, 49% of total variance in the 2018EC ranking for 50m, 100m, 200m, and 400m races, respectively. As number of races per year (β = -0.29 –-0.40) had a significant effect on ranking of 50-400m races, and age (β = -0.40 –-0.61) showed a significant effect on ranking over all race distances, number of races per year and age may serve as success factors for international swimming competitions. The larger number of races swum by higher ranked female swimmers may have aided long-term athlete development regarding technical, physiological, and mental skill acquisitions. As older athletes were more successful, female swimmers under the age of peak performance, who did not reach semi-finals or finals, may increase their chances of success in following championships with increased experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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38. Reliability and validity of an agility‐like incremental exercise test with multidirectional change‐of‐direction movements in response to a visual stimulus
- Author
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Born, Dennis‐Peter, Kunz, Philipp, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Endurance and Performance ,Movement ,Reproducibility of Results ,Heart ,speed ,Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery ,Change‐of‐direction movement ,Oxygen Consumption ,Control of Breathing ,Heart Rate ,Exercise Test ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,team sport ,Photic Stimulation ,Psychomotor Performance ,ddc:613 ,Original Research ,repeated sprint ability - Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables, that is, peak oxygen uptake (V'O\(_{2peak}\)) and heart rate (HR\(_{peak}\)), obtained from an agility‐like incremental exercise test for team sport athletes. To investigate the test–retest reliability, 25 team sport athletes (age: 22 ± 3 years, body mass: 75 ± 7 kg, height: 182 ± 6 cm) performed an agility‐like incremental exercise test on the SpeedCourt (SC) system incorporating multidirectional change‐of‐direction (COD) movements twice. For each step of the incremental SC test, the athletes covered a 40‐m distance interspersed with a 10‐sec rest period. Each 40 m distance was split into short sprints (2.25–6.36 m) separated by multidirectional COD movements (0°–180°), which were performed in response to an external visual stimulus. All performance and physiological data were validated with variables obtained from a ramp‐like treadmill and Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test (Yo‐Yo IR2). The incremental SC test revealed high test–retest reliability for the time to exhaustion (ICC = 0.85, typical error [TE] = 0.44, and CV% = 3.88), V'O\(_{2peak}\), HR\(_{peak}\), ventilation, and breathing frequency (ICC = 0.84, 0.72, 0.89, 0.77, respectively). The time to exhaustion (r = 0.50, 0.74) of the incremental SC test as well as the peak values for V'O\(_{2}\) (r = 0.59, 0.52), HR (r = 0.75, 0.78), ventilation (r = 0.57, 0.57), and breathing frequency (r = 0.68, 0.68) were significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with the ramp‐like treadmill test and the Yo‐Yo IR2, respectively. The incremental SC test represents a reliable and valid method to assess peak values for V'O\(_{2}\) and HR with respect to the specific demand of team sport match play by incorporating multidirectional COD movements, decision making, and cognitive components.
- Published
- 2017
39. Ischemic preconditioning does not alter performance in multidirectional high-intensity intermittent exercise
- Author
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Zinner, Christoph, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
agility ,change of direction ,near-infrared spectroscopy ,Physiology ,Physiology (medical) ,parasitic diseases ,muscle oxygen saturation ,team sport ,cardiovascular diseases ,human activities ,Original Research ,ddc:613 - Abstract
Purpose: Research dealing with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has primarily focused on variables associated to endurance performance with little research about the acute responses of IPC on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of IPC of the arms and the legs on repeated running sprint performance with changes-of-direction (COD) movements. Methods: Thirteen moderately-to-well-trained team-sport athletes (7 males; 6 females; age: 24 ± 2 years, size: 175 ± 8 cm, body mass: 67.9 ± 8.1 kg) performed 16 × 30 m all-out sprints (15 s rest) with multidirectional COD movements on a Speedcourt\(^{©}\) with IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (IPC\(_{leg}\); 240 mm Hg) or of the arms (remote IPC: IPC\(_{remote}\); 180–190 mm Hg) 45 min before the sprints and a control trial (CON; 20 mm Hg). Results: The mean (±SD) time for the 16 × 30 m multidirectional COD sprints was similar between IPC\(_{leg}\) (Mean t: 16.0 ± 1.8 s), IPC\(_{remote}\) (16.2 ± 1.7 s), and CON (16.0 ± 1.6 s; p = 0.50). No statistical differences in oxygen uptake (mean difference: 0%), heart rate (1.1%) nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis (4.7%) and biceps brachii (7.8%) between the three conditions were evident (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (220 mm Hg) or arms (180–190 mm Hg; remote IPC) applied 45 min before 16 × 30 m repeated multidirectional running sprint exercise does not improve sprint performance, oxygen uptake, heart rate nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis muscle when compared to a control trial.
- Published
- 2017
40. Bringing Light Into the Dark: Effects of Compression Clothing on Performance and Recovery.
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Sperlich, Billy, and Holmberg, Hans-Christer
- Subjects
LYMPHATIC physiology ,RESEARCH methodology evaluation ,COMPRESSION stockings ,ATHLETIC ability ,BODY temperature ,BODY temperature regulation ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,EXERCISE physiology ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,HEMODYNAMICS ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,JUMPING ,LACTATES ,MEDLINE ,MUSCLE strength ,MYALGIA ,ONLINE information services ,PHYSICAL fitness ,RUNNING ,SCALES (Weighing instruments) ,SPORTS ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,PROFESSIONAL practice ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,COOLDOWN ,ERGOGENIC aids ,OXYGEN consumption ,EXERCISE intensity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EVALUATION - Abstract
To assess original research addressing the effect of the application of compression clothing on sport performance and recovery after exercise, a computer-based literature research was performed in July 2011 using the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Studies examining the effect of compression clothing on endurance, strength and power, motor control, and physiological, psychological, and biomechanical parameters during or after exercise were included, and means and measures of variability of the outcome measures were recorded to estimate the effect size (Hedges g) and associated 95% confidence intervals for comparisons of experimental (compression) and control trials (noncompression). The characteristics of the compression clothing, participants, and study design were also extracted. The original research from peer-reviewed journals was examined using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Results indicated small effect sizes for the application of compression clothing during exercise for short- duration sprints (10-60 m), vertical-jump height, extending time to exhaustion (such as running at VO
2max or during incremental tests), and time-trial performance (3-60 min). When compression clothing was applied for recovery purposes after exercise, small to moderate effect sizes were observed in recovery of maximal strength and power, especially vertical-jump exercise; reductions in muscle swelling and perceived muscle pain; blood lactate removal; and increases in body temperature. These results suggest that the application of compression clothing may assist athletic performance and recovery in given situations with consideration of the effects magnitude and practical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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41. Multi-Directional Sprint Training Improves Change-Of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Young Highly Trained Soccer Players
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Zinner, Christoph, Düking, Peter, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
human activities ,ddc:613 - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a repeated sprint training with multi-directional change-of-direction (COD) movements (RSmulti) compared to repeated shuttle sprints (RSS) on variables related to COD speed and reactive agility. Nineteen highly-trained male U15 soccer players were assigned into two groups performing either RSmulti or RSS. For both groups, each training session involved 20 repeated 15 s sprints interspersed with 30 s recovery. With RSmulti the COD movements were randomized and performed in response to a visual stimulus, while the RSS involved predefined 180° COD movements. Before and following the six training sessions, performance in the Illinois agility test (IAT), COD speed in response to a visual stimulus, 20 m linear sprint time and vertical jumping height were assessed. Both groups improved their performance in the IAT (p < 0.01, ES = 1.13; p = 0.01, ES = 0.55). The COD speed in response to a visual stimulus improved with the RSmulti (p < 0.01, ES = 1.03), but not the RSS (p = 0.46, ES = 0.28). No differences were found for 20 m sprint time (P=0.73, ES = 0.07; p = 0.14, ES = 0.28) or vertical jumping height (p = 0.46, ES = 0.11; p = 0.29, ES = 0.12) for the RSmulti and RSS, respectively. In conclusion, performance in the IAT improved with the RSmulti as well as RSS. With the RSmulti however, the COD movements are performed in response to a visual stimulus, which may result in specific adaptations that improve COD speed and reactive agility in young highly trained soccer players.
- Published
- 2016
42. Biomechanical Adaptations and Performance Indicators in Short Trail Running.
- Author
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Björklund, Glenn, Swarén, Mikael, Born, Dennis-Peter, and Stöggl, Thomas
- Subjects
TRAIL running ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,AEROBIC capacity ,ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ,ANALYSIS of variance - Abstract
Our aims were to measure anthropometric and oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O
2 ) variables in the laboratory, to measure kinetic and stride characteristics during a trail running time trial, and then analyse the data for correlations with trail running performance. Runners (13 men, 4 women: mean age: 29 ± 5 years; stature: 179.5 ± 0.8 cm; body mass: 69.1 ± 7.4 kg) performed laboratory tests to determine V ˙ O2 max , running economy (RE), and anthropometric characteristics. On a separate day they performed an outdoor trail running time trial (two 3.5 km laps, total climb: 486 m) while we collected kinetic and time data. Comparing lap 2 with lap 1 (19:40 ± 1:57 min vs. 21:08 ± 2:09 min, P < 0.001), runners lost most time on the uphill sections and least on technical downhills (-2.5 ± 9.1 s). Inter-individual performance varied most for the downhills (CV > 25%) and least on flat terrain (CV < 10%). Overall stride cycle and ground contact time (GCT) were shorter in downhill than uphill sections (0.64 ± 0.03 vs. 0.84 ± 0.09 s; 0.26 ± 0.03 vs. 0.46 ± 0.90 s, both P < 0.001). Force impulse was greatest on uphill (248 ± 46 vs. 175 ± 24 Ns, P < 0.001) and related to GCT (r = 0.904, P < 0.001). Peak force was greater during downhill than during uphill running (1106 ± 135 vs. 959 ± 104 N, P < 0.01). Performance was related to absolute and relative V ˙ O2 max (P < 0.01), vertical uphill treadmill speed (P < 0.001) and fat percent (P < 0.01). Running uphill involved the greatest impulse per step due to longer GCT while downhill running generated the highest peak forces. V ˙ O2 max , vertical running speed and fat percent are important predictors for trail running performance. Performance between runners varied the most on downhills throughout the course, while pacing resembled a reversed J pattern. Future studies should focus on longer competition distances to verify these findings and with application of measures of 3D kinematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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43. The Mucosal Immune Function Is Not Compromised during a Period of High-Intensity Interval Training. Is It Time to Reconsider an Old Assumption?
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Zinner, Christoph, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
PERIODIZATION training ,RUNNERS (Sports) ,CIRCADIAN rhythms ,HYDROCORTISONE ,PHYSICAL fitness ,HEALTH - Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the mucosal immune function and circadian variation of salivary cortisol, Immunoglobin-A (sIgA) secretion rate and mood during a period of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to long-slow distance training (LSD). Methods: Recreational male runners (n = 28) completed nine sessions of either HIIT or LSD within 3 weeks. The HIIT involved 4 × 4 min of running at 90-95% of maximum heart rate interspersed with 3 min of active recovery while the LSD comprised of continuous running at 70-75% of maximum heart rate for 60-80 min. The psycho-immunological stress-response was investigated with a full daily profile of salivary cortisol and immunoglobin-A (sIgA) secretion rate along with the mood state on a baseline day, the first and last day of training and at follow-up 4 days after the last day of training. Before and after the training period, each athlete's running performance and peak oxygen uptake (V·O
2peak ) was determined with an incremental exercise test. Results: The HIIT resulted in a longer time-to-exhaustion (P = 0.02) and increased V·O2peak compared to LSD (P = 0.01). The circadian variation of sIgA secretion rate showed highest values in the morning immediately after waking up followed by a decrease throughout the day in both groups (P < 0.05).With HIIT, the wake-up response of sIgA secretion rate was higher on the last day of training (P < 0.01) as well as the area under the curve (AUCG ) higher on the first and last day of training and follow-up compared to the LSD (P = 0.01). Also the AUCG for the sIgA secretion rate correlated with the increase in V·O2peak and running performance. The AUCG for cortisol remained unaffected on the first and last day of training but increased on the follow-up day with both, HIIT and LSD (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The increased sIgA secretion rate with the HIIT indicates no compromised mucosal immune function compared to LSD and shows the functional adaptation of the mucosal immune system in response to the increased stress and training load of nine sessions of HIIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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44. Influence of Hypoxic Interval Training and Hyperoxic Recovery on Muscle Activation and Oxygenation in Connection with Double-Poling Exercise.
- Author
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Zinner, Christoph, Hauser, Anna, Born, Dennis-Peter, Wehrlin, Jon P., Holmberg, Hans-Christer, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
HYPOXEMIA ,MUSCLE physiology ,EXERCISE ,BREATHING apparatus ,PARTIAL pressure - Abstract
Here, we evaluated the influence of breathing oxygen at different partial pressures during recovery from exercise on performance at sea-level and a simulated altitude of 1800 m, as reflected in activation of different upper body muscles, and oxygenation of the m. triceps brachii. Ten well-trained, male endurance athletes (25.3±4.1 yrs; 179.2±4.5 cm; 74.2±3.4 kg) performed four test trials, each involving three 3-min sessions on a double-poling ergometer with 3-min intervals of recovery. One trial was conducted entirely under normoxic (No) and another under hypoxic conditions (Ho; F
i O2 = 0.165). In the third and fourth trials, the exercise was performed in normoxia and hypoxia, respectively, with hyperoxic recovery (HOX; Fi O2 = 1.00) in both cases. Arterial hemoglobin saturation was higher under the two HOX conditions than without HOX (p<0.05). Integrated muscle electrical activity was not influenced by the oxygen content (best d = 0.51). Furthermore, the only difference in tissue saturation index measured via near-infrared spectroscopy observed was between the recovery periods during the NoNo and HoHOX interventions (P<0.05, d = 0.93). In the case of HoHo the athletes’ Pmean declined from the first to the third interval (P < 0.05), whereas Pmean was unaltered under the HoHOX, NoHOX and NoNo conditions. We conclude that the less pronounced decline in Pmean during 3 x 3-min double-poling sprints in normoxia and hypoxia with hyperoxic recovery is not related to changes in muscle activity or oxygenation. Moreover, we conclude that hyperoxia (Fi O2 = 1.00) used in conjunction with hypoxic or normoxic work intervals may serve as an effective aid when inhaled during the subsequent recovery intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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45. A novel compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes improves repeated sprint performance - a multi-experimental approach on the underlying mechanisms.
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Holmberg, Hans-Christer, Goernert, Florian, and Sperlich, Billy
- Subjects
SPRINTING ,ATHLETE physiology ,SPORTSWEAR ,BLOOD flow ,SPORTS sciences - Abstract
Background Repeated sprint performance is determined by explosive production of power, as well as rapid recovery between successive sprints, and there is evidence that compression garments and sports taping can improve both of these factors. Methods In each of two sub-studies, female athletes performed two sets of 30 30-m sprints (one sprint per minute), one set wearing compression garment with adhesive silicone stripes (CGSS) intended to mimic taping and the other with normal clothing, in randomized order. Sub-study 1 (n = 12) focused on cardio-respiratory, metabolic, hemodynamic and perceptual responses, while neuronal and biomechanical parameters were examined in sub-study 2 (n = 12). Results In both sub-studies the CGSS improved repeated sprint performance during the final 10 sprints (best P < 0.01, d = 0.61). None of the cardio-respiratory or metabolic variables monitored were altered by wearing this garment (best P = 0.06, d = 0.71). Also during the final 10 sprints, rating of perceived exertion by the upper leg muscles was reduced (P = 0.01, d = 1.1), step length increased (P = 0.01, d = 0.91) and activation of the m. rectus femoris elevated (P = 0.01, d = 1.24), while the hip flexion angle was lowered throughout the protocol (best P < 0.01, d = 2.28) and step frequency (best P = 0.34, d = 0.2) remained unaltered. Conclusion Although the physiological parameters monitored were unchanged, the CGSS appears to improve performance during 30 30-m repeated sprints by reducing perceived exertion and altering running technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Squeezing the Muscle: Compression Clothing and Muscle Metabolism during Recovery from High Intensity Exercise.
- Author
-
Sperlich, Billy, Born, Dennis-Peter, Kaskinoro, Kimmo, Kalliokoski, Kari K., and Laaksonen, Marko S.
- Subjects
- *
MUSCLE metabolism , *MUSCLE physiology , *EXERCISE , *BIOCHEMICAL research , *MUSCULOSKELETAL system , *RADIOBIOLOGY , *CARBOHYDRATE metabolism - Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate skeletal muscle blood flow and glucose uptake in m. biceps (BF) and m. quadriceps femoris (QF) 1) during recovery from high intensity cycle exercise, and 2) while wearing a compression short applying ∼37 mmHg to the thigh muscles. Blood flow and glucose uptake were measured in the compressed and non-compressed leg of 6 healthy men by using positron emission tomography. At baseline blood flow in QF (P = 0.79) and BF (P = 0.90) did not differ between the compressed and the non-compressed leg. During recovery muscle blood flow was higher compared to baseline in both compressed (P<0.01) and non-compressed QF (P<0.001) but not in compressed (P = 0.41) and non-compressed BF (P = 0.05; effect size = 2.74). During recovery blood flow was lower in compressed QF (P<0.01) but not in BF (P = 0.26) compared to the non-compressed muscles. During baseline and recovery no differences in blood flow were detected between the superficial and deep parts of QF in both, compressed (baseline P = 0.79; recovery P = 0.68) and non-compressed leg (baseline P = 0.64; recovery P = 0.06). During recovery glucose uptake was higher in QF compared to BF in both conditions (P<0.01) with no difference between the compressed and non-compressed thigh. Glucose uptake was higher in the deep compared to the superficial parts of QF (compression leg P = 0.02). These results demonstrate that wearing compression shorts with ∼37 mmHg of external pressure reduces blood flow both in the deep and superficial regions of muscle tissue during recovery from high intensity exercise but does not affect glucose uptake in BF and QF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Is leg compression beneficial for alpine skiers?
- Author
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Sperlich, Billy, Born, Dennis-Peter, Swarén, Mikael, Kilian, Yvonne, Geesmann, Björn, Kohl-Bareis, Matthias, and Holmberg, Hans-Christer
- Subjects
SKIERS ,STIFLE joint ,SPORTS injuries ,HEMOGLOBINS ,ERYTHROCYTES - Abstract
Background: This study examined the effects of different levels of compression (0, 20 and 40 mmHg) produced by leg garments on selected psycho-physiological measures of performance while exposed to passive vibration (60 Hz, amplitude 4-6 mm) and performing 3-min of alpine skiing tuck position. Methods: Prior to, during and following the experiment the electromygraphic (EMG) activity of different muscles, cardio-respiratory data, changes in total hemoglobin, tissue oxygenation and oscillatory movement of m. vastus lateralis, blood lactate and perceptual data of 12 highly trained alpine skiers were recorded. Maximal isometric knee extension and flexion strength, balance, and jumping performance were assessed before and after the experiment. Results: The knee angle (-10°) and oscillatory movement (-20-25.5%) were lower with compression (P < 0.05 in all cases). The EMG activities of the tibialis anterior (20.2-28.9%), gastrocnemius medialis (4.9-15.1%), rectus femoris (9.6-23.5%), and vastus medialis (13.1-13.7%) muscles were all elevated by compression (P < 0.05 in all cases). Total hemoglobin was maintained during the 3-min period of simulated skiing with 20 or 40 mmHg compression, but the tissue saturation index was lower (P < 0.05) than with no compression. No differences in respiratory parameters, heart rate or blood lactate concentration were observed with or maximal isometric knee extension and flexion strength, balance, and jumping performance following simulated skiing for 3 min in the downhill tuck position were the same as in the absence of compression. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that with leg compression, alpine skiers could maintain a deeper tuck position with less perceived exertion and greater deoxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle, with no differences in whole-body oxygen consumption or blood lactate concentration. These changes occurred without compromising maximal leg strength, jumping performance or balance. Accordingly, our results indicate that the use of lower leg compression in the range of 20-40 mmHg may improve alpine skiing performance by allowing a deeper tuck position and lowering perceived exertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers.
- Author
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Kuger, Joris, Polach, Marek, and Romann, Michael
- Subjects
SWIMMING ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,SWIMMING competitions ,SWIMMERS - Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of start and turn performances on race times in top-elite female swimmers and provide benchmarks for all performance levels, all swimming strokes, and all race distances of the European Short-Course Championships (EC). The individual races (n = 798) of all female competitors (age: 20.6 ± 3.9 years, FINA points: 792 ± 78) were video-monitored for subsequent analysis of start and turn performances. Benchmarks were established across all competitors of each event based on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles. Start and turn performances contributed up to 27.43% and 56.37% to total race time, respectively. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the fastest swimmers had the lowest contribution of the acyclic phases to race time. Therefore, relative to their faster race times, these swimmers were even faster during starts and turns. Multiple linear regression analysis showed large effects of turn performance on 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m race times (β = 0.616, 0.813, 0.988, 1.004, and 1.011, respectively), while the effect of start performance continuously decreased the longer the race distance. As turn performance may be the distinguishing factor in modern short-course races, benchmarks should be used to set goals and establish training guidelines depending on the targeted race time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. How Relative Age Effects Associate with Football Players' Market Values: Indicators of Losing Talent and Wasting Money.
- Author
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Romann, Michael, Javet, Marie, Cobley, Stephen, and Born, Dennis-Peter
- Subjects
MARKET value ,AGE groups ,SOCCER players ,YOUNG consumers ,ABILITY ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background: In football, annual age-group categorization leads to relative age effects (RAEs) in talent development. Given such trends, relative age may also associate with market values. This study analyzed the relationship between RAEs and market values of youth players. Methods: Age category, birthdate, and market values of 11,738 youth male football players were obtained from the "transfermarkt.de" database, which delivers a good proxy for real market values. RAEs were calculated using odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Significant RAEs were found across all age-groups (p < 0.05). The largest RAEs occurred in U18 players (Q1 [relatively older] v Q4 [relatively younger] OR = 3.1) ORs decreased with age category, i.e., U19 (2.7), U20 (2.6), U21 (2.4), U22 (2.2), and U23 (1.8). At U19s, Q1 players were associated with significantly higher market values than Q4 players. However, by U21, U22, and U23 RAEs were inversed, with correspondingly higher market values for Q4 players apparent. While large typical RAEs for all playing positions was observed in younger age categories (U18–U20), inversed RAEs were only evident for defenders (small-medium) and for strikers (medium-large) in U21–U23 (not goalkeepers and midfielders). Conclusions: Assuming an equal distribution of football talent exists across annual cohorts, results indicate the selection and market value of young professional players is dynamic. Findings suggest a potential biased selection, and undervaluing of Q4 players in younger age groups, as their representation and market value increased over time. By contrast, the changing representations and market values of Q1 players suggest initial overvaluing in performance and monetary terms. Therefore, this inefficient talent selection and the accompanying waste of money should be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Key Performance Indicators Related to Strength, Endurance, Flexibility, Anthropometrics, and Swimming Performance for Competitive Aquatic Lifesaving.
- Author
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Reichmuth, Daniela, Olstad, Bjørn Harald, and Born, Dennis-Peter
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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