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The mesoscale meteorology of lake breezes along Lake Michigan impacts local observations of high-ozone events. Previous manned aircraft and UAS observations have demonstrated non-uniform ozone concentrations within and above the marine layer over water and within shoreline environments. During the 2021 Wisconsin's Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulations on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign, two UAS platforms, a fixed-wing (University of Colorado RAAVEN) and a multirotor (Purdue University DJI M210), were used simultaneously to capture lake breeze during forecasted high-ozone events at Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in southeastern Wisconsin from 21–26 May 2021​​​​​​​. The RAAVEN platform (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5142491, de Boer et al., 2021) measured temperature, humidity, and 3-D winds during 2 h flights following two separate flight patterns up to three times per day at altitudes reaching 500 m above ground level (a.g.l.). The M210 platform (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5160346, Cleary et al., 2021a) measured vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, and ozone during 15 min flights up to six times per day at altitudes reaching 120 ma.g.l. near a Wisconsin DNR ground monitoring station (AIRS ID: 55-059-0019). This campaign was conducted in conjunction with the Enhanced Ozone Monitoring plan from the Wisconsin DNR that included Doppler lidar wind profiler observations at the site (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5213039, Cleary et al., 2021b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 24 January and 15 February 2020, small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) were deployed to Morgan Lewis (Barbados) as part of the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC), a sister project to the ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte (EUREC 4 A) project. The observations from ATOMIC and EUREC 4 A were aimed at improving our understanding of trade-wind cumulus clouds and the environmental regimes supporting them and involved the deployment of a wide variety of observational assets, including aircraft, ships, surface-based systems, and profilers. The current paper describes ATOMIC observations obtained using the University of Colorado Boulder RAAVEN (Robust Autonomous Aerial Vehicle – Endurant Nimble) sUAS. This platform collected nearly 80 h of data throughout the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere, sampling the near-shore environment upwind from Barbados. Data from these platforms are publicly available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Center for Environmental Intelligence (NCEI) archive. The primary DOI for the quality-controlled dataset described in this paper is 10.25921/jhnd-8e58 (de Boer et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meso-scale meteorology of lake breezes along Lake Michigan impacts local observations of high ozone events. Previous manned aircraft and UAS observations have demonstrated non-uniform ozone concentrations within and above the marine layer over water and within shoreline environments. During the 2021 Wisconsin's Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulations on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign, two UAS platforms, a fixed-wing (University of Colorado RAAVEN) and a multirotor (Purdue University DJI M210), were used simultaneously to capture lake breeze during forecasted high ozone events at Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in southeastern Wisconsin from May 21-26, 2021. The RAAVEN platform (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5142491) measured temperature, humidity, and 3-D winds during 2-hour flights following two separate flight patterns up to 3 times per day at altitudes reaching 500 m above ground level. The M210 platform (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5160346) measured vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and ozone during 15-minute flights up to 6 times per day at altitudes reaching 120 m above ground level (AGL) near to a WI-DNR ground monitoring station (AIRS ID: 55-059-0019). This campaign was conducted in conjunction with the Enhanced Ozone Monitoring plan from WI-DNR that included Doppler lidar wind profiler observations at the site (data DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5213039). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder prolapse through a patent urachus is rare. We present a newborn with an unusual exophytic, erythematous umbilical mass. Voiding cystography readily demonstrated continuity of the bladder dome with the umbilical mass, confirming bladder prolapse through a patent urachus. The diagnosis of bladder prolapse was rapidly made in a second newborn with similar imaging and clinical findings and confirmed by cystography. We discuss the embryology of this condition including the association with a vesico-allantoic cyst in utero. Pre- and postnatal images are presented. The use of cystography in diagnosis is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 14 and 20 July 2018, small remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) were deployed to the San Luis Valley of Colorado (USA) together with a variety of surface-based remote and in situ sensors as well as radiosonde systems as part of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). The observations from LAPSE-RATE were aimed at improving our understanding of boundary layer structure, cloud and aerosol properties, and surface–atmosphere exchange and provide detailed information to support model evaluation and improvement work. The current paper describes the observations obtained using four different types of RPASs deployed by the University of Colorado Boulder and Black Swift Technologies. These included the DataHawk2, the Talon and the TTwistor (University of Colorado), and the S1 (Black Swift Technologies). Together, these aircraft collected over 30 h of data throughout the northern half of the San Luis Valley, sampling altitudes between the surface and 914 m a.g.l. Data from these platforms are publicly available through the Zenodo archive and are co-located with other LAPSE-RATE data as part of the Zenodo LAPSE-RATE community (https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/ , last access: 27 May 2021). The primary DOIs for these datasets are 10.5281/zenodo.3891620 (DataHawk2, de Boer et al., 2020a, e), 10.5281/zenodo.4096451 (Talon, de Boer et al., 2020d), 10.5281/zenodo.4110626 (TTwistor, de Boer et al., 2020b), and 10.5281/zenodo.3861831 (S1, Elston and Stachura, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 24 January and 15 February 2020, small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) were deployed to Morgan Lewis (Barbados) as part of the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC), a sister project to the ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte (EUREC4A) project. The observations from ATOMIC and EUREC4A were aimed at improving our understanding of trade-wind cumulus clouds and the environmental regimes supporting them, and involved the deployment of a wide variety of observational assets, including aircraft, ships, surface-based systems and profilers. The current manuscript describes ATOMIC observations obtained using the University of Colorado Boulder RAAVEN sUAS. This platform collected nearly 80 hours of data throughout the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere, sampling the near-shore environment upwind from Barbados. Data from these platforms are publicly available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Center for Environmental Intelligence (NCEI) archive. The primary DOI for the quality-controlled dataset described in this manuscript is 10.25921/jhnd-8e58 (de Boer et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 14 and 20 July 2018, small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) were deployed to the San Luis Valley of Colorado (USA) alongside surface-based remote sensors, in situ sensors, and radiosonde systems as part of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). The measurements collected as part of LAPSE-RATE targeted quantities related to enhancing our understanding of boundary layer structure, cloud and aerosol properties and surface–atmosphere exchange and provide detailed information to support model evaluation and improvement work. Additionally, intensive intercomparison between the different unmanned aircraft platforms was completed. The current paper describes the observations obtained using three different types of surface-based mobile observing vehicles. These included the University of Colorado Mobile UAS Research Collaboratory (MURC), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Severe Storms Laboratory Mobile Mesonet, and two University of Nebraska Combined Mesonet and Tracker (CoMeT) vehicles. Over the 1-week campaign, a total of 143 h of data were collected using this combination of vehicles. The data from these coordinated activities provide detailed perspectives on the spatial variability of atmospheric state parameters (air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind) throughout the northern half of the San Luis Valley. These datasets have been checked for quality and published to the Zenodo data archive under a specific "community" setup for LAPSE-RATE (https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/ , last access: 21 January 2021) and are accessible at no cost by all registered users. The primary dataset DOIs are 10.5281/zenodo.3814765 (CU MURC measurements; de Boer et al., 2020d), 10.5281/zenodo.3738175 (NSSL MM measurements; Waugh, 2020), and 10.5281/zenodo.3838724 (UNL CoMeT measurements; Houston and Erwin, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 14 and 20 July 2018, small remotely-piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) were deployed to the San Luis Valley of Colorado (USA) together with a variety of surface-based remote and in-situ sensors, and radiosonde systems as part of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). The observations from LAPSE-RATE were aimed at improving our understanding of boundary layer structure, cloud and aerosol properties and surface-atmosphere exchange, and provide detailed information to support model evaluation and improvement work. The current manuscript describes the observations obtained using four different types of RPAS deployed by the University of Colorado Boulder and Black Swift Technologies. These included the DataHawk2, the Talon and the TTwistor (U. of Colorado) and the S1 (Black Swift Technologies). Together, these aircraft collected over 30 hours of data throughout the northern half of the San Luis Valley, sampling altitudes between the surface and 914 m AGL. Data from these platforms are publicly available through the Zenodo archive, and are co-located with other LAPSE-RATE data as part of the Zenodo LAPSE-RATE community (https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/). The primary DOIs for these datasets are 10.5281/zenodo.3891620 (DataHawk2, de Boer et al., 2020a), 10.5281/zenodo.4096451 (Talon, de Boer et al., 2020b), 10.5281/zenodo.4110626 (TTWISTOR, de Boer et al., 2020c), and 10.5281/zenodo.3861831 (S1, Elston and Stachura, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 14 and 20 July 2018, small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) were deployed to the San Luis Valley of Colorado (USA) alongside surface-based remote, in-situ sensors, and radiosonde systems as part of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). The measurements collected as part of LAPSE-RATE targeted quantities related to enhancing our understanding of boundary layer structure, cloud and aerosol properties and surface-atmosphere exchange, and provide detailed information to support model evaluation and improvement work. Additionally, intensive intercomparison between the different unmanned aircraft platforms was completed. The current manuscript describes the observations obtained using three different types of surface-based mobile observing vehicles. These included the University of Colorado Mobile UAS Research Collaboratory (MURC), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Severe Storms Laboratory Mobile Mesonet, and two University of Nebraska Combined Mesonet and Tracker (CoMeT) vehicles. Over the one-week campaign, a total of 143 hours of data were collected using this combination of vehicles. The data from these coordinated activities provide detailed perspectives on the spatial variability of atmospheric state parameters (air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind) throughout the northern half of the San Luis Valley. These data sets have been checked for quality and published to the Zenodo data archive under a specific community set up for LAPSE-RATE (https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/) and are accessible at no cost by all registered users. The primary dataset DOIs are https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814765 (CU MURC measurements; de Boer et al., 2020d), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3738175 (NSSL MM measurements; Waugh, 2020) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3838724 (UNL CoMeT measurements; Houston and Erwin., 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Acute splenic sequestration crisis is a devastating complication of sickle cell disease that can require prophylactic splenectomy. Historically, splenectomy before 5 years of age was avoided because of fear of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis. Recently, splenectomy has been performed as early as 2 years of age, but the safety of this approach is unknown. This study compared outcomes of splenectomy performed in patients under 5 years of age with those 5 years of age and older. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients registered in a children's hospital hematology database was performed to examine intraoperative and postoperative outcomes after splenectomy. Statistical data analysis included Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and the nonparametric median test for continuous variables. Results: From 1997 to 2012, 30 sickle cell patients underwent splenectomy. At surgery, 18 of the 30 patients were under 5 years of age (Group 1), and 12 patients were 5 years of age or older (Group 2). Almost all procedures were laparoscopic. Both group had similar operative times, rates of conversion, and frequencies of complications. Both groups had similar lengths of follow-up (median, 62 months for Group 1 versus 63 months for Group 2). No portal vein thromboses or postsplenectomy sepsis events occurred in either group. Conclusions: In this study, there was no evidence that the incidence of complications was higher after splenectomy at a younger age. A large, multicenter study is needed to further evaluate the safety of this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: Our preferred minimally invasive technique of Swenson''s procedure has evolved from laparoscopic (LapSwen) to Swenson''s transanal pullthrough (SWAP). We studied the incidence of postoperative Hirschsprung''s enterocolitis (HEC) over the past decade. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 52 children who had a primary Swenson''s pullthrough procedure between 1995 and 2006. Two cohorts (25 LapSwen [1995-2000] and 27 SWAP [1998-2006]) were compared. Results: Median ages of diagnosis were 13 days for LapSwen and 4 days for SWAP. Median age at surgery was 4.1 months for LapSwen and 3.3 months for SWAP. Postoperative HEC occurred in 12% (16% LapSwen, 7.4% SWAP). The incidence of Down''s syndrome and preoperative HEC did not differ between the 2 cohorts. Three children with HEC were Clostridium difficile–positive. Long-term function in the 36 children older than 4 years was excellent in 22%, good in 50%, fair in 11% and poor in 17%. Conclusion: Our incidence of postoperative HEC is low, and we have seen a trend toward fewer cases after the SWAP procedure. Early diagnosis, preoperative rectal irrigations, and routine postoperative anal dilatation may be contributing to the elimination of HEC as a significant risk after surgery for Hirschsprung''s disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this article, we present a noncontact technique for measuring objects in motion with a laser tracker without need of the laser tracker following the object. This method allows the dynamic state of an object to be measured while, to the laser tracker, the object appears to be stationary. Through temporal aliasing, this technique decomposes the dynamic frame of an object into an instantaneous stationary frame of reference with respect to the laser tracker. The Pixel Probe and laser tracker are used to demonstrate this method. The frame rate of the three cameras in the Pixel Probe are adjusted to selectively alias the motion of an object into a stationary frame of reference. By triggering the cameras in the Pixel Probe at an appropriate frequency, the object in motion appears stationary to the Pixel Probe and therefore to the laser tracker as well. This allows spatial metrology to be performed on a dynamic object without the need to operate the laser tracker dynamically. We present measurements of rigid optical targets under both stationary and dynamic conditions. The dimensions of the rigid targets should be the same for both the static and dynamic cases; therefore, these targets provide a controlled experiment. These data are used to validate this technique by providing a direct comparison of accuracy between the use of aliasing with the Pixel Probe to the stationary case. Measurements for a nonrigid body are also made where a mass at the end of a string is constantly rotated at several frequencies. The dynamic 3D motion of the rotating mass is measured and compared to the predictions of Newtonian mechanics. We show that through the purely spatial measurements made with this technique, the rotation frequency of the mass can be determined to less than 1 percent. Furthermore, this technique may enable 3D characterization and calibration of a laser tracker under dynamic conditions, as the laser tracker motion can be decoupled from the calibration target motion, thus allowing direct determination of the dynamic performance of the laser tracker.

Purpose of Review: Children with heterotaxia often have abnormalities of intestinal rotation, some of which may predispose to midgut volvulus. This review summarizes the literature and proposes an individualized approach to the patient based on symptoms and findings on gastrointestinal imaging., Recent Findings: This report reviews the types of heterotaxia syndromes and the debate surrounding the optimal management of the associated intestinal rotational abnormalities. Recent publications suggest that not all rotational abnormalities predispose to volvulus and that the natural history of rotational abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with heterotaxia is relatively benign. On the basis of these findings, an algorithm for the management of intestinal rotational abnormalities is proposed., Summary: Malrotation and midgut volvulus is a life-threatening complication. Children with heterotaxia and symptoms suggestive of a proximal intestinal obstruction require urgent investigation and surgical treatment. Asymptomatic children require close clinical follow-up and urgent investigation of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Background/purpose: Inguinal hernia repair is the most common operation performed in children. The aim of this study was to determine if there are any differences in outcome when this procedure is performed by subspecialist pediatric surgeons when compared with general surgeons., Methods: All pediatric inguinal hernias repaired in the province of Ontario between 1993 and 2000 were reviewed using a population-based database. Children with complex medical conditions or prematurity were excluded. Cases done by general surgeons were compared with those done by pediatric surgeons. The chi2 test was used for nominal data and the Student's t test was used for continuous variables. Probabilities were calculated based on a logistic regression model., Results: Of 20,545 eligible hernia repairs, 50.3% were performed by pediatric surgeons and 49.7% were performed by general surgeons. Pediatric surgeons operated on 62.4% of children younger than 2 years, 51.8% of children aged 26 years, and 37% of children older than 7 years. Duration of operation, length of hospital stay, and incidence of early postoperative complications were similar among pediatric and general surgeons. The rate of recurrent inguinal hernia was higher in the general surgeon group compared with pediatric surgeons (1.10% vs 0.45%, P < .001). Among pediatric surgeons, the estimated risk of hernia recurrence was independent of surgical volume. There was a significant inverse correlation between surgeon volume and recurrence risk among general surgeons, with the highest volume general surgeons achieving recurrence rates similar to pediatric surgeons., Conclusions: Pediatric surgeons have a lower rate of recurrence after inguinal hernia repair in children. General surgeons with high volumes have similar outcomes to pediatric surgeons.

Background: The immune response against xenografts is vigorous and poorly controlled with conventional immunosuppressants. Therefore, success in xenotransplantation will depend on developing additional approaches such as induction of immunologic unresponsiveness or tolerance. Although classic protocols of neonatal tolerance induction in mice are very tolerogenic in many allogeneic models, they have generally failed in xenogeneic models. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether failure results from an intrinsic property of xenogenic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules themselves or, instead, is caused by some limitation in species-specific molecular interactions distinct from the polymorphic domains of xenogenic MHC molecules., Methods: Our approach was to test the ability of lymphoid cells from a transgenic (Tg) mouse donor expressing a xeno-MHC class I molecule encoding the polymorphic alpha1/alpha2 for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B7 to induce neonatal tolerance in non-Tg syngeneic C57BL/6 recipients. Because the donor and recipient strains are genetically identical (C57BL/6, H-2b) except for Tg human MHC HLA-B7, any species-specific molecular incompatibility in this mouse anti-human class I xeno-combination that could potentially interfere with induction of tolerance has been eliminated., Results: Our results show that HLA-B7 Tg-, but not C57BL/6 syngeneic-, injected neonates were unresponsive as adults to HLA-B7-expressing target cells in vitro and specifically accepted HLA-B7-expressing Tg skin grafts. In addition, neonatal injection of donor cells resulted in peripheral chimerism., Conclusions: These experiments demonstrate that, as long as species-specific molecular interactions are maintained, recognition of the polymorphic domains of xenogeneic MHC does not represent a barrier to neonatal tolerance induction.

Little is known about the biological significance of human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1A in vivo. However, Ad5 E1A is well defined in vitro and can be detected frequently in the lungs of patients with pulmonary disease. Transgenic expression of the Ad5 E1A gene targeted to the mouse lung reveals distinct biological effects caused by two Ad5 E1A products. Either of two Ad5 E1A proteins was preferentially expressed in vivo in the transgenic lungs. The preferential expression of the Ad5 E1A 243-amino-acid (aa) protein at a moderate level was associated with cellular hyperplasia, nodular lesions of proliferating lymphocyte-like cells, and a low level of p53-dependent apoptosis in the lungs of transgenic mice. In contrast, the preferential expression of the Ad5 E1A 289-aa protein at a moderate level resulted in a proapoptotic injury and an acute pulmonary proinflammation in the lungs of transgenic mice, mediated by multiple apoptotic pathways, as well as an enhancement of the host immune cell response. Expression of the Ad5 E1A 243-aa protein resulted in proliferation-stimulated p53 upregulation, while expression of the Ad5 E1A 289-aa protein led to DNA damage-induced p53 activation. These data suggest that the Ad5 E1A 243- and 289-aa proteins lead to distinct biological roles in vivo.