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This article aims to provide the comprehensive and systematic review of the doctrine of Photinus of Sirmium († 376), based on the work of Hilary of Poitiers De Trinitate composed between 358 and 360. Photinus error is primarily Christological. The rst part of the article deals with Hilary’s interpretation of Photinus’understanding of the subject of the Incarnation according to which God the Word/the Word of God was comprehended as a part or one of God’s powers, a mere word, the expression of thought, which does not re- ally differ from God, having no subsistence or existence, so that God is ultimately considered solitary. It is a strict Monarchianism. The second part focuses on Photinus’understanding (based on De Trinita- te) of what was “assumed” of the humanity by the Word of God for the pur- pose of Incarnation, and in which way. Two interpretations referring to Pho- tinus’understanding of the conception of Jesus Christ in Mary, attribute it super- natural causes (the Virginal conception by the non-subsistent Word) and presu- mably quite natural causes. For the purpose of the Incarnation, the Word of God “assumes” (“takes on”) the entire man, conceived in Mary. The “Incarnation”, as such, is accomplished by the extension of the non-subsisting Word and its in/ dwelling in that man. Based on De Trinitate, the third part deals with the effects of “the Incarnation” as it was understood by Photinus. Hilary concludes that it results in two subjects: on the one hand, it is solus communis generis homo who was born of Mary, and on the other hand, the non-subsistent Word of God that dwelt in that man. The union of the man born of Mary and the Word of God – a part of God’s powers – is reduced, by Photinus and in Hilary’s interpretation, to habitatio, temporary and accidental in/dwelling of the Word of God in the man in a manner the Spirit dwelt in prophets. The effect of the in/dwelling of the Word in a man born of Mary (or the dwelling itself) can be taken as prophetal inspiration, animation, consisting of mere external strengthening of the man and empowering him for his and Divine activity, never- theless, man’s vital and, and as it seems operative, principle is his soul. Based on De Trinitate, Divine Sonship or liation and “dei cation” of man born of Mary, according to Photinus, seems to be due to the fact that the non- subsisting Word of God – a part of God’s powers – dwells in him, inspiring or animating him by strengthening him and empowering him for divine activity. 312 REV. IVAN BODROŽIC – VANDA KRAFT SOIC According to Hilary, Photinus denies pre-existence of the Word, that is, the Son, Christ so he cannot even be the co-Creator of the world. He becomes existent, that is, subsistent only through the Incarnation and birth of Mary. For Hilary, Photinus’ adoptionist position is clear: the man is assumed into the Son and into the God. According to Hilary, in Photinus’ doctrine there is no place for the real Incarnation of the true Son of God. Hilary’s interpretation of Photinus’ under- standing of Jesus Christ, the Son, is that he is not the Word made esh, nor he is one and the same both God and Man. For Hilary Jesus Christ or Son of God as Photinus understands him is just someone like a prophet (a man) inspired, that is empowered by a Word of God dwelling in him – by a part of God’s powers – for divine activity ; ultimately, Hilary reduces him to a mere man, to a creature. The fourth part points out that opinions expressed in the scholarship – based exclusively on the Book Ten of Hilary’s De Trinitate – according to which Photinus, motivated by soteriology, insisted on the wholeness of Jesus’ humanity that is on the fact that Jesus Christ had a human soul, should be taken relatively. To conclude, on the basis of Book Ten of De Trinitate Photinus insisted on the wholeness of the humanity of Jesus Christ, that is, on his possessing of the human soul, just to the extent which he held that he was a mere man (in whom the non- subsistent Word of God dwelt as a Spirit in prophets).

The author of this paper provides a brief overview of the Roman Empire at the time of great turmoil in the 5th and 6th centuries that led to the collapse of its western part. The fall of the Empire triggered the decline of the culture and consequently collapse of the educational system. In such difficult times, the Church sought to protect the values ​​of the Roman society (romanitas) including the education in Latin which was considered one of its most important values. The author clarified the historical circumstances and presented two great Christian intellectuals who were aware of the values ​​and benefits of the culture they wanted to protect from oblivion and preserve for future generations. They were Boethius and Cassiodorus who encouraged the project of the whole education and culture, and as believers, they could also count on the Church's support, in areas of its influence, though the process was long-lasting and slow. In that context, Cassiodorus even founded the monastery Vivarium, in Calabria where the main task of the monks was rewriting of works of the holy Fathers and Greek and Roman classics. The author concluded that Christianity i.e. the Church did not neglect the culture of the Old World and time, but participated in the process of its preservation, and used it in order to reach the people who lived in the territories of the Western Empire, offering them the proclamation of the Gospel and literacy.

The most common procedure of testing independence of variables with nominal measure in classical statistic sense is Chi-square. It is rather complex procedure and sometimes it does not lead to final conclusions, because of statistic-technical backsets. There are two typical situations when statistic-technical backset appears: a great number of variations of nominal variable/s that on artificial way increases degrees of freedom and a great number of expected counts less than 5. Both situations result with wrong, usually opposite conclusion about independence of variables with nominal measure. That is reason why a much more precise procedure based on proportions testing is established in this paper. Namely, authors have perceived that in such kind of testing valid results can be realized using hypothesis testing about difference of two proportions. During quantitative researches in social science authors have recognized it as the most appropriate approach to survey research analysis. So, in this paper a survey research on customs component in Croatian brand is presented to verify those statements. Case study is very interested and useful in scientific sense by itself, not only as the practical example used to sustain mathematical-statistic analysis conclusions. This research was initiated in order to discover possibilities of including Zabiokovlje, as a part of Split-Dalmatian County, in Croatian brand in sense of sustainable development. A survey has been carried out in this area and more than 600 questionnaires have been analysed. Comparative research results analysis by proportions testing confirms the same conclusions as Chi-square of independence.

By this paper authors try to establish the much more common procedure of proportions testing with the same conclusions in statistical sense versus more complex Chi-square of independence. Case study is very interested and useful in scientific sense by itself, not only as the practical example used to sustain mathematical- statistic analysis conclusions. In this quantitative research in social science more than 600 questionnaires had been analysed to perceive importance of tradition by purpose of involving it in modern Croatian brand.