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The effects of ground flaxseed (FS) and a multicarbohydrase enzyme (C) supplement on piglet performance, gastrointestinal microbial activity, and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a 28-d trial. The enzyme supplement provided 500 units of pectinase, 50 units of cellulase, 400 units of mannanase, 1,200 units of xylanase, 450 units of glucanase, and 45 units of galactanase per kilogram of diet. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 17 d of age (BW, 6.1 [+ or -] 0.4 kg, mean [+ or -] SD) and assigned to treatments based on a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, with 6 pens per diet (4 pigs per pen). The diets contained wheat, barley, peas, soybean meal, and canola meal with 0 or 12% FS, and were fed without or with C. Flaxseed was included by changing the levels of the other ingredients to balance the diets for DE and nutrients. Diets had similar nutrient contents and met the NRC (1998) nutrient specifications, with the exception of DE, CP, and AA, which were 95, 94, and 97% of the NRC requirements, respectively. Diets were fed in a 2-phase feeding program (2 wk/phase). Feed intake and BW were measured weekly, and 1 pig per pen with a BW nearest the pen average was bled weekly to evaluate plasma urea nitrogen. On d 28, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen and 1 pig per pen with a BW nearest the pen average was killed to evaluate intestinal microbial activity and nutrient digestibility. A dietary effect on piglet performance was observed only in wk 3, when the FS diets decreased (P = 0.005) ADG and G:F, tended to decrease (P = 0.070) ADFI, and increased (P = 0.027) plasma urea nitrogen. An interaction between FS and C was observed for ileal digesta viscosity (P = 0.045), such that C increased viscosity in the FS diet but had no effect in the non-FS diet. Flaxseed and C interacted to affect ileal ammonia content (P = 0.049), such that in the absence of FS, pigs fed the diet with C had lower ammonia than those on the diet without C. Flaxseed and C affected other ileal parameters independently. Pigs fed the FS diets had decreased (P = 0.003 to 0.033) anaerobic spore counts, organic acid, DM, CP, and nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility compared with pigs fed the non-FS diets, whereas pigs fed the C-supplemented diets had greater (P = 0.009 to 0.061) lactobacilli counts, lactate, DM, and NSP digestibility than pigs fed the unsupplemented diets. In conclusion, FS reduced ileal microbial activity, nutrient digestibilities, and piglet performance in wk 3. The multicarbohydrase supplement increased ileal DM and NSP digestibilities as well as lactobacilli counts and lactate. Key words: carbohydrase, early-weaned pig, flaxseed, growth performance, intestinal microbial activity, nutrient digestibility

The aspects of history and in particular, interrogates one passage in Williams Wordsworth's preface to lyrical ballads in the historical and theoretical context of popular culture critique is made. From Wordswoth's perspective along with emerging social conditions related to urbanization and occupational roles provide a nexus of unforeseen and unique causes leading to new objectionable forms of cultural practice.

Alexander Dick and Angela Esterhammer, eds. Spheres of Action: Speech and Performance in Romantic Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2009. 306 pp. What? No Keats? No Blake? Perhaps we [...]

The potential antimicrobial activity of phytosterols in milk and their effect on yogurt starter cultures are examined. The studies have shown that the commercial phytosterol preparation (CPP) is somewhat antimicrobial when formulated with dispersing agents, but has no antimicrobial activity.

The article presents a study which determines and confirms the histological diagnosis of Nocardia in cultured weakfish Cynoscion regalis. The study used BiOstic® FFPE Tissue DNA Isolation Kit, Qiagen DNeasy kit, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with an Invitrogen AccuPrime® DNA Polymerase Kit. Results show that the gill clips and skin scrapes of the two examined dead weakfish revealed a mixed population of filamentous bacteria and protozoa.