225 results on '"Bellini, Marco"'
Search Results
2. Convolutional neural networks applied to microtomy: Identifying the trimming-end cutting routine on paraffin-embedded tissue blocks
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Guachi-Guachi, Lorena, Ruspi, Jacopo, Scarlino, Paola, Poliziani, Aliria, Ciancia, Sabrina, Lunni, Dario, Baldi, Gabriele, Cavazzana, Andrea, Zucca, Alessandra, Bellini, Marco, Pedrazzini, Gian Andrea, Ciuti, Gastone, Controzzi, Marco, Vannozzi, Lorenzo, and Ricotti, Leonardo
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- 2023
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3. Probing the effect of metal-CeO2 interactions in carbon supported electrocatalysts on alkaline hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions
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Pagliaro, Maria V., Bellini, Marco, Bartoli, Francesco, Filippi, Jonathan, Marchionni, Andrea, Castello, Carolina, Oberhauser, Werner, Poggini, Lorenzo, Cortigiani, Brunetto, Capozzoli, Laura, Lavacchi, Alessandro, Miller, Hamish A., and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2022
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4. Photon-by-photon quantum light state engineering
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Biagi, Nicola, Francesconi, Saverio, Zavatta, Alessandro, and Bellini, Marco
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- 2022
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5. Ni Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene-Based Materials as Highly Stable Catalysts for the Cathode of Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells.
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Martínez, Sthephanie J., Cos-Hugas, Raquel, Bellini, Marco, Miller, Hamish A., Lavacchi, Alessandro, Rodríguez, José Luis, and Pastor, Elena
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ION-permeable membranes ,ALKALINE fuel cells ,MATERIALS testing ,GRAPHENE oxide ,FUEL cells - Abstract
Ni nanoparticles supported on graphene-based materials were tested as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to be used in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). The introduction of N into the graphene structure produced an enhancement of electrocatalytic activity by improving electron transfer and creating additional active sites for the ORR. Materials containing both N and S demonstrated the highest stability, showing only a 3% performance loss after a 10 h stability test and therefore achieving the best overall performance. This long-term durability is attributed to the synergetic effect of Ni nanoparticles and bi-doped (S/N)-reduced graphene oxide. The findings suggest that the strategic incorporation of both nitrogen and sulphur into the graphene structure plays a crucial role in optimising the electrocatalytic properties of Ni-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Recent developments in Pd-CeO2 nano-composite electrocatalysts for anodic reactions in anion exchange membrane fuel cells
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Miller, Hamish A., Bellini, Marco, Dekel, Dario R., and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2022
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7. Electrochemical reactor for sustainable transformation of bio-mass derived allyl alcohol into acrylate and pure hydrogen
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Pagliaro, Maria Vincenza, Miller, Hamish Andrew, Bellini, Marco, Di Vico, Benedetto, Oberhauser, Werner, Zangari, Giovanni, Innocenti, Massimo, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2021
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8. Vegetable oils as Triple Bottom Line compliant lubricants
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Bellini, Marco, Bianchi, Sara, Zaccheria, Federica, and Ravasio, Nicoletta
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- 2021
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9. Titanium dioxide nanomaterials in electrocatalysis for energy
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Lavacchi, Alessandro, Bellini, Marco, Berretti, Enrico, Chen, Yanxin, Marchionni, Andrea, Miller, Hamish Andrew, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2021
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10. Hydrogen and chemicals from alcohols through electrochemical reforming by Pd-CeO2/C electrocatalyst
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Bellini, Marco, Pagliaro, Maria V., Marchionni, Andrea, Filippi, Jonathan, Miller, Hamish A., Bevilacqua, Manuela, Lavacchi, Alessandro, Oberhauser, Werner, Mahmoudian, Jafar, Innocenti, Massimo, Fornasiero, Paolo, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2021
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11. Phosphate stabilized PdCoP@Nifoam catalyst for self-pressurized H2 production from the electrochemical reforming of ethanol at 150 °C
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Pagliaro, Maria Vincenza, Bellini, Marco, Lavacchi, Alessandro, Miller, Hamish Andrew, Bartoli, Carlo, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2020
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12. Transforming Cigarette Wastes into Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst: Does Each Component Behave Differently? An Experimental Evaluation.
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Zuccante, Giovanni, Muhyuddin, Mohsin, Ficca, Valerio C. A., Placidi, Ernesto, Acciarri, Maurizio, Lamanna, Niccolò, Franzetti, Andrea, Zoia, Luca, Bellini, Marco, Berretti, Enrico, Lavacchi, Alessandro, and Santoro, Carlo
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OXYGEN reduction ,WASTE minimization ,ALKALINE fuel cells ,CIGARETTES ,ELECTROCATALYSTS ,SURFACE chemistry ,CIGARETTE smoke - Abstract
Trillion of cigarette butts are annually littered without being recycled. This work aims at valorizing the whole cigarette butts and their components (paper, filter and tobacco) into Fe‐Nx‐C electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid and alkaline media. The pristine wastes were pyrolyzed at 450 °C, activated with KOH at 700 °C, blended with iron phthalocyanine (FePc) precursor, and heat‐treated at 600 °C to produce a robust Fe‐Nx‐C material with ORR active units. The effect of the cigarette components on the final electrocatalytic activity was evaluated by thoroughly investigating the surface chemistry with XPS. The electrocatalysts displayed similar results among the different components in both media due to comparable surface chemistry, especially concerning the nitrogen functional groups. The highest performance was obtained in alkaline where the electrocatalysts from whole cigarettes and paper (CIGF_450 and CIGPF_450) showed an E1/2 of 0.89 V vs RHE, slightly larger than that of Pt/C with 40 wt % of Pt, which encouraged to replace Pt‐based electrocatalysts in alkaline fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Gene therapy for choroideremia using an adeno-associated viral vector encoding Rab escort protein 1: the REGENERATE open-label trial.
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Cehajic-Kapetanovic, Jasmina, Bellini, Marco P., Taylor, Laura J., Yusuf, Imran H., Soomro, Taha, da Cruz, Lyndon, and MacLaren, Robert E.
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- 2024
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14. Novel hydrophilic matrix system with non-uniform drug distribution for zero-order release kinetics
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Cerea, Matteo, Maroni, Alessandra, Palugan, Luca, Bellini, Marco, Foppoli, Anastasia, Melocchi, Alice, Zema, Lucia, and Gazzaniga, Andrea
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- 2018
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15. The impact on power semiconductor device operation due to local electric field alterations in the planar junction termination
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Rahimo, Munaf, Richter, Frank, Fischer, Fabian, Vemulapati, Umamaheswara, Kopta, Arnost, Corvasce, Chiara, Geissmann, Silvan, Bellini, Marco, Bayer, Martin, and Bauer, Friedhelm
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- 2016
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16. Field trial of a three-state quantum key distribution scheme in the Florence metropolitan area
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Bacco, Davide, Vagniluca, Ilaria, Da Lio, Beatrice, Biagi, Nicola, Della Frera, Adriano, Calonico, Davide, Toninelli, Costanza, Cataliotti, Francesco S., Bellini, Marco, Oxenløwe, Leif K., and Zavatta, Alessandro
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- 2019
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17. Deactivation of Palladium Electrocatalysts for Alcohols Oxidation in Basic Electrolytes
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Wang, Lianqin, Lavacchi, Alessandro, Bellini, Marco, D’Acapito, Francesco, Benedetto, Francesco Di, Innocenti, Massimo, Miller, Hamish A., Montegrossi, Giordano, Zafferoni, Claudio, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2015
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18. Treatment of advanced oesophagogastric cancer with FOLFOX-4 regimen followed by leucovorin/bolus and continuous infusion 5-FU as maintenance chemotherapy in patients aged ≥ 75 years with impaired performance status
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Petrioli, Roberto, Francini, Edoardo, Roviello, Franco, Marrelli, Daniele, Miano, Salvatora Tindara, Fiaschi, Anna Ida, Laera, Letizia, Bellini, Marco Antonio, and Roviello, Giandomenico
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- 2015
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19. Influence of Drug Brittleness, Nanomilling Time, and Freeze-Drying on the Crystallinity of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs and Its Implications for Solubility Enhancement
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Colombo, Miriam, Orthmann, Steven, Bellini, Marco, Staufenbiel, Sven, and Bodmeier, Roland
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- 2017
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20. Quantum-to-Classical Transition with Single-Photon-Added Coherent States of Light
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Zavatta, Alessandro, Viciani, Silvia, and Bellini, Marco
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- 2004
21. Supercontinuum and High-Order Harmonics : 201C;Extreme' Coherent Sources for Atomic Spectroscopy and Attophysics
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Bellini, Marco and Hannaford, Peter, editor
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- 2005
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22. Synergistic effect between few layer graphene and carbon nanotube supports for palladium catalyzing electrochemical oxidation of alcohols
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Machado, Bruno F., Marchionni, Andrea, Bacsa, Revathi R., Bellini, Marco, Beausoleil, Julien, Oberhauser, Werner, Vizza, Francesco, and Serp, Philippe
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- 2013
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23. Quantum optics: Quiet moments in time
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Bellini, Marco
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- 2017
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24. Analysis of the Shear Stresses in a Filling Line of Parenteral Products: The Role of Fittings.
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Moino, Camilla, Scutellà, Bernadette, Bellini, Marco, Bourlès, Erwan, Boccardo, Gianluca, and Pisano, Roberto
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SHEARING force ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) ,INTERFACIAL stresses ,COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics ,STRESS concentration - Abstract
Fill-finish of parenteral formulations represents a crucial step in the pharmaceutical industry that necessitates careful monitoring of product stability down the line. Shear stress and interfacial stress are two elements that threaten product stability, the respective contributions of which are still up for debate. This article focuses on the analysis of shear stress in the sampling phase of the filling line. Specifically, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to determine the shear stress distribution experienced by a protein-based parenteral drug as it passes through sampling fittings of various shapes under laminar and turbulent regime conditions. Rather than seeking the specific mechanism triggering the destabilization of a product, an attempt was made to analyze the fluid dynamics within these fittings and offer further understanding of the resulting shear stress. In addition, information was collected on the product path within the fittings, which allowed the identification of equations suitable for describing the shear stress distribution. The proposed approaches made it possible to consider the actual flowrate subjected to a given shear stress at a given time. Finally, a comparison was drawn with respect to the fluid dynamics within classical straight tubing to outline differences. This study revealed that the shear stress experienced within the fittings was higher than that in the tubing. Moreover, significant differences were reported in the T-fitting case under turbulent conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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25. Probing Quantum Commutation Rules by Addition and Subtraction of Single Photons to/from a Light Field
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Parigi, Valentina, Zavatta, Alessandro, Kim, Myungshik, and Bellini, Marco
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- 2007
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26. Analysis of the Shear Stresses in a Filling Line of Parenteral Products: The Role of Tubing.
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Moino, Camilla, Scutellà, Bernadette, Bellini, Marco, Bourlès, Erwan, Boccardo, Gianluca, and Pisano, Roberto
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SHEARING force ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) ,INTERFACIAL stresses ,TUBES ,PRODUCT lines - Abstract
Parenteral products appear to be sensitive to process conditions in bioprocessing steps, such as interfacial stress and shear stress. The combination of these elements is widely believed and proven to influence product stability, but the defined roles of these players in the product damage process have not yet been identified. The present work addresses a current industrial problem, by focusing on the analysis of shear stress on protein-based therapeutics flowing in tubing by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. The purpose of this article is not to pinpoint the mechanism triggering the damage of the product, but it represents the first step towards wider experimental investigations and introduces a new strategy to quantify the average shear stress. The field of scale-down approaches, used to scale the commercial process down to the laboratory level, is also explored. Since quality control is critical in the pharmaceutical realm, it is essential that the scale-down approach preserves the same stress exposure as the commercial scale, which in the present work is considered to be that resulting from shear effects. Therefore, a new approach for scaling down the commercial process is proposed, which has been compared with traditional approaches and shown to provide greater representativeness between the two scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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27. Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetic Acid by Supported PtCu Nanoparticles Stabilized by a Diamine Ligand.
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Oberhauser, Werner, Poggini, Lorenzo, Capozzoli, Laura, Bellini, Marco, Filippi, Jonathan, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2023
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28. Remote Phase Sensing by Coherent Single Photon Addition.
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Biagi, Nicola, Francesconi, Saverio, Gessner, Manuel, Bellini, Marco, and Zavatta, Alessandro
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REMOTE sensing ,COHERENT states ,PHOTONS ,QUANTUM optics ,GAUSSIAN quadrature formulas ,PHOTON pairs ,QUANTUM states - Abstract
A remote phase sensing scheme is proposed, inspired by the high sensitivity of the entanglement produced by coherent multimode photon addition on the phase set in the remote heralding apparatus. By exploring the case of delocalized photon addition over two modes containing identical coherent states, the optimal observable to perform remote phase estimation from heralded quadrature measurements is derived. The technique is experimentally tested with calibration measurements and then used for estimating a remote phase with a sensitivity that is found to scale with the intensity of the local coherent states, which never interacted with the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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29. A Study of the Radiation Tolerance and Timing Properties of 3D Diamond Detectors.
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Anderlini, Lucio, Bellini, Marco, Cindro, Vladimir, Corsi, Chiara, Kanxheri, Keida, Lagomarsino, Stefano, Lucarelli, Chiara, Morozzi, Arianna, Passaleva, Giovanni, Passeri, Daniele, Sciortino, Silvio, Servoli, Leonello, and Veltri, Michele
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RADIATION tolerance , *CHEMICAL engineering , *DETECTORS , *DIAMONDS , *ELECTRIC breakdown - Abstract
We present a study on the radiation tolerance and timing properties of 3D diamond detectors fabricated by laser engineering on synthetic Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) plates. We evaluated the radiation hardness of the sensors using Charge Collection Efficiency (CCE) measurements after neutron fluences up to 10 16 n/cm 2 (1 MeV equivalent.) The radiation tolerance is significantly higher when moving from standard planar architecture to 3D architecture and increases with the increasing density of the columnar electrodes. Also, the maximum applicable bias voltage before electric breakdown increases significantly after high fluence irradiation, possibly due to the passivation of defects. The experimental analysis allowed us to predict the performance of the devices at higher fluence levels, well in the range of 10 16 n/cm 2 . We summarize the recent results on the time resolution measurements of our test sensors after optimization of the laser fabrication process and outline future activity in developing pixel tracking systems for high luminosity particle physics experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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30. Gold nanoparticles onto cerium oxycarbonate as highly efficient catalyst for aerobic allyl alcohol oxidation
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Oberhauser, Werner, Evangelisti, Claudio, Marelli, Marcello, Santo, Vladimiro Dal, Cepek, Cinzia, and Bellini, Marco
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- 2020
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31. Single event transient response of SiGe voltage references and its impact on the performance of analog and mixed-signal circuits
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Najafizadeh, Laleh, Phillips, Stanley D., Moen, Kurt A., Diestelhorst, Ryan M., Bellini, Marco, Saha, Prabir K., Cressler, John D., Vixkelethy, Gyorgy, Turowski, Marek, Raman, Ashok, and Marshall, Paul W.
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Integrated circuits -- Electric properties ,Semiconductor chips -- Electric properties ,Electric current regulators -- Design and construction ,Voltage regulators -- Design and construction ,Standard IC ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Published
- 2009
32. Improving Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Activity of Palladium through Interactions with Transition-Metal Oxides.
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Pagliaro, Maria V., Wen, Cuilian, Sa, Baisheng, Liu, Baoyu, Bellini, Marco, Bartoli, Francesco, Sahoo, Sanjubala, Singh, Ramesh K., Alpay, S. Pamir, Miller, Hamish A., and Dekel, Dario R.
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- 2022
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33. Novel total dose and heavy-ion charge collection phenomena in a new SiGe HBT on thin-film SOI technology
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Bellini, Marco, Phillips, Stanley D., Diestelhorst, Ryan M., Cheng, Peng, Cressler, John D., Marshall, Paul W., Turowski, Marek, Avenier, Gregory, Chantre, Alain, and Chevalier, Pascal
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Bipolar transistors -- Analysis ,Silicon-on-isolator -- Analysis ,Thin-film circuits -- Analysis ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
We investigate radiation-induced effects on the DC, AC and thermal characteristics of high-performance SiGe HBTs fabricated on thin-film SOI. TCAD simulations indicate novel heavy-ion charge collection phenomena resulting from the unique [C.sub.B][E.sup.B]C device layout of this technology platform. Index Terms--C-SiGe, Heterojunction bipolar transistors, radiation effects, SiGe HBT, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), TCAD.
- Published
- 2008
34. The effects of proton and X-ray irradiation on the DC and AC performance of complementary (npn + pnp) SiGe HBTs on thick-film SOI
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Bellini, Marco, Jun, Bongim, Sutton, Akil K., Appaswamy, Aravind C., Cheng, Peng, Cressler, John D., Marshall, Paul W., Schrimpf, Ronald D., Fleetwood, Daniel M., El-Kareh, Badih, Balster, Scott, Steinmann, Philipp, and Yasuda, Hiroshi
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Bipolar transistors -- Design and construction ,Protons -- Influence ,X-rays -- Influence ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
The impact of 63.3 MeV proton and 10 keY x-ray irradiation on the DC and AC performance of complementary (npn + pnp) SiGe HBTs on thick-film SOI is investigated. Proton and x-ray induced changes in the forward and inverse Gummel characteristics, the output characteristics, and avalanche multiplication are reported for both npn and pnp SiGe HBTs, at both room temperature (300 K) and at cryogenic temperatures (down to 30 K). Comparison of room temperature and cryogenic data suggests interface trap formation at two distinct physical locations in the transistors. Experimental data and calibrated TCAD simulations are used to compare the radiation response of both thick-film SOI devices and thin-film SOI SiGe HBTs. Index Terms--C-SiGe, heterojunction bipolar transistors, radiation effects, SiGe HBT, silicon-on-insulator, SOI, TCAD.
- Published
- 2007
35. A comparison of the effects of X-ray and proton irradiation on the performance of SiGe precision voltage references
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Najafizadeh, Laleh, Sutton, Akil K., Diestelhorst, Ryan M., Bellini, Marco, Jun, Bongim, Cressler, John D., Marshall, Paul W., and Marshall, Cheryl J.
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BiCMOS -- Design and construction ,Analog integrated circuits -- Properties ,Bipolar transistors -- Properties ,Ionization -- Observations ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of the performance dependencies of irradiated SiGe precision voltage reference circuits on 1) total ionizing dose (TID), 2) circuit topology, and 3) radiation source is presented. Two different bandgap voltage references were designed using a first-generation (50-GHz) SiGe BiCMOS technology platform, and subsequently exposed to X-rays at doses of 1080 krad(Si[O.sub.2]) and 5400 krad(Si[O.sub.2]). The degradation in circuit performance following X-ray irradiation depends on both the TID level and the chosen circuit topology. Measurement results show that large TID levels can significantly shift the magnitude of the output voltage. Explanations for the observed shifts are provided by utilizing detailed analyses of the two circuit topologies and considering device-to-circuit interactions. The primary factor responsible for the difference in the circuit response before and after irradiation can be attributed to the excess base leakage current in the SiGe HBT. To investigate the impact of radiation source, the circuit topology showing the worst-case degradation from the X-ray experiment was independently exposed to 63-MeV protons at the same effective TID level. A clear source dependence in the circuit response was observed, and possible origins of this behavior are identified. Index Terms--BiCMOS analog integrated circuits, heterojuction bipolar transistors, ionization damage, proton radiation effects, SiGe, SiGe HBTs, X-rays.
- Published
- 2007
36. An evaluation of transistor-layout RHBD techniques for SEE mitigation in SiGe HBTs
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Sutton, Akil K., Bellini, Marco, Cressler, John D., Pellish, Jonathon A., Reed, Robert A., Marshall, Paul W., Niu, Guofu, Vizkelethy, Gyorgy, Turowski, Marek, and Raman, Ashok
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Nanotechnology -- Usage ,Transients (Dynamics) -- Analysis ,Transistor circuits -- Analysis ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
We investigate transistor-level layout-based techniques for SEE mitigation in advanced SiGe HBTs. The approach is based on the inclusion of an alternate reverse-biased pn junction (n-ring) designed to shunt electron charge away from the sub-collector to substrate junction. The inclusion of the n-ring affects neither the dc nor ac performance of the SiGe HBT and does not compromise its inherent multi-Mrad TID tolerance. The effects of ion strike location and angle of incidence, as well as n-ring placement, area, and bias on charge collection are investigated experimentally using a 36 MeV [O.sub.2] microbeam. The results indicate that charge shunting through the n-ring can result in up to a 90% reduction in collector collected charge for strikes outside the DT and a 18% reduction for strikes to the emitter center. 3-D transient strike simulations using NanoTCAD are used to verify the experimental observations, as well as shed insight into the underlying physical mechanisms. Circuit implications for this RHBD technique are discussed and recommendations made. Index Terms--Charge collection, deep trench (DT), ion beam induced charge collection (IBICC), NanoTCAD, radiation hardening by design (RHBD), silicon-germanium (SiGe), SiGe HBT, single event effects (SEE).
- Published
- 2007
37. First interferometric measurement of the atomic dipole phase in high-order harmonic generation
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Pirri, Angela, Corsi, Chiara, Sali, Emiliano, Tortora, Alessandra, and Bellini, Marco
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- 2006
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38. Impact of scaling on the inverse-mode operation of SiGe HBTs
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Appaswamy, Aravind, Bellini, Marco, Wei-Min Mance Kuo, Peng Cheng, Jiahui Yuan, Chendong Zhu, Cressler, John D., Guofu Niu, and Josehp, Alvin J.
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Scaling laws (Statistical physics) -- Analysis ,Silicon compounds -- Electric properties ,Electric circuit analysis ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
The inverse mode performance of four distinct generations of SiGe HBTs is investigated and is found to improve impressively with generational scaling. Results show that the improved inverse mode performance with scaling would allow for improved design flexibility and could potentially be use to design novel circuits where speed is not the major driving factor.
- Published
- 2007
39. Proton tolerance of SiGe precision voltage references for extreme temperature range electronics
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Najafizadeh, Laleh, Bellini, Marco, Prakash, A.P. Gnana, Espinel, Gustavo A., Cressler, John D., Marshall, Paul W., and Marshall, Cheryl J.
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BiCMOS -- Research ,Bipolar transistors -- Research ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of the effects of proton irradiation on the performance of SiGe BiCMOS precision voltage references intended for extreme environment operational conditions is presented. The voltage reference circuits were designed in two distinct SiGe BiCMOS technology platforms (first generation (50 GHz) and third generation (200 GHz)) in order to investigate the effect of technology scaling. The circuits were irradiated at both room temperature and at 77 K. Measurement results from the experiments indicate that the proton-induced changes in the SiGe bandgap references are minor, even down to cryogenic temperatures, clearly good news for the potential application of SiGe mixed-signal circuits in emerging extreme environments. Index Terms--BiCMOS analog integrated circuits, heterojuction bipolar transistors, proton radiation effects.
- Published
- 2006
40. Temperature-dependence of off-state drain leakage in x-ray irradiated 130 nm CMOS devices
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Jun, Bongim, Diestelhorst, Ryan M., Bellini, Marco, Espinel, Gustavo, Appaswamy, Aravind, Prakash, A.P. Gnana, Cressler, John D., Chen, Dakai, Schrimpf, Ronald D., Fleetwood, Daniel M., Turowski, Marek, and Raman, Ashok
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Complementary metal oxide semiconductors -- Research ,Electric currents, Vagrant -- Research ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
The off-state drain current leakage characteristics of 130 nm CMOS technology are investigated using x-ray irradiation and operating temperature as variables. Radiation-induced interface traps in the gate oxide to gate-drain overlap region strongly enhance the off-state leakage as a function of gate bias. Due to the thin gate oxide in these 130 nm devices, we find that drain-edge direct tunneling is more plausible than conventional gate-induced-drain-leakage in explaining the observed increase in drain leakage. Radiation-induced traps in the shallow trench isolation oxide create parasitic channels in the p-well and produce another source of off-state drain leakage with increasing total dose. The drain current increase from both the gate overlap region and the shallow trench edge are enhanced with increasing total dose and suppressed by cooling. Index Terms--CMOS, cryogenic, GIDL, off-state leakage current, shallow trench isolation, STI, total dose radiation effects.
- Published
- 2006
41. An investigation of dose rate and source dependent effects in 200 GHz SiGe HBTs
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Sutton, Akil K., Prakash, A.P. Gnana, Jun, Bongim, Zhao, Enhai, Bellini, Marco, Pellish, Jonathan, Diestelhorst, Ryan M., Carts, Martin A., Phan, Anthony, Ladbury, Ray, Cressler, John D., Marshall, Paul. W., Marshall, Cheryl J., Reed, Robert A., Schrimpf, Ronald D., and Fleetwood, Daniel M.
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Bipolar transistors -- Research ,Hardness -- Research ,Ionization -- Research ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
We present an investigation of the observed variations in the total dose tolerance of the emitter-base spacer and shallow trench isolation oxides in a commercial 200 GHz SiGe HBT technology. Proton, gamma, and X-ray irradiations at varying dose rates are found to produce drastically different degradation signatures at the various oxide interfaces. Extraction and analysis of the radiation-induced excess base current, as well as low-frequency noise, are used to probe the underlying physical mechanisms. Two-dimensional calibrated device simulations are employed to correlate the observed results to the spatial distributions of carrier recombination in forward- and inverse-mode operation for both pre- and post-irradiation levels. Possible explanations of our observations are offered and the implications for hardness assurance testing are discussed. Index Terms--Dose enhancement, hardness assurance, low-frequency noise, silicon-germanium (SiGe), hetero-junction bipolar transistor, total ionizing dose.
- Published
- 2006
42. X-ray irradiation and bias effects in fully-depleted and partially-depleted SiGe HBTs fabricated on CMOS-compatible SOI
- Author
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Bellini, Marco, Jun, Bongim, Chen, Tianbing, Cressler, John D., Marshall, Paul W., Chen, Dakai, Schrimpf, Ronald D., Fleetwood, Daniel M., and Cai, Jin
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Bipolar transistors -- Research ,Complementary metal oxide semiconductors -- Research ,Silicon-on-isolator -- Research ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
X-ray total ionizing dose effects in both fully-depleted and partially-depleted SiGe HBT-on-SOI transistors are investigated at room and at cryogenic temperatures for the first time. Devices irradiated in grounded and forward-active mode configurations exhibit a different behavior depending on the collector doping of the device. The degradation produced by 10 keV x-rays is compared to previously reported 63 MeV proton results on the same fully-depleted SiGe HBT-on-SOI devices, showing decreased degradation for proton irradiation. Both collector and substrate bias are shown to affect the two-dimensional nature of the current flow in these devices, resulting in significant differences in the avalanche multiplication characteristics (hence, breakdown voltage) across temperature. Index Terms--Heterojunction bipolar transistors, radiation effects, SiGe HBT, silicon-on-insulator technology, SOI, TCAD.
- Published
- 2006
43. Proton radiation effects in vertical SiGe HBTs fabricated on CMOS-compatible SOI
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Chen, Tianbing, Sutton, Akil K., Bellini, Marco, Haugerud, Becca M., Comeau, Jonathan P., Liang, Qingqing, Creesler, John D., Cai, Jin, Ning, Tak, H., Marshall, Paul W., and Marshall, Cheryl J.
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Complementary metal oxide semiconductors -- Research ,Bipolar transistors -- Research ,Business ,Electronics ,Electronics and electrical industries - Abstract
Proton radiation effects in vertical SiGe HBTs fabricated on CMOS-compatible silicon-on-insulator (SOI) are investigated for the first time. Proton irradiation at 63 MeV is found to introduce base leakage current at low base-emitter voltage, delay the onset of Kirk effect at high injection, and increase the frequency response of SiGe HBTs on SOI. The latter two effects are in contrast to those found in conventional bulk SiGe HBTs. Proton irradiation also generates positive fixed oxide and interface charge in the buried oxide, which alters both AI-1 and B[V.sub.CEO] in the SiGe HBT by modulating the electric field in the collector region. Index Terms--HBT, radiation, SiGe, SOI.
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- 2005
44. Remarkable stability of a molecular ruthenium complex in PEM water electrolysis.
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Bellini, Marco, Bösken, Jonas, Wörle, Michael, Thöny, Debora, Gamboa-Carballo, Juan José, Krumeich, Frank, Bàrtoli, Francesco, Miller, Hamish A., Poggini, Lorenzo, Oberhauser, Werner, Lavacchi, Alessandro, Grützmacher, Hansjörg, and Vizza, Francesco
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- 2022
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45. Waste Face Surgical Mask Transformation into Crude Oil and Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers.
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Muhyuddin, Mohsin, Filippi, Jonathan, Zoia, Luca, Bonizzoni, Simone, Lorenzi, Roberto, Berretti, Enrico, Capozzoli, Laura, Bellini, Marco, Ferrara, Chiara, Lavacchi, Alessandro, and Santoro, Carlo
- Subjects
PETROLEUM ,FUEL cells ,ELECTROCATALYSTS ,HYDROGEN evolution reactions ,MEDICAL masks ,ELECTROLYTIC cells - Abstract
A novel route for the valorization of waste into valuable products was developed. Surgical masks commonly used for COVID 19 protection by stopping aerosol and droplets have been widely used, and their disposal is critical and often not properly pursued. This work intended to transform surgical masks into platinum group metal‐free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as well as into crude oil. Surgical masks were subjected to controlled‐temperature and ‐atmosphere pyrolysis, and the produced char was then converted into electrocatalysts by functionalizing it with metal phthalocyanine of interest. The electrocatalytic performance characterization towards ORR and HER was carried out highlighting promising activity. At different temperatures, condensable oil fractions were acquired and thoroughly analyzed. Transformation of waste surgical masks into electrocatalysts and crude oil can open new routes for the conversion of waste into valuable products within the core of the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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46. Structural and Functional Characteristics of Color Vision Changes in Choroideremia.
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Jolly, Jasleen K., Simunovic, Matthew P., Dubis, Adam M., Josan, Amandeep S., Robson, Anthony G., Bellini, Marco P., Bloch, Edward, Georgiadis, Odysseas, da Cruz, Lyndon, Bridge, Holly, and MacLaren, Robert E.
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COLOR vision ,PATHOLOGICAL physiology ,LOW vision ,VISUAL acuity - Abstract
Color vision is considered a marker of cone function and its assessment in patients with retinal pathology is complementary to the assessments of spatial vision [best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)] and contrast detection (perimetry). Rod-cone and chorioretinal dystrophies—such as choroideremia—typically cause alterations to color vision, making its assessment a potential outcome measure in clinical trials. However, clinical evaluation of color vision may be compromised by pathological changes to spatial vision and the visual field. The low vision Cambridge Color Test (lvCCT) was developed specifically to address these latter issues. We used the trivector version of the lvCCT to quantify color discrimination in a cohort of 53 patients with choroideremia. This test enables rapid and precise characterization of color discrimination along protan, deutan, and tritan axes more reliably than the historically preferred test for clinical trials, namely the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. The lvCCT demonstrates that color vision defects—particularly along the tritan axis—are seen early in choroideremia, and that this occurs independent of changes in visual acuity, pattern electroretinography and ellipsoid zone area on optical coherence tomography (OCT). We argue that the selective loss of tritan color discrimination can be explained by our current understanding of the machinery of color vision and the pathophysiology of choroideremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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47. Exploiting the Combination of Displacement and Chemical Plating for a Tailored Electroless Deposition of Palladium Films on Copper.
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Fabbri, Lorenzo, Giurlani, Walter, Biffoli, Fabio, Bellini, Marco, Miller, Hamish, Fontanesi, Claudio, Vizza, Francesco, and Innocenti, Massimo
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ELECTROLESS deposition ,ELECTROLESS plating ,PALLADIUM ,THIN films ,PLATING baths ,COPPER films ,COPPER - Abstract
Various formulations for electroless deposition, to obtain continuous nanometre-sized and micrometre-sized films of palladium on copper, were compared. We deposited ultrathin films using displacement plating formulations. We obtained continuous films with an equivalent thickness between 6 and 22 nm, measured by exploiting the K-ratio method with SEM-EDS of Pd layers. The Pd films obtained in this step of the work represent a cost-effective catalytic substrate. As a second step, we selected chemical plating as the procedure to obtain palladium films with a thickness in the micrometre range. An ammonia-based Pd chemical plating bath represent one of the most effective chemical plating formulations. To prevent copper substrates from being damaged by ammonia, displacement plating with palladium was also applied as a pre-treatment to make the use of these plating baths a viable way to obtain thicker palladium coatings. Palladium films showing good adherence, compact morphology, and a thickness over 1.5 μm were obtained, proving that the combination of two different electroless techniques was the key to develop a sustainable procedure for micrometre-sized palladium coatings, which could substitute electroplating of Pd in galvanic industry for decorative applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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48. Interlayer Coordination of Pd–Pd Units in Exfoliated Black Phosphorus.
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Vanni, Matteo, Bellini, Marco, Borsacchi, Silvia, Calucci, Lucia, Caporali, Maria, Caporali, Stefano, d’Acapito, Francesco, Geppi, Marco, Giaccherini, Andrea, Ienco, Andrea, Manca, Gabriele, Mio, Antonio Massimiliano, Nicotra, Giuseppe, Oberhauser, Werner, Serrano-Ruiz, Manuel, Banchelli, Martina, Vizza, Francesco, and Peruzzini, Maurizio
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- 2021
- Full Text
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49. Manufacturing of single and multilayer tablets: influence of material properties and process parameters on die filling and layer adhesion
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Bellini, Marco
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Material properties ,Die filling ,Compaction simulator ,Mathematical model ,Process parameters ,Delamination ,Elastic recovery ,Powder rheology ,Layer adhesion ,Multilayer tablets - Abstract
Quality, safety and efficacy of single and multilayer tablets depend both on formulation and optimization of process parameters, such as press speed, pre-compaction and main compaction pressure. To date, the effect of these parameters on the final product quality have been extensively investigated, but fewer studies were focused on die filling process, which has a great impact on the content uniformity, in particular at high rotation speed. These studies have been conducted on custom model-shoe systems, which provide a good insight on the powder behavior during the process but are difficult to correlate to industrial scale process parameters. Alternatively, studies on die filling were performed on standard rotary presses to accurately replicate the filling process, at the cost of high material consumption. To date, process parameters involved in the manufacturing of multilayer tablets have been investigated only in separated experiments. Hence, the effect of process parameters interactions on layer adhesion is still unknown and few studies evaluated the influence of material properties in bilayer tableting. To overcome the aforementioned limitations, the die filling behavior of excipients commonly used in tableting was investigated through the replication of an industrial tablet press on a compaction simulator. The completeness of die filling for each material was correlated to the powder rheological properties to predict the effect of turret rotation speed on the filling process. Moreover, a central composite design of experiment was performed to investigate the influence of process parameters and their interactions on delamination tendency of bilayer tablets. The layer adhesion was measured with a novel shear test, specifically developed to overcome the limitations of available methods, such as friction, elastic deformation of the test device and long setup time. Particle properties and powder rheology are critical attributes towards the flow of each material, as they affected the filling process. Therefore, 9 excipients commonly used in tableting (Avicel PH-112, Avicel PH-200, Cellphere CP-102, Emcompress, Flowlac 90, Kollidon SR, Methocel K15M, Starch 1500 and Tablettose 80) were selected and characterized by Hausner ratio, residual moisture content, particle shape and size distribution and compared to rheological properties evaluated with a powder rheometer. The filling process of the investigated materials was reproduced on a compaction simulator with gravity, forced and suction fill techniques. Good flowing excipients, such as Emcompress, Cellphere CP-102, Tablettose 80 and Flowlac 90 were expected to have excellent die filling due to their optimal particle properties. In contrast, a complete die filling with gravity fill technique was observed at low press speed (15 RPM), instead at higher speeds a complete filling process was achieved only for Emcompress and Cellphere CP-102. The use of forced and suction fill techniques remarkably improved the completeness of the filling process because of the strong mechanical stresses applied on the loose powder, which prevented the formation of powder bridges and improved the powder motion in the feeder. The die filling profiles were described with a semi-log equation and the calculated slopes were correlated to powder rheology measurements. A strong correlation was obtained between the semi-log equation slopes and Basic Flowability Energy (R2 = 0.902), during die filling simulation with gravity fill. Similarly, a strong correlation was also obtained between the slopes equation slopes and the Specific Energy not normalized on sample mass (R2 = 0.931). No significant correlation was identified with forced and suction fill techniques, because of the strong mechanical stresses, which promoted powder flowing of the excipients. The model was validated by predicting the behavior of Pearlitol 200 SD and confirmed by experimental values. The Hausner Ratio was not suitable to describe the flow properties of Kollidon SR and Pearlitol SD 200. Indeed, the values for these excipients were not consistent with their die filling profiles, whereas the characterization of the rheological properties could predict the powder flowing behavior under standard conditions (i.e. gravity fill technique) with a good approximation. The novel technique offered the possibility to combine die filling and compaction properties evaluations on a single machine. This represents a first important step to promote a fast and efficient formulation development and scale up. Afterwards, a novel test to measure the layer adhesion on bilayer tablets was developed to characterize tablets prepared with different compaction pressures and excipients. The device design was improved through different versions to fulfil 4 test requirements: short setup time, reproducibility, ability to differentiate tablets prepared with different excipients and compaction pressures. The device was adapted to be equipped on a compaction simulator, which ensured low elastic deformation and high data acquisition speed. Maximal test speed (1 mm/s), compaction pressure and excipient differentiation, reproducibility and influence of tablet positioning were extensively evaluated to define the optimal test conditions. Moreover, the influence of temperature, moisture and storage time on layer adhesion were investigated both on hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic excipient combinations. Storage time and moisture were identified as critical parameters for hygroscopic materials, having a negative effect on layer adhesion. Instead, non-hygroscopic excipient combinations presented a reduction in layer adhesion only dependent on storage time. The differential expansion of the layers due to moisture exposure was suggested as the cause of delamination or reduced layer adhesion of multilayer tablets. Moreover, 25°C and 40% RH were identified as the best condition to store multilayer tablets and reduce the layer adhesion decay during long term storage. This novel test was used to investigate the effect of process parameters and material properties on layer adhesion of bilayer tablets. Three potential pharmaceutical formulations were selected as combinations of immediate (Emcompress and Avicel PH-112) and sustained (Emcompress and Methocel K15M) drug release. A 3-levels 3-factors central composite Design of Experiment was performed on each formulation to evaluate the effect of three process parameters (i.e. pre-compaction, main compaction and turret rotation speed) and their interactions towards tablet delamination. The shear test developed for this study was used to determine the tendency of the tablet to delaminate and the layer adhesion was employed as response factor in the Design of Experiments. Main compaction pressure and turret rotation speed were the most important parameters to be optimized during bilayer tablets production. Main compaction had a positive effect on layer adhesion for the combination of brittle materials and turret speed had no significant impact due to the unresponsive nature of brittle materials to strain rate. In contrast, once plastic materials were included in the formulation, the increase of main compaction or rotation speed promoted the delamination tendency. This effect was prominent for excipient combinations with a high difference in elastic recovery. However, plastic-brittle formulation presented a non-linear effect of main compaction on layer adhesion. The excipient combination acted as a brittle-brittle combination at main compaction pressures below 200 MPa and switched to a plastic-brittle behavior at high pressures, where the decrease in layer adhesion was driven by the difference in elastic recovery Pre-compaction had no significant impact on layer adhesion of the combination with brittle materials due to the consolidation mechanism: independently of the level of pre-compaction, the particle fragmentation caused by the main compaction pressure promoted the formation of new bonding surfaces. In contrast, high pre-compaction levels on the plastic-plastic combination generated a flat surface, which remarkably reduced the layer adhesion. An increased delamination tendency was promoted by the interaction pre-compaction·main compaction, which was responsible for the formation of a smooth first layer surface and the low adhesion with the second layer. Similarly, the interaction main compaction·rotation presented a negative effect on layer adhesion. At high turret speed, an increase of main compression was expected to improve the layer adhesion. Instead, high pressure and speed conditions, led to tablet delamination. In contrast, the interaction pre-compaction·rotation presented a positive effect on layer adhesion due to a decrease of strain rate, promoted by a lower powder volume to compact, as the pre-compaction pressure was increased. To confirm the models obtained from the plastic-plastic and brittle-brittle combinations, two supplementary Design of Experiment were performed, replacing one material with an excipient of similar properties. Despite the different layer adhesion of the tested formulations, caused by the variation of one excipient in the tested formulations, the surfaces of response and the mathematical models were comparable for similar material combinations. The difference in elastic recovery of the excipients present in the two layers of the formulation was the main factor, which determined the layer adhesion value. However, the combination of plastic and brittle excipients in two different layers granted a broader range of optimal tablet manufacturing., Qualität, Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit von Einzel- und Mehrschichttabletten hängt sowohl von der Formulierung als auch von der Optimierung der Herstellungsparameter, wie Pressgeschwindigkeit, Vorkompression und Hauptkompression ab. Bislang wurde der Einfluss dieser Parameter auf die Qualität des Endprodukts intensiv untersucht, aber nur wenige Studien konzentrierten sich auf den Prozess des Füllens der Form, was sich insbesondere bei hohen Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten stark auf die Gleichförmigkeit der Masse auswirkt. Diese Studien wurden an kundenspezifischen Modell-Füllschuh-Systemen durchgeführt, die einen guten Einblick in das Verhalten der Pulver während des Prozesses bieten, aber schwer mit industriellen Prozessparametern korrelieren. Alternativ wurden Untersuchungen zur Formfüllung auf Standard-Rotationspressen durchgeführt, um den Füllprozess bei einem hohen Materialverbrauch nachzubilden. Bislang wurden Prozessparameter bei der Herstellung von Mehrschichttabletten nur in getrennten Versuchen untersucht. Daher ist der Einfluss von Prozessparameter-Wechselwirkungen auf die Schichtadhäsion noch unbekannt und in nur wenigen Studien wurde der Einfluss von Materialeigenschaften bei der Zweischichttablettierung untersucht. Um die oben erwähnten Einschränkungen zu überwinden, wurde das Formfüllverhalten von Hilfsstoffen, die üblicherweise beim Tablettieren verwendet werden, durch die Simulation einer industriellen Tablettenpresse auf einem „Compaction Simulator“ untersucht. Die Vollständigkeit der Formfüllung für jedes Material wurde mit den rheologischen Pulvereigenschaften korreliert, um den Effekt der Revolverdrehgeschwindigkeit auf den Füllprozess vorherzusagen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein generell anwendbarer Versuchsaufbau angewendet, um den Einfluss von Prozessparametern und deren Wechselwirkungen auf die Delaminationsneigung von Zweischichttabletten zu untersuchen. Die Schichthaftung wurde mit einem neuartigen Schertest gemessen, der speziell entwickelt wurde, um die Einschränkungen der verfügbaren Verfahren wie Reibung, elastische Verformung der Testvorrichtung und lange Einrichtungszeiten zu überwinden. Partikeleigenschaften und Pulverrheologie sind kritische Parameter für den Fluss jedes Materials, da sie den Füllprozess beeinflussen. Daher wurden 9 Hilfsstoffe, die üblicherweise beim Tablettieren verwendet werden (Avicel PH-112, Avicel PH-200, Cellphere CP-102, Emcompress, Flowlac 90, Kollidon SR, Methocel K15M, Starch 1500 und Tablettose 80), ausgewählt und durch den Hausner-Faktor, Restfeuchtigkeit, Partikelform und Größenverteilung charakterisiert und im Vergleich zu rheologischen Eigenschaften, die mit einem Pulverrheometer gemessen wurden, bewertet. Der Füllprozess der untersuchten Materialien wurde auf einem „Compaction Simulator“ mit Schwerkraft-, Zwangs- und Saugfüllverfahren reproduziert. Gut fließende Hilfsstoffe, wie Emcompress, Cellphere CP-102, Tablettose 80 und Flowlac 90, wiesen aufgrund ihrer optimalen Partikeleigenschaften eine ausgezeichnete Formfüllung auf. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde eine vollständige Formfüllung mit Hilfe der Schwerkraftfülltechnik nur bei niedriger Pressegeschwindigkeit (15 U/min) beobachtet, bei höheren Geschwindigkeiten wurde ein vollständiger Füllprozess nur für Emcompress und Cellphere CP-102 erreicht. Die Verwendung von Zwangs- und Saugfülltechniken verbesserte den Füllprozess aufgrund der starken mechanischen Beanspruchungen, die auf das lose Pulver ausgeübt wurden, was die Bildung von Pulverbrücken verhinderte und die Pulverbewegung in der Zuführeinrichtung verbesserte. Die Profile der Matrizenfüllung wurden mit einer halblogarithmischen Gleichung beschrieben und die berechneten Steigungen wurden mit Pulverrheologischen-Messungen korreliert. Es wurde eine starke Korrelation mit der Basis-Fließfähigkeitsenergie (R2 = 0,902) und mit der auf die Probenmasse nicht harmonisierten Energie (R2 = 0,931) festgestellt, während der Matrizenfüllung mit Schwerkraftfüllung. Aufgrund der starken mechanischen Spannungen, die das Fließverhalten der untersuchten Hilfsstoffe verbesserte, konnte keine signifikante Korrelation bei der erzwungenen- und der Saugfüllung festgestellt werden. Das Modell wurde validiert, indem das Verhalten von Pearlitol 200 SD vorhergesagt und durch experimentelle Werte bestätigt wurde. Der Hausner-Faktor war nicht geeignet die Fließeigenschaften von Kollidon SR und Pearlitol SD 200 zu beschreiben. Die Werte für diese Hilfsstoffe stimmten nicht mit ihren Formfüllprofilen überein, während die Charakterisierung der rheologischen Eigenschaften das Fließverhalten der Pulver unter Standardbedingungen mit guter Näherung vorhersagen konnte (z.B. Schwerkraftfülltechnik). Diese neuartige Technik bot die Möglichkeit, die Bewertung der Matrizenfüllung und der Verdichtungseigenschaften auf einer einzigen Maschine zu kombinieren. Dies ist ein erster wichtiger Schritt, um eine schnelle und effiziente Formulierung vorherzusagen und diese auf den industriellen Maßstab zu übertragen. Anschließend wurde ein neuartiger Test zur Messung der Schichtadhäsion an Doppelschichttabletten entwickelt, um Tabletten zu charakterisieren, die mit unterschiedlichen Pressdrücken und Hilfsstoffen hergestellt wurden. Das Gerätedesign wurde durch verschiedene Versionen verbessert, um 4 Testanforderungen zu erfüllen: kurze Einrichtungszeit, Reproduzierbarkeit, Differenzierungsfähigkeit von Tabletten, die mit verschiedenen Hilfsstoffen und Pressdrücken hergestellt wurden. Das Gerät wurde so angepasst, dass es an einem „Compaction Simulator“ angebracht werden konnte, der eine geringe elastische Verformung und eine hohe Datenerfassungsgeschwindigkeit sicherstellte. Die maximale Testgeschwindigkeit (1 mm/s), der Pressdruck, die Hilfsstoffdifferenzierung, die Reproduzierbarkeit und der Einfluss der Tablettenpositionierung wurden umfassend untersucht, um die optimalen Testbedingungen zu definieren. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss von Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Lagerzeit auf die Schichtadhäsion sowohl an hygroskopischen als auch an nicht hygroskopischen Hilfsstoffkombinationen erforscht. Lagerzeit und Feuchtigkeit wurden als kritische Parameter für hygroskopische Materialien identifiziert, die sich negativ auf die Schichthaftung auswirkten. Stattdessen zeigten nicht-hygroskopische Hilfsstoffkombinationen eine Verringerung der Schichtadhäsion nur in Abhängigkeit von der Lagerungszeit. Die unterschiedliche Ausdehnung der Schichten aufgrund von Feuchtigkeitseinwirkung wurde als der Grund für die Delaminierung oder verringerte Schichthaftung von Mehrschichttabletten vorgeschlagen. Darüber hinaus wurden 25 ° C und 40% RH als die beste Bedingung zum Lagern von Mehrschichttabletten identifiziert da die Verringerung der Schichtadhäsion während der Langzeitlagerung hier am geringsten war. Dieser neuartige Test wurde verwendet, um die Auswirkung von Prozessparametern und Materialeigenschaften auf die Schichtadhäsion von Zweischichttabletten zu untersuchen. Drei potentielle pharmazeutische Formulierungen wurden als Kombination von schneller (Emcompress und Avicel PH-112) und verlängerter (Emcompress und Methocel K15M) Arzneimittelfreisetzung ausgewählt. Ein 3-stufiges 3-Faktoren-Design-Experiment wurde an jeder Formulierung durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von drei Prozessparametern (Vorkompression, Hauptkompression und Pressegeschwindigkeit) und deren Wechselwirkungen auf die Delaminierung der Tablette zu bewerten. Der für diese Studie entwickelte Schertest wurde verwendet, um die Neigung der Tablette zum Delaminieren zu bestimmen, die Schichtadhäsion wurde als Messparameter in der Versuchsplanung angewendet. Der Hauptverdichtungsdruck und die Pressegeschwindigkeit waren die wichtigsten Parameter zur Optimierung der Herstellung von Zweischichttabletten. Die Hauptkompression hatte einen positiven Effekt auf die Schichtadhäsion für die Kombination von spröden Materialien und die Pressgeschwindigkeit hatte keine signifikante Auswirkung aufgrund der nicht ansprechenden Eigenschaften von spröden Materialien gegenüber der Dehnungsrate. Im Gegensatz dazu förderte die Zunahme der Hauptkompression oder der Pressegeschwindigkeit die Delaminierungsneigung, sobald plastische Materialien in die Formulierung eingeschlossen waren. Dieser Effekt war für Hilfsstoffkombinationen mit einem großen Unterschied in der elastischen Entspannung ausschlaggebend. Formulierungen mit spröden und plastischen Hilfsstoffen zeigten jedoch einen nicht-linearen Effekt der Hauptkompression auf die Schichthaftung. Es wurde vermutet, dass die Hilfsstoffkombination bei Hauptpressdrücken unter 200 MPa als spröde-spröde Kombination fungierten und bei hohen Drücken auf ein plastisch-sprödes Verhalten umschalteten, wobei die Abnahme der Schichthaftung durch den Unterschied in der elastischen Entspannung erklärt wurde. Die Vorkompression hatte aufgrund des Verdichtungsmechanismus keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Schichthaftung der Kombination mit sprödem Material: Unabhängig von der Vorkompression förderte die durch den Hauptverdichtungsdruck verursachte Partikelzerkleinerung die Bildung neuer Haftflächen. Im Gegensatz dazu erzeugten hohe Vorverdichtungspegel auf der plastisch-plastischen-Kombination eine flache Oberfläche, was die Schichthaftung merklich reduzierte. Eine erhöhte Delaminationsneigung wurde durch die Wechselwirkung Vorkompression-Hauptkompression begünstigt, die für die Ausbildung einer glatten ersten Schichtoberfläche und die geringe Haftung mit der zweiten Schicht verantwortlich war. In ähnlicher Weise wirkte die Hauptkompression-Pressegeschwindigkeit Wechselwirkung negativ auf die Schichthaftung. Bei hoher Pressegeschwindigkeit wurde eine Zunahme der Hauptkompression erwartet, um die Schichthaftung zu verbessern. Stattdessen führten ein hoher Druck und eine hohe Geschwindigkeit zur Delaminierung der Tabletten. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die Wechselwirkung Vorkompression-Pressegeschwindigkeit einen positiven Effekt auf die Schichtadhäsion aufgrund einer Abnahme der Verformungsrate, begünstigt durch ein niedrigeres Pulvervolumen zum Verdichten, wenn der Vorverdichtungsdruck erhöht wurde. Um die aus den plastisch-plastisch- und spröden-spröden-Kombinationen erhaltenen Modelle zu bestätigen, wurden zwei ergänzende Versuchspläne durchgeführt, wobei ein Material durch einen Hilfsstoff mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften ersetzt wurde. Trotz der unterschiedlichen Schichthaftung der getesteten Formulierungen, verursacht durch die Variation eines Hilfsstoffs in den getesteten Formulierungen, waren die Oberflächen des getauschten Hilfsstoffes und des konstanten Hilfsstoffes für ähnliche Materialkombinationen vergleichbar. Der Unterschied in der elastischen Rückstellung der Hilfsstoffe, die in den zwei Schichten der Formulierung vorhanden sind, war der Hauptfaktor, der den Schichtadhäsionswert bestimmte. Die Kombination von plastischen und spröden Hilfsstoffen in zwei verschiedenen Schichten gewährleistete jedoch eine breitere Palette an optimaler Tablettenherstellung.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Generating Discorrelated States for Quantum Information Protocols by Coherent Multimode Photon Addition.
- Author
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Biagi, Nicola, Costanzo, Luca S., Bellini, Marco, and Zavatta, Alessandro
- Abstract
It is demonstrated that the recently developed technique of delocalized single photon addition may generate discorrelation, a new joint statistical property of multimode quantum light states, whereby the number of photons in each mode can take any value individually, but two modes together never exhibit the same. By coherently adding a single photon to two identical coherent states of light in different temporal modes, the first experimental observation of discorrelation is provided. The capability of manipulating this statistical property has applications in scenarios involving the secure distribution of information among untrusted parties, like in the so‐called "mental poker" games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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