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While family reunification has become a major concern in europe, with the view that migrants overuse their right to reunite, this chapter shows that senegalese migrants are largely oriented towards their origin country. Migrants in europe are predominantly engaged in transnational families, their spouse(s) and/or child(ren) being left behind in senegal. They thus live transnational lives, involving comings and goings and various sorts of transfers and contacts. This pattern echoes the multi-residential family systems observed that have long been observed within senegal. Benefiting from the transnational and longitudinal nature of the mafe data, this chapter challenges the widely shared assumption that family reunification in europe is the normal path followed by most migrants. The statistical results show that “living apart together” across borders is a long-lasting arrangement for many senegalese migrants: 10 years after migration, 82% of the married migrants who left their spouses behind are still separated from them; and 88% of those who left a child behind in senegal are still separated from it. It is quite common for such periods of separation to be ended by reunification at origin (i.e. In senegal), when the migrant returns. As regards reunification with left-behind children, this is more common than reunification in europe. On average, migrants who maintain a transnational family life are more vulnerable than other migrants: they are more frequently undocumented, less educated and of lower socio-economic status. In the end, the high prevalence of transnational families appears to be a mixed product of personal (individual or family) choices and policy constraints.keywordssenegalese migrantsmafe datatransnational familiesfamily reunificationdakar regionthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This chapter explores trends in migration and return from ghana between 1975–2008. Taking advantage of the mafe (migration between africa and europe) data, it offers rare quantitative evidence on the characteristics of migration from ghana. The results show that migrant realities are complex, change over time and can involve back and forth movements between countries. Migrants are found to frequently circulate between a destination country and ghana, be it for visits or for longer periods but without a definitive return. This suggests evidence of transnational lifestyles. Nevertheless, the opportunity to return is not equal for all migrants as our results show.

This chapter investigates family life in the context of international migration between ghana and europe. Families engage in cross-border practices, such as nuclear and extended family members receiving remittances, goods, phone calls and visits from migrants abroad. Importantly, there is also evidence of reverse remittances, that is, flows from households in ghana to their migratory contacts abroad. Transnational family forms, in which one or more members of the nuclear family are living abroad while the other members remain in the home or another country, are common. The extent to which migrants live transnationally or together with their nuclear family depends on their individual socio-economic and migration-related characteristics, but also on the destination country’s policies and structures. Furthermore, transnational families do not always reunify and when they do, they often reunify in ghana rather than the country of destination.keywordstransnational family lifecontact migrationmigrant abroadghanaian migrantsnuclear family membersthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This chapter gives an overview of the patterns of African migration using quantitative data from the MAFE surveys. Three broad topics are addressed: (1) patterns of mobility, focusing on trends in departures, returns and circulation, (2) profiles of migrants, and (3) migration routes and strategies. Using extensive data on three origin countries and six destination countries, it identifies some common patterns and trends, as well as heterogeneity and changes in African migration. A key finding is that African migration is diverse. Trends in departures and returns have developed differently across countries, and migrants’ profiles and motives for departure also vary widely by destination and origin country. While migration to Europe has generally become more complex, strategies and routes have also varied more widely across origin and destination countries.

This chapter provides a descriptive and comparative analysis of transnational families with members located in africa and europe. By comparing both countries of origin and destination, differences in family arrangements are found among ghana, senegal and the democratic republic of congo as well as within these groups depending on the european destination countries. Findings show that families in origin countries and migrants overseas maintain active relationships through remittance sending and receiving, contact via telephone and visits. This involves nuclear as well as extended family members. Transnational family forms are most commonly associated with dates of arrival and legal status of migrants overseas. Furthermore, family and gender norms at origin, migration motivations, destination country family reunification and migration policies, and destination country characteristics related to language, employment opportunities and educational system help to explain the differences found in the prevalence of transnational families in the different countries studied.keywordssenegalese migrantstransnational family lifefamily reunification policiesghanaian migrantscongolese migrantsthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Catherine Beauchemin,1 Dan Cooper,2 Marie-Ève Lapierre,1 Louise Yelle,3 Jean Lachaine11Université de Montréal, Faculté de pharmacie, Montreal, 2Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS), 3Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal – Hôpital Notre-Dame, Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, CanadaBackground: Progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) are frequently used to establish the clinical efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. However, the surrogacy of PFS/TTP for overall survival (OS) remains a matter of uncertainty in metastatic breast cancer (mBC). This study assessed the relationship between PFS/TTP and OS in mBC using a trial-based approach.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review according to the PICO method: 'Population' consisted of women with mBC; 'Interventions' and 'Comparators' were standard treatments for mBC or best supportive care; 'Outcomes' of interest were median PFS/TTP and OS. We first performed a correlation analysis between median PFS/TTP and OS, and then conducted subgroup analyses to explore possible reasons for heterogeneity. Then, we assessed the relationship between the treatment effect on PFS/TTP and OS. The treatment effect on PFS/TTP and OS was quantified by the absolute difference of median values. We also conducted linear regression analysis to predict the effects of a new anti-cancer drug on OS on the basis of its effects on PFS/TTP.Results: A total of 5,041 studies were identified, and 144 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. There was a statistically significant relationship between median PFS/TTP and OS across included trials (r=0.428; P

Programmes aimed at channelling seasonal workers to the labour market of European countries have a long tradition. Many of them started in the decades following World War II, but have changed a great deal over time, alt hough the majority are aimed seasonal economic sectors, such as agriculture or tourism. Over the past few years reforms to these programmes have directly or indirectly promoted forms of circular migration among this kind of migrant worker. The aim of this comparative paper is to provide a detailed report outlining the policies, programs and demographic factors that drive seasonal work flows in France, the UK, Spain and Italy in the period between 2000 and 2015. This report was based on the analysis of legis lation, diverse official documents produced by various agencies and institutions, as well as a review of academic literature. All available data were used to characterize the seasonal migrant workers in each country.

A miniature fuel cell, using a hydrophobic Teflon® membrane, designed to continuously measure dissolved H₂ in nonbiological media, was tested for use in anaerobic digestion conditions. In water, this detector responds quickly and efficiently to variation of hydrogen concentration in the range from 80 to 770 nM The media used, and the metabolites or products found in anaerobic digestion media, i. e. inorganic carbon and phosphate buffers, formate, acetate, and dissolved methane, did not interfere with the signal of the detector cell. Dissolved hydrogen sulfide did not poison the cell but was detected. In spite of the detector's high sensitivity to hydrogen (about 21,000 times higher for hydrogen than for hydrogen sulfide), interferences can occur in media containing high sulfide levels. In a methanogenic reactor, the detector cell response to dissolved hydrogen was fast and reliable with time. The observed values ranged values ranged from 2 to 3.5μM. Dissolved hydrogen concentrations were 40 to 70 times higher than values calculated from measured hydrogen partial pressures and Henry's coefficient, suggesting a limitation of the process in the hydrogen transfer from the liquid to the gaseous phase.