24 results on '"Batool, Farhat"'
Search Results
2. Enhancing Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment by Subcutaneous Methotrexate Injections and Anti-IL-2 Antibody Synthesis.
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Sagheer, Sabuh, Rasheed, Muhammad Shahzaib, Ashraf, Fatima, Rao, Aina, Fatima, Mehreen, Ajmal, Muhammad Noman, Ameen, Ayesha, Mohamed, Khalil, Khan, Ayesha, Ali, Faaiz, Ahmed, Aqeel, Farzeen, Iqbal, Sidra, Arif, Tabish, Abid, Zara, Raza, Hassan, Mujeeb, Muhammad Talha, Noel, Anadil, Batool, Farhat, and Waqas, Muhammad
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- 2024
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3. Caffeine - An Invisible Addiction.
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AJMAL, Sidra, AJMAL, Laiba, BABAR, Aleena, RIASAT, Amna, BATOOL, Farhat, and ZAFAR, Tehniyat
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- 2023
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4. Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Formulation: An Effective Treatment Modality against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats.
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Maryam, Tuba, Rana, Nosheen Fatima, Alshahrani, Sultan M., Batool, Farhat, Fatima, Misha, Tanweer, Tahreem, Alrdahe, Salma Saleh, Alanazi, Yasmene F., Alsharif, Ifat, Alaryani, Fatima S., Kashif, Amer Sohail, and Menaa, Farid
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COPPER poisoning ,NEUROBEHAVIORAL disorders ,LABORATORY rats ,HEPATOTOXICOLOGY ,SILYMARIN ,LIVER ,BIOAVAILABILITY ,LIPOSOMES - Abstract
Wilson's disease causes copper accumulation in the liver and extrahepatic organs. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent drug that can repair the damaged liver and brain tissue is needed. Silymarin has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. However, poor oral bioavailability reduces its efficacy. In this study, a "thin film hydration method" was used for synthesizing silymarin-encapsulated liposome nanoparticles (SLNPs) and evaluated them against copper toxicity, associated liver dysfunction and neurobehavioral abnormalities in Wistar rats. After copper toxicity induction, serological and behavioral assays were conducted to evaluate treatment approaches. Histological examination of the diseased rats revealed severe hepatocyte necrosis and neuronal vacuolation. These cellular degenerations were mild in rats treated with SLNPs and a combination of zinc and SLNPs (ZSLNPs). SLNPs also decreased liver enzymes and enhanced rats' spatial memory significantly (p = 0.006) in the diseased rats. During forced swim tests, SLNPs treated rats exhibited a 60-s reduction in the immobility period, indicating reduced depression. ZSLNPs were significantly more effective than traditional zinc therapy in decreasing the immobility period (p = 0.0008) and reducing liver enzymes, but not in improving spatial memory. Overall, SLNPs enhanced oral silymarin administration and managed copper toxicity symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. A Novel Sprague-Dawley Rat Model Presents Improved NASH/NAFLD Symptoms with PEG Coated Vitexin Liposomes.
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Farooq, Adil, Iqbal, Arfa, Rana, Nosheen Fatima, Fatima, Misha, Maryam, Tuba, Batool, Farhat, Rehman, Zahra, Menaa, Farid, Azhar, Shabia, Nawaz, Afrah, Amin, Faheem, Mohammedsaleh, Zuhair M., and Alrdahe, Salma Saleh
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LIPOSOMES ,HEPATIC fibrosis ,FATTY liver ,SPRAGUE Dawley rats ,NON-alcoholic fatty liver disease ,SYMPTOMS ,LIPOLYSIS - Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a global threat to the human population, with manifestations resulting from alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, if not treated, may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Furthermore, inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Vitexin, a natural flavonoid, has been recently reported for inhibiting NAFLD. It is a lipogenesis inhibitor and activates lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, owing to its antioxidant properties, it appeared as a hepatoprotective candidate. However, it exhibits low bioavailability and low efficacy due to its hydrophobic nature. A novel rat model for liver cirrhosis was developed by CCL4/Urethane co-administration. Vitexin encapsulated liposomes were synthesized by the 'thin-film hydration' method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated on liposomes to enhance stability and stealth effect. The diseased rats were then treated with vitexin and PEGylated vitexin liposomes, administered intravenously and orally. Results ascertained the liposomal encapsulation of vitexin and subsequent PEG coating to be a substantial strategy for treating liver cirrhosis through oral drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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6. Pre- and postsynaptic responses to 1-(1-naphthylpiperazine) following adaptation to stress in rats
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Haleem, Darakhshan J, Saify, Zafar S, Siddiqui, Sonia, Batool, Farhat, and Haleem, Mohammad A
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- 2002
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7. Tryptophan adjunctive therapy to conventional haloperidol treatment in schizophrenia: effects on serotonergic mechanisms in rat brain
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Batool, Farhat and Haleem, Darakhshan Jabeen
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Haloperidol -- Dosage and administration ,Haloperidol -- Physiological aspects ,Schizophrenia -- Drug therapy ,Schizophrenia -- Research ,Tryptophan -- Physiological aspects ,Tryptophan -- Research ,Health - Abstract
We studied the effects of dietary amino acid L-tryptophan (TRP) as an adjunct to haloperidol administration on the modulation of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and rat brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) functions in relation to schizophrenia. TRP added in the drinking water and haloperidol at doses of 5.0 mg/kg or saline were injected for two weeks twice daily with one week of withdrawal to 36 locally bred male albino Wistar rats. Motor/ Exploratory activities were scored in activity boxes and open field apparatuses. Catalepsy was monitored on an inclined surface. Results revealed significant increases (p Keywords: EPS functions, Haloperidol, Tryptophan Supplementations, TRP/LNAA Ratio, Serotonin, Schizophrenia, Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References Introduction Modern medical science has made imposing progress in understanding the role of dietary amino acid supplementations in [...]
- Published
- 2008
8. Buspirone and anxiety disorders: a review with pharmacological and clinical perspectives
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Batool, Farhat
- Subjects
Health - Abstract
The treatment of anxiety is one of the leading problems in medicine today. Buspirone, an azpirone derivative and a 5-HT-1A (5-hydroxytryptamine-1A) partial agonist, is the first nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic introduced into medicine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It has a strong affinity for the 5-HT-1A receptor and does not appear to interact at the benzodiazepine receptor complex. Buspirone's distinctive mechanism of action helps to avoid pharmacological properties ancillary to the treatment of anxiety and contributes towards an apparently superior safety profile with generally fewer and more tolerable adverse effects than benzodiazepines. This article provides a brief overview on the results of animals and clinical studies in which the potential for buspirone dependence or abuse and the effects of its withdrawal were assessed. The pharmacology of serotonin systems and its role in the management of anxiety, along with the review of the contemporary literature is also discussed. Keywords: Buspirone, Anxiety, Serotonin, 5-HT-1A Receptor Agonists, Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Anxiety Serotonin Receptors In The Modulation Of Anxiety Pre-Synaptic And Post-Synaptic 5-Ht-1a Receptor Interaction In Anxiety Clinical Implications References Introduction A role of central serotonin [...]
- Published
- 2008
9. Iridium-Catalyzed Regioselective Borylation of Substituted Biaryls.
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Asghar, Soneela, Shahzadi, Tayyaba, Alazmi, Meshari, Xin Gao, Emwas, Abdul-Hamid, Saleem, Rahman S. Z., Batool, Farhat, and Chotana, Ghayoor A.
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BORYLATION ,REGIOSELECTIVITY (Chemistry) ,CHEMICAL synthesis ,COUPLING reactions (Chemistry) ,CHEMICAL reactions - Abstract
Biarylboronic esters are generally prepared by directed ortho-metalation or by Miyaura borylation and hence rely on the presence of a directing group or pre-functionalization. In this paper, the preparation of biarylboronic esters by direct C-H borylation of biaryl substrates is reported. Sterically governed regioselectivities were observed in the borylation of appropriately substituted biaryls by using [Ir(OMe)(COD)]
2 precatalyst and di-tert-butylbipyridyl ligand. The resulting biarylboronic esters were isolated in 38-98% yields. The synthesized biarylboronic esters were further successfully employed in C-O, C-Br, and C-C coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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10. Generation and phenotypic characterisation of a cytochrome P450 4x1 knockout mouse.
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Kharkwal, Himanshu, Batool, Farhat, Koentgen, Frank, Bell, David R., Kendall, David A., Ebling, Francis J. P., and Duce, Ian R.
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CYTOCHROME P-450 genetics , *ENERGY metabolism , *GENE knockout , *TRANSGENIC mice , *APPETITE - Abstract
Cytochrome P450 4x1 (Cyp4x1) is expressed at very high levels in the brain but the function of this protein is unknown. It has been hypothesised to regulate metabolism of fatty acids and to affect the activity of endocannabinoid signalling systems, which are known to influence appetite and energy metabolism. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the impact of Cyp4x1 on body weight and energy metabolism by developing a line of transgenic Cyp4x1-knock out mice. Mice were developed with a global knock-out of the gene; the full-length RNA was undetectable, and mice were viable and fertile. Both male and female Cyp4x1-knock out mice gained significantly more body weight on normal lab chow diet compared to control flox mice on the same genetic background. At necropsy, Cyp4x1-knock out male mice had significantly greater intra-abdominal fat deposits (P<0.01), and enlarged adipocytes. Metabolic rate and locomotor activity as inferred from VO2 measures and crossing of infrared beams in metabolic cages were not significantly affected by the mutation in either gender. The respiratory exchange ratio was significantly decreased in male knock out mice (P<0.05), suggesting a greater degree of fat oxidation, consistent with their higher adiposity. When mice were maintained on a high fat diet, VO2 was significantly decreased in both male and female Cyp4x1-knock out mice. We conclude that the Cyp4x1-knock out mouse strain demonstrates a mildly obese phenotype, consistent with the view that cytochrome P450 4x1 plays a role in regulating fat metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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11. Synthesis and Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of 2,6-Bis(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-4-boronic Acid Pinacol Ester.
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Batool, Farhat, Emwas, Abdul-Hamid, Xin Gao, Munawar, Munawar A., and Chotana, Ghayoor A.
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COUPLING reactions (Chemistry) , *TRIFLUOROMETHYL compounds synthesis , *PYRIDINE synthesis , *BORONIC acids , *PINACOLS - Abstract
Iridium-catalyzed aromatic borylation provides quick onestep access to 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-4-boronic acid pinacol ester. Suzuki couplings of this highly electron-deficient pyridine-4-boronic ester with various (hetero)aryl bromides was successfully carried out and the coupled products were obtained in 46–95% isolated yields. Double and triple Suzuki couplings, with dibromo- and tribromoarenes, respectively, were also achieved. Thus demonstrating that this pyridine- 4-boronic ester can be a useful source for the installation of one of the strongest electron-withdrawing aromatic group in organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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12. Acute Administration of Clozapine and Risperidone Altered Dopamine Metabolism More in Rat Caudate than in Nucleus Accumbens: A Dose-Response Relationship.
- Author
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Batool, Farhat, Haleem, Muhammad A., and Haleem, Darakhshan J.
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DRUG administration , *CLOZAPINE , *RISPERIDONE , *DOPAMINE , *DRUG metabolism , *CAUDATE nucleus , *LABORATORY rats - Abstract
The present study compares the extrapyramidal and neurochemical effects of clozapine and risperidone in rat caudate (corpus striatum) and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) dose-dependently. Animals injected with clozapine (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg IP) or risperidone (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg IP) in acute were sacrificed 1 h later to collect brain samples. Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) in terms of locomotor activity and catalepsy were monitored in each animal after the drug or vehicle administration. Maximum cataleptic potentials were found only at high doses of clozapine (10.0 mg/kg; 60%) and risperidone (5.0 mg/kg; 100%). Neurochemical estimations were carried out by HPLC-EC. Both drugs at all doses significantly (p<0.01) increased the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of DA, in the caudate nucleus and decreased in nucleus accumbens. Levels of Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) significantly (p<0.01) increased in the caudate by clozapine administration and decreased in the nucleus accumbens by the administration of both drugs in a dose-dependent manner. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the predominant metabolite of serotonin significantly decreased in the caudate and nucleus accumbens in a similar fashion. Levels of tryptophan (TRP) were remained insignificant in caudate and nucleus accumbens by the injections of two drugs. In caudate, clozapine and risperidone administrations significantly (p<0.01) decreased HVA/DA ratio and increased DOPAC/DA ratio in nucleus accumbens at all doses. The findings suggest the evidence for DA/5-HT receptor interaction as an important link in the lower incidence of EPS. The possible role of serotonin1A receptors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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13. Oral Supplementation of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L. Spp. Turkestanica) Fruit Extract Modifies Haloperidol Induced Behavioral Deficits and Increases Brain Serotonin Metabolism.
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BATOOL, FARHAT, SHAH, ASAD HUSSAIN, AHMED, SYED DILNAWAZ, and HALEEM, DARAKHSHAN JABEEN
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SEA buckthorn , *ELAEAGNACEAE , *PSYCHOSES , *SCHIZOPHRENIA , *MENTAL illness , *ANTIPSYCHOTIC agents , *CHLORPROMAZINE , *HALOPERIDOL , *TRYPTOPHAN , *SEROTONIN - Abstract
Pulp and oils (fruit extract) from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. spp. Turkestanica) (HRL) seeds and berries have been traditionally used in the treatment of different clinical and psychotic disorders and have significant implication in contemporary medicinal therapy. Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the population. Although the first generation of antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are widely prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia, their beneficial effects are accompanied by extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of HRL fruit extract (HRL-FE) on behavioral deficits and changes in brain serotonin (5- hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism in rats administered with haloperidol repeatedly (two times a day at 09:00-09:30 A.M. and 05:00-05:30 P.M. at dose of 3.0 mg/kg body weight for two weeks. Results revealed that after two weeks of oral administration of HRL-FE (4.0 mg/kg body weight), rats exhibited significant (p<0.01) increases in locomotor activity in home cages and exploratory activity in open field arena. Repeated haloperidol treatment significantly (p<0.01) decreased brain tryptophan (TRP) and 5-HT and these decreases were reversed by 4.0 mg/kg body weight HRL-FE. These data suggest that HRL-FE plays a modifying role against the haloperidol induced behavioral deficits and could further extend as a nutritive therapy to conventional antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
14. Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles against Antimicrobial Resistance: An In Vivo Assessment.
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Nawaz, Afrah, Ali, Syed Mohsin, Rana, Nosheen Fatima, Tanweer, Tahreem, Batool, Amna, Webster, Thomas J., Menaa, Farid, Riaz, Sundus, Rehman, Zahra, Batool, Farhat, Fatima, Misha, Maryam, Tuba, Shafique, Iqra, Saleem, Abida, and Iqbal, Arfa
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GOLD nanoparticles ,DRUG resistance in microorganisms ,ANTIBACTERIAL agents ,DRUG delivery systems ,ENTEROCOCCUS faecalis ,ANTIBIOTICS - Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have been extensively studied as drug delivery systems for various therapeutic applications. However, drug-loaded-AuNPs have been rarely explored in vivo for their effect on bacteria residing inside tissues. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad-spectrum of antibiotic properties devoid of developing bacteria resistance. This research is focused on the synthesis and physical characterization of Ciprofloxacin-loaded gold nanoparticles (CIP-AuNPs) and their effect on the colonization of Enterococcus faecalis in the liver and kidneys of mice. The successfully prepared CIP-AuNPs were stable and exerted enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity against E. faecalis compared with free CIP. The optimized CIP-AuNPs were administered (500 µg/Kg) once a day via tail vein to infected mice for eight days and were found to be effective in eradicating E. faecalis from the host tissues. Moreover, unlike CIP, CIP-AuNPs were non-hemolytic. In summary, this study demonstrated that CIP-AuNPs are promising and biocompatible alternative therapeutics for E.-faecalis-induced infections resistant to conventional drugs (e.g., beta-lactams and vancomycin) and should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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15. SEROTONIN1A RECEPTOR AGONISM IN THE EXPRESSION OF BEHAVIORAL DOPAMINERGIC SUPERSENSITIVITY IN SUBCHRONIC HALOPERIDOL TREATED RATS.
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Batool, Farhat and Haleem, Darakhshan J.
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The idea that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is contributed in schizophrenia has long been advocated and alterations in 5-HT neurotransmission has been hypothesized to modulate both the therapeutic and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) liability of conventional neuroleptics. The 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a preferential 5-HT1A ligand, has been reported to attenuate EPS functions of haloperidol in animals. In view of a possible role of 5-HT1A receptors in the management of EPS functions of a neuroleptic drug, the present study was designed to investigate behavioral responses of 8-OH-DPAT at a challenge dose of 0.5mg/kg in rats with subchronic haloperidol administration at a dose of 5mg/kg twice daily for 5 days. The intensity of 5-HT syndrome provoked by 8-OH-DPAT was taken as a measure of postsynaptic responses. In the present study administration of haloperidol at a dose of 5mg/kg twice daily for 5 days decreased locomotion significantly (p<0.01) in familiar (home cage) environment. Subchronic administration of haloperidol at the same dose elicited significant (p<0.01) cataleptic responses in rats when compared with saline treated rats. Results revealed that 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperlocomotion (p<0.05) and forepaw treading (p<0.1) were significantly smaller in rats pre-treated with haloperidol for 5 days than repeatedly saline injected rats. Conversely, the other components of the syndrome i.e. flat body posture (p<0.001), hind limb abduction (p<0.001) and straub tail (p<0.01) were significantly greater in repeated haloperidol treated rats when compared with repeated saline injected rats. These findings help to demonstrate a causal link between the upregulation of DA-D
2 receptors and the decrease in the effectiveness of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors following subchronic haloperidol administration and this may further help to yield an antipsychotic agent with an improved profile of efficacy to EPS, thereby widening its therapeutic window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2008
16. Synthesis of Fluoroalkoxy Substituted Arylboronic Esters by Iridium-Catalyzed Aromatic C--H Borylation.
- Author
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Batool, Farhat, Parveen, Shehla, Emwas, Abdul‐Hamid, Sioud, Salim, Gao, Xin, Munawar, Munawar A., and Chotana, Ghayoor A.
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FLUOROALKYL compounds , *BORYLATION , *ESTERS - Abstract
The regioselectivities available through this convenient and efficient borylation reaction are complementary to those obtained by the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of fluoroalkoxyarenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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17. Synthesis of Fluoroalkoxy Substituted Arylboronic Esters by Iridium-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Borylation.
- Author
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Batool F, Parveen S, Emwas AH, Sioud S, Gao X, Munawar MA, and Chotana GA
- Abstract
The preparation of fluoroalkoxy arylboronic esters by iridium-catalyzed aromatic C-H borylation is described. The fluoroalkoxy groups employed include trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, and 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole. The borylation reactions were carried out neat without the use of a glovebox or Schlenk line. The regioselectivities available through the iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation are complementary to those obtained by the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of fluoroalkoxy arenes. Fluoroalkoxy arylboronic esters can serve as versatile building blocks.
- Published
- 2015
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18. Protective effects of aqueous fruit extract from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. Spp. Turkestanica) on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and neuronal alterations in the striatum.
- Author
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Batool F, Shah AH, Ahmed SD, Saify ZS, and Haleem DJ
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- Administration, Oral, Animals, Catalepsy complications, Dopamine metabolism, Exploratory Behavior drug effects, Fruit chemistry, Homovanillic Acid metabolism, Male, Motor Activity drug effects, Movement Disorders complications, Neostriatum drug effects, Neurons drug effects, Phytotherapy, Plant Extracts administration & dosage, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Protective Agents administration & dosage, Protective Agents pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Haloperidol adverse effects, Hippophae chemistry, Movement Disorders drug therapy, Neostriatum pathology, Neurons pathology, Plant Extracts therapeutic use, Protective Agents therapeutic use
- Abstract
Background: Long-term treatment of haloperidol, a neuroleptic, induces neurodegeneration specifically in the striatum (caudate and putamen), which plays an important role in the development of orofacial dyskinesia, a putative model of tardive dyskinesia (TD). This study investigated the protective effects of a concomitant treatment of aqueous fruit extract of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. spp. Turkestanica) (SBT-FE) (40 mg/kg, orally) plus haloperidol (3.0 mg/kg, ip) administration on an animal model of TD and on striatal neuronal alterations., Material/methods: Rats received daily haloperidol (3.0 mg/kg ip) and saline injections for 15 days. Seven-day posttreatment, aqueous SBT-FE (40 mg/kg) was administered daily via a feeding tube. Hypolocomotive effects (home cage activity, exploratory activity, catalepsy, and vacuous chewing movements) were monitored consecutively in each group. On the last day of the experiments, changes in extracellular levels of striatal dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined by HPLC-EC., Results: Aqueous SBT-FE attenuated haloperidol-induced VCMs after second week of treatment and locomotor activity was greater in rats treated with SBT-FE compared with the controls. The results indicate that DA and HVA levels in the striatum were significantly (P <.01) altered in rats given SBT-FE before injections of haloperidol., Conclusions: Hippophae rhamnoides fruit extract has a protective role against haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Consequently, use of Hippophae rhamnoides as a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia should be considered.
- Published
- 2010
19. Dose-related effects of clozapine and risperidone on the pattern of brain regional serotonin and dopamine metabolism and on tests related to extrapyramidal functions in rats.
- Author
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Batool F, Hasnat A, Haleem MA, and Haleem DJ
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- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid metabolism, Animals, Antipsychotic Agents pharmacokinetics, Antipsychotic Agents pharmacology, Behavior drug effects, Brain drug effects, Brain metabolism, Clozapine pharmacokinetics, Corpus Striatum drug effects, Corpus Striatum metabolism, Dopamine Antagonists pharmacokinetics, Dopamine Antagonists pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Extrapyramidal Tracts metabolism, Extrapyramidal Tracts physiology, Homovanillic Acid metabolism, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid metabolism, Male, Motor Activity drug effects, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A metabolism, Receptors, Dopamine D2 metabolism, Risperidone pharmacokinetics, Serotonin Antagonists pharmacokinetics, Serotonin Antagonists pharmacology, Tryptophan metabolism, Visual Cortex drug effects, Visual Cortex metabolism, Clozapine pharmacology, Dopamine metabolism, Extrapyramidal Tracts drug effects, Risperidone pharmacology, Serotonin metabolism
- Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the behavioral and neurochemical profiles of clozapine and risperidone in rats in a dose-dependent manner. Animals injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with clozapine (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg kg-1) or risperidone (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg kg-1) were sacrificed 1 h later to collect brain samples. Hypolocomotive effects (home cage activity and catalepsy) were successively monitored in each animal after the drug or saline administration. Both drugs significantly (p < 0.01) decreased locomotor activity at high doses and in a dose-dependent manner. Maximum (100%) cataleptic potential was achieved at a high dose (5.0 mg kg-1) of risperidone. Neurochemical estimations were carried out by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Both drugs, at all doses, significantly (p < 0.01) increased the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of dopamine (DA), in the striatum. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels increased in the striatum and decreased in the rest of the brain, particularly in clozapine-injected rats. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the predominant metabolite of serotonin, significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in the striatum. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was significantly (p < 0.01) increased by risperidone and decreased by clozapine in the rest of the brain. Striatal tryptophan (TRP) was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased by risperidone and increased in the rest of the brain. The striatal HVA/DA ratio increased and the 5-HT turnover rate remained unchanged in the rest of the brain. Results suggest that the affinity of the two drugs towards D2/5-HT1A receptors interaction is involved in lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. Role of 5-HT1A receptors in the treatment of schizophrenia is discussed.
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- 2010
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20. Dietary supplementations of amino acids: evidence for enhanced serotonergic functions following haloperidol withdrawal in rat medial prefrontal cortex.
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Batool F, Ahmed S, and Haleem DJ
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- Animals, Catalepsy chemically induced, Male, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Dietary Supplements, Frontal Lobe metabolism, Haloperidol pharmacology, Serotonin metabolism, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome physiopathology, Tryptophan pharmacology, Valine pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of orally supplemented amino acids L-Tryptophan (Trp) and L-Valine (Val) in rats repeatedly injected with haloperidol following one week of drug withdrawal, with particular reference to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)., Study Design: Experimental study., Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi from December 2007 to February 2008., Methodology: The study was conducted on thirty six locally bred male Albino Wistar rats. Freshly prepared amino acids (Val and Trp) were added in the drinking water of rats on alternate days and haloperidol at doses of 5.0 mg/kg or saline were injected twice daily for three weeks following one week of withdrawal. Locomotor/ exploratory activities were scored in activity boxes and open field apparatuses. Catalepsy was monitored on an inclined surface. The animals tested for locomotor activity and catalepsy for two weeks follow-up post-injections plus one week of drug withdrawal were decapitated to collect mPFC regions of rat brain for neurochemical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC)., Results: There was significant increase (p<0.01) in locomotor activity in rats orally supplemented with Val and Trp following one week of drug withdrawal from repeated administration. Marked reduction in cataleptogenic effects of the drug was also observed. Significant (p<0.01) increases in the brain Trp and mPFC 5-HT metabolism in Val and Trp supplemented animals were also noticed., Conclusion: These findings help to demonstrate the effect of dietary amino acids, in particular, Trp to potentiate mPFC serotonergic modulation of neuroleptic activity.
- Published
- 2009
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21. Serotonin(1A) receptor agonism in the expression of behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity in subchronic haloperidol treated rats.
- Author
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Batool F and Haleem DJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Basal Ganglia Diseases chemically induced, Basal Ganglia Diseases metabolism, Brain metabolism, Disease Models, Animal, Haloperidol, Locomotion drug effects, Male, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A metabolism, Receptors, Dopamine D2 drug effects, Receptors, Presynaptic metabolism, Serotonin Syndrome chemically induced, Serotonin Syndrome metabolism, Time Factors, Up-Regulation, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin pharmacology, Basal Ganglia Diseases drug therapy, Behavior, Animal drug effects, Brain drug effects, Receptors, Presynaptic agonists, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin Receptor Agonists pharmacology
- Abstract
The idea that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is contributed in schizophrenia has long been advocated and alterations in 5-HT neurotransmission has been hypothesized to modulate both the therapeutic and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) liability of conventional neuroleptics. The 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a preferential 5-HT(1A) ligand, has been reported to attenuate EPS functions of haloperidol in animals. In view of a possible role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the management of EPS functions of a neuroleptic drug, the present study was designed to investigate behavioral responses of 8-OH-DPAT at a challenge dose of 0.5mg/Kg in rats with subchronic haloperidol administration at a dose of 5mg/Kg twice daily for 5 days. The intensity of 5-HT syndrome provoked by 8-OH-DPAT was taken as a measure of postsynaptic responses. In the present study administration of haloperidol at a dose of 5mg/Kg twice daily for 5 days decreased locomotion significantly (p<0.01) in familiar (home cage) environment. Subchronic administration of haloperidol at the same dose elicited significant (p<0.01) cataleptic responses in rats when compared with saline treated rats. Results revealed that 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperlocomotion (p<0.05) and forepaw treading (p<0.1) were significantly smaller in rats pre-treated with haloperidol for 5 days than repeatedly saline injected rats. Conversely, the other components of the syndrome i.e. flat body posture (p<0.001), hind limb abduction (p<0.001) and straub tail (p<0.01) were significantly greater in repeated haloperidol treated rats when compared with repeated saline injected rats. These findings help to demonstrate a causal link between the upregulation of DA-D(2) receptors and the decrease in the effectiveness of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors following subchronic haloperidol administration and this may further help to yield an antipsychotic agent with an improved profile of efficacy to EPS, thereby widening its therapeutic window.
- Published
- 2008
22. Neurochemical and behavioral effects of 8-OH-DPAT following exposure to restraint stress in rats.
- Author
-
Samad N, Batool F, and Haleem DJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain Chemistry drug effects, Eating drug effects, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid analysis, Male, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Restraint, Physical, Serotonin analysis, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin pharmacology, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A physiology, Serotonin Receptor Agonists pharmacology, Stress, Psychological metabolism, Stress, Psychological psychology
- Abstract
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (serotonin; 5-HT1A) agonist was used to evaluate the role of somatodendritic and/or postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors following exposure to restraint stress. Exposure to an episode of 2-h restraint stress decreased 24 h cumulative food intake. Intensity of 8-OH-DPAT-induced 5-HT syndrome monitored next day was smaller in restrained than unrestrained animals. Hyperphagic effects of 8-OH-DPAT were comparable in the two groups. Restrained animals injected with saline exhibited an increase in 5-HT levels in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex but not in the midbrain and striatum. 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) increased in the hippocampus, midbrain and cortex but not in the hypothalamus and striatum. 8-OH-DPAT injected at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in different brain regions of unrestrained as well as restrained animals. The decreases were greater in restrained than unrestrained animals, suggesting a supersensitivity of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors. The results are discussed in the context of a role of 5-HT1A receptor in restraint-induced behavioral deficits.
- Published
- 2007
23. Differences in the effects of haloperidol and clozapine on brain serotonin and dopamine metabolism and on tests related to extrapyramidal functions in rats.
- Author
-
Haleem DJ, Batool F, Khan NH, Kamil N, Ali O, Saify ZS, and Haleem MA
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Clozapine adverse effects, Dopamine Antagonists adverse effects, Dopamine Antagonists pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Haloperidol adverse effects, Male, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Serotonin Antagonists adverse effects, Serotonin Antagonists pharmacology, Time Factors, Brain drug effects, Clozapine pharmacology, Dopamine metabolism, Haloperidol pharmacology, Serotonin metabolism
- Abstract
Background: An important goal of current neuroleptic research is to develop antipsychotic compounds with a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). Clozapine, the first of the atypical antipsychotics to be proven effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, is reported to produce less EPS than typical neuroleptics, such as haloperidol., Material/methods: The present study compares the neurochemical profiles of clozapine and haloperidol in rats. Animals injected (i.p.) with haloperidol or clozapine were sacrificed 1h later to collect brain samples. Neurochemical estimations were carried out by HPLC-EC., Results: Administration of haloperidol at doses of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg increased the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of dopamine (DA), in the striatum and rest of the brain. Clozapine-injected rats (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) showed smaller increases in the striatum, but not in the rest of the brain. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), another DA metabolite not affected by haloperidol, increased in the striatum and decreased in the rest of the brain of clozapine-injected rats. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the predominant metabolite of serotonin, increased with haloperidol and decreased with clozapine. A high dose of haloperidol (5.0 mg/kg) increased DA and 5-HT, while an equivalent does of clozapine (10.0 mg/kg) decreased levels in the rest of the brain. The effects of both drugs on the HVA/5-HIAA and DOPAC/5-HIAA ratios were also different., Conclusions: The differing activities of the two drugs at DA and serotonin receptors implies an important role for serotonin in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and a lower incidence of EPS.
- Published
- 2002
24. Neurochemical effects of 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino tetralin in rats treated with haloperidol.
- Author
-
Shireen E, Qurrat-ul-Ain, Batool F, Saify ZS, and Haleem DJ
- Abstract
In view of a possible role of presynaptic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors in the precipitation of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), the present study was designed to investigate the neurochemical effects of a selective 5-HT1A ligand, 8-hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in rats following single (5 mg/kg) and repeated (two-times a day for 9 days at dosage of 5mg/kg) haloperidol administration. Haloperidol plus 8-OH-DPAT injected animals exhibited a decrease in dopamine (DA) and an increase in DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in the striatum and rest of the brain. The two groups of animals exhibited comparable levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the striatum and rest of the brain. Animals injected with haloperidol and killed 24 hrs after the last injection of haloperidol exhibited higher DA and HVA levels in the striatum but not in the rest of the brain. Conversely, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the other metabolite of DA, decreased in the rest of the brain. 5-HIAA concentrations increased in the striatum but not in the rest of the brain. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT significantly decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the rest of brain and did not alter 5-HIAA in the striatum of repeated saline injected rats. Conversely, same dose of 8-OH-DPAT injected to repeatedly haloperidol injected animals did not decrease 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in the rest of the brain but decreased 5-HIAA levels in the striatum. No effect of 8-OH-DPAT injections occurred on striatal or rest of the brain DA metabolism in repeatedly saline injected animals except that DOPAC decreased in the striatum of both groups. The results are discussed in the context of a role of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in the regulation of DA metabolism following single and repeated administration of haloperidol. It is suggested that an increase in the responsiveness of these receptors may be involved in the precipitation of EPS observed in patients on haloperidol therapy.
- Published
- 2002
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