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This study aimed to evaluate effect of Lemon Juice, Apple Cider Vinegar and Green Tea on microhardness of nanohybrid resin composite using vickersmicrohardness tester. Materials and Methodology: Forty specimens of nanohybrid resin composite (3M ESPE Filtek Z350 XT) were prepared and polished the prepared discs using sandpaper. Before immersion of prepared composite discs in prepared solutions the baseline data of microhardness of each prepared composite discs were recorded by using Vicker’smicrohardness tester. The prepared composite discs were divided into 4 groups (n=10) and alternatively immersed in 25 ml of prepared solutions namely Green tea, Apple Cider Vinegar, Lemon Juice and Artificial saliva for 5 sec and then in 25 ml of artificial saliva for another 5 sec and the procedure was repeated for 10 cycles. After following the above mentioned procedure, artificial saliva was used as storage media for 24 hours. For the next 28 days, this entire process was repeated. The microhardness test was carried out prior to immersion and then at intervals of 7, 14, 21 & 28 days after immersion in respective solutions. Results: Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements was carried out for the obtained data. Artificial Saliva demonstrated highest microhardness values at all time points, followed by Green Tea and Lemon Juice. Apple Cider Vinegar showed the least microhardness values of all the four groups tested. Conclusion: All the beverages significantly reduced surface microhardness of nanohybrid resin composite, especially at the end of 28 days. Immersion in apple cider vinegar caused more reduction in surface hardness over time when compared to other beverages. The outcome on microhardness of nanohybrid resin composite by these beverages on depended upon time the latter was exposed and also the chemical composition of beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rotary and ultrasonic instruments are not appreciable in the complete removal of Biodentine from root canals. Therefore, organic solvents can be used as an adjunct for its retrieval. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 10% citric acid, 2% acetic acid, and 20% tartaric acid on the microhardness of Biodentine and radicular dentin. Materials and Methods: Forty single-rooted extracted teeth were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction and root canals were prepared with peeso reamers. Two-millimeter sections were obtained and restored with Biodentine. All samples were subjected to Vicker's microhardness test to record the microhardness of Biodentine and radicular dentin. Samples were randomly divided into four experimental groups and treated with (n = 20) – distilled water, 10% citric acid, 2% acetic acid, and 20% tartaric acid groups for 10 min, after which specimens were again subjected to the same microhardness test. Statistical Analysis: The data were subjected to Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test, followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test with a level of significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: 10% citric acid followed by 2% acetic acid exhibited the lowest mean microhardness values after immersing in respective solutions, whereas 20% tartaric acid exhibited the highest mean microhardness values on Biodentine and radicular dentin. Conclusion: 10% citric acid can be used for retrieving Biodentine from root canals for a limited time without adversely affecting the physical and chemical composition of radicular dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess and compare the influence of dentin on radiopacities of five retrograde filling materials and subjecting the samples to radiographic interpretation by various endodontists. Materials and Methods Fifty extracted incisors for non endodontic reasons were selected and sectioned to standardize the working length to 16mm.Root canal treatment was done and root-end resection was carried out with a fissure bur.3mm deep cavities were prepared on the resected root with a straight fissure bur. Samples were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1- Amalgam, Group 2- GIC, Group 3- MTA (Mineral trioxide aggregate), Group 4- Biodentin, Group 5- Thermoplasticized gutta percha. Retrograde filling was done in the prepared cavities.Samples were stored at 100% humidity for 24 hrs and the radiodensity was measured using a radiodensity tool.The digitized images were selected randomly and a questionnaire was prepared using google form. This form was circulated among the endodontists and the responses were recorded. The data was statistically analyzed using One way analysis of variance and Post Hoc Tukey’s test. Results The radiopacity was significantly reduced for GIC (P0.01), MTA (P < 0.001), Biodentin (P- 0.02). Radiodensity of amalgam was highest compared to all other groups tested and biodentin was found to exhibit lowest radiodensity. Summary and Conclusions The radiopacity was significantly better for amalgam and reduced for GIC, MTA & Biodentin when placed as root end filling materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Indian endodontic postgraduate students regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was designed and circulated amongst the endodontic postgraduate students at various colleges in India by convenience sampling and snowball sampling. A total of 540 voluntary responses were recorded. The survey consisted of 15 questions about their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics were performed to analyze the demographic details, mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice among the participants. Chi-square tests were performed to assess the association between the demographic variables and the questions. Pearson's correlation test was performed to study the association. Results: Indian endodontic postgraduate students have adequate knowledge (64.7%), attitude (80%), and practice scores (85%). Good knowledge and attitude scores were associated with the place (P = 0.0004) and year of studying (P < 0.0001). Good practice was associated with gender (P < 0.0001) and year of study (P < 0.0001). Positive correlation was observed between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001), knowledge and practice (r = 0.76, < 0.0001), and attitude and practice (r = 0.70, < 0.0001). Conclusion: The Indian endodontic postgraduate students who participated in the study showed adequate knowledge, attitude, and practice with few lacunae. Decision-making regarding the treatments to be performed and fear of hindered academic and clinical skills need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of autoclaving on the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) in respect to three different rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) systems. Methods: Three rotary NiTi files with different manufacturing process were selected and arranged into three groups. Group 1: Neolix Neoniti files (n = 15), Group 2: Edge Files (n = 15), Group 3: NeoendoFlex files (n = 15). Each group was then subdivided into three subgroups containing 5 samples each based on the number of cycles of autoclaving (0, 1, 5 cycles). The instruments were subjected to autoclave without usage. The files of size 25, taper 6%, and 25 mm length were taken. After the autoclaving cycles, the files were rotated in cyclic fatigue testing device with simulated canal curvature of 60° until file separation. Time taken for the instrument separation (in minutes) was multiplied by the number of rotations per minute to attain the mean number of cycles to failure for every file. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA and Newman–Keuls multiple post hoc procedures. Results: Neolix Neoniti files exhibited the maximum CFR (98.80) than EdgeFiles (80.47) and Neoendo Flex files (41.80) (P = 0.0001). Reduction in CFR was observed with increase in the number of cycles of autoclaving (i.e., 0, 1, 5 cycles). Conclusion: Autoclaving has a negative influence on the CFR of the rotary NiTi files used. Neolix Neoniti files exhibited greater CFR than EdgeFiles and Neoendo Flex files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in dentistry as well as the increased patients' desire to retain their natural teeth, there is a paradigm shift from extraction to the preservation of teeth. Mandibular first molars are the primary occlusal load-bearing teeth, commonly extracted teeth due to dental caries and periodontal disease. Hemisection is a conservative alternative to retain a hopeless tooth. Following endodontic treatment and selective root removal, the remaining portion of the tooth is splinted to the adjacent teeth with a fixed partial denture prosthesis. The resorption of the alveolar ridge surrounding the extraction socket may complicate the subsequent prosthetic procedure. Hence, socket preservation technique evolved, which prevents such untoward changes in the extraction socket. This case report shows hemisection procedure in a grossly carious first mandibular right molar with furcation involvement of a healthy 40-year-old female patient followed by autologous platelet-rich fibrin placement in the extraction socket. One year follow-up showed little alveolar resorptive changes with better healing and function clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate knowledge about anatomical variations and anatomy of tooth is mandatory for successful endodontic therapy. Usually maxillary second molars are having three roots with one palatal and two buccal roots, but molar with four roots is rare clinical condition with two palatal roots and two buccal roots. Keeping in the mind of conventional techniques like tracing, the dentinal map will aid in identifying the extra canals. In this case report, the patient was reported with the chief complaint of pain in the upper right back region and a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with acute apical periodontitis in relation to 17 was made. Endodontic treatment was performed where extra canal was clinically located by tracing the dentinal map. Later the canals were biomechanically prepared in crown down manner and obturated using respective gutta-percha and AHplus sealer. Later CBCT was taken for the confirmation of 4 roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the Study: We aimed to compare stress distribution in a tooth restored with fiber post and dentin post after applying the orthotropic properties using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA). Materials and Methods: Two 3D-FEA models were constructed. The material properties were assigned, and a load of 100 N was applied at 45° to the long axis of the model onto the lingual surface incisal to the cingulum. The FEA was done by applying orthotropic properties of dentin and fiber post. The maximum stresses produced in the tooth and post referred to as von Mises stress were recorded. The Ansys software was used which depicts the stress concentrations. Results: Von Mises values showed that glass fiber post (331 MPa) and dentin post (338 MPa)-restored tooth models presented similar stress values. Conclusion: Although both fiber post and dentin post presented similar von Mises stress values, the pattern of stress distribution is more favorable in dentin post. More favorable fracture could be expected in case of dentin post. Thus, the dentin post is a promising alternative post material for rehabilitating endodontically treated teeth. Clinical Significance: Ascribing the orthotropic properties in a FEA study means that the computational simulation was similar to that of clinical scenario, and hence simulates the dynamic intraoral conditions, thereby giving the accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of Sodium hypochlorite, etidronic acid, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the contact angle of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex root canal sealers. Materials and Methods: 45 freshly extracted single rooted teeth were selected and decoronated. They were then split longitudinally to obtain two halves which were trimmed as flat dentin bars of 2 mm thickness. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 30 each. The samples were surface treated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite in Group A, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite followed by 17% EDTA in Group B, and a combination of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 18% etidronic acid in Group C. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups based on the sealer used, i.e., Subgroup 1-AH Plus and Subgroup 2-MTA Fillapex. The contact angle was analyzed using Rame Harte Goniometer. Results: AH Plus has significantly lesser contact angles than MTA Fillapex. The contact angle values showed the order of C1 < B1 < A1 < C2 < B2 < A2. Conclusion: Irrigating solutions affect the wettability of rootcanal sealers. AH Plus showed better wettability compared to MTA Fillapex. Irrigation with a combination of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid significantly decreased the contact angle, thereby increasing the wettability of sealers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To evaluate the effect of natural antioxidants as final irrigants on the push-out bond strength of epoxy resin-based sealer to the hypochlorite treated dentin. Methods. Eighty single-rooted human mandibular incisors were prepared using ProTaper Gold (Dentsply, TN, USA) and an irrigation protocol including 3% NaOCl, followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 3% NaOCl. The groups (n =20) were divided according to the final irrigant used: Group 1: None (Control); Group 2: 5% sodium ascorbate, Group 3: 5% grape seed extract (GSE); and Group 4: 5% pine bark extract. The obturation of root canals was performed using gutta‑percha and AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Germany). Bond strength was evaluated using the push‑out test under the universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA. The p-value significance was evaluated by Tukey’s post hoc test (p<0.01). Results. Mean push-out bond strength values were compared in all the groups, and there was a statistically significant improvement in the experimental final irrigating groups. 5% pine bark extract had improved bond strength than the other groups, and the least bond strength was observed in the control group. Conclusion. The irrigation protocols and naturally derived antioxidants affected the resin‑based sealer’s bond strength to root dentin. It was observed that the use of antioxidants effectively reversed the compromised bond strength of resin‑based sealers to root dentin. 5% pine bark extract application showed better bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Evaluate the effect of different chromatic filters of the dental operating microscope on the volumetric shrinkage, surface micro-hardness, and depth of cure of bulk-fill composite. Methods. Bulk fill composite specimens of 4 mm depth, 4 mm width, and 4 mm length were prepared. Five groups were designed based on a light source under which composite samples were condensed. Group 1: dental chair light without filter, Group 2: microscopic light without filter, Group 3: microscopic light with a yellow filter, Group 4: microscopic light with a green filter, Group 5: dental chair light with a red filter. After condensation, the samples were subjected to curing using Bluephase NM curing light. The parameters like volumetric shrinkage, surface hardness, and depth of cure were measured for all the samples. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA, followed by posthoc Tukey tests. Results. Group-2 showed the highest mean volumetric shrinkage (14.514%), surface micro-hardness (58.065 kg/m2), depth of cure (0.831%), whereas group-5 showed the least volumetric shrinkage (7.386%), surface micro-hardness (46.536 kg/m2), and depth of cure (0.789%). Working time was 40 seconds for group-2, whereas the remaining groups were allowed to complete 1-minute condensation. A statistically significant difference was shown between groups 1 and 5 (p=0.050), 2 and 5 (p=0.007) for volumetric shrinkage. Regarding surface micro-hardness, a statistically significant difference was observed between all the groups (p=0.001) except group-3, group-4 (p=0.100). There was no statistically significant difference between all the groups except group 2 and 5 for depth of cure (p=0.016). Conclusion. Microscope light without filter showed the highest surface hardness and depth of cure. However, the highest volumetric shrinkage and lesser working time were also observed, which are undesirable. Use of filters during composite manipulation showed less detrimental effects on depth of cure, volumetric shrinkage and working time. Overall, composite condensed under filters showed acceptable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various instrument kinematics used in single-visit endodontics influence the occurrence of pain after endodontic therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of pain after mechanical instrumentation with Hyflex EDM (HEDM) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) during single-visit endodontic therapy., Methods: Sixty patients diagnosed with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis and normal apical tissues in mandibular premolar teeth were included in the study for single-visit root canal therapy. The patients were divided into two groups (n = 30) according to the rotary instrument used during root canal preparation (group A [HEDM] and group B [WOG]). Pain was evaluated after endodontic therapy at 8, 24, and 48 h intervals using the visual analog scale (VAS). Data obtained were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, MannWhitney U test, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test., Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups (P < 0.001) at 8, 24, and 48 h, with WOG exhibiting less pain than HEDM files., Conclusion: Postoperative pain was lower in the WOG file system than in the HEDM file system after single-visit root canal therapy at 8, 24, and 48 h., Competing Interests: CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2022 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.)

Background: Pain during fixed orthodontic treatment can have a detrimental effect on patient treatment compliance. To overcome this, there is a definite need to establish the best pain-relieving methods suitable for orthodontic patients in terms of efficacy and use. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of chewing gum and pre-emptive tenoxicam on pain after initial archwire placement and to evaluate the pain perceptions of orthodontic patients in the two groups while performing various functions at specific time intervals., Methods: Forty-two patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups: group A (chewing gum) and group B (pre-emptive tenoxicam). Pain perception was documented by patients immediately; at 4 h; at bedtime on the day of archwire placement; the next morning; at 24 h; and at bedtime on the 2nd, 3rd, and 7th day after the initial archwire placement. Pain scores were noted during fitting of the posterior teeth, biting, and chewing using a visual analog scale. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis., Results: Group A showed a significant increase in pain until the next morning while fitting the posterior teeth, biting, and chewing [36.2, 52.0, 33.4, respectively]], followed by a gradual decrease by the 7th day. Group B showed a significant increase in pain at bedtime on biting, with a peak value of 47.5. Pain on chewing, fitting posterior teeth, peaked the morning of the next day (100.0, 45.0). The Freidman test showed a statistically significant difference with a p-value of < 0.01. Higher pain scores were observed while chewing and biting compared with that while fitting the posterior teeth in both groups. The overall comparison of pain control between the two groups was not statistically significant [P > 0.05] between the two groups., Conclusions: Chewing gum was not inferior to pre-emptive tenoxicam. Thus, chewing gum is a non-pharmacological alternative to analgesics for orthodontic pain control that eliminates the chance of adverse reactions and can be used in the absence of adult observation., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF INTEREST: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.)

Background: Tooth whitening procedures such as bleaching and microabrasion alters the enamel surface and thus reduce the composites' bond strength. Hence, various surface treatments were introduced to overcome this problem., Aim: To assess the effect of nonthermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP), grape seed extract (GSE) and bromelain on the shear bond strength (SBS) of the composite after bleaching and microabrasion., Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted maxillary anterior teeth were distributed into two groups. Group 1: bleaching and Group 2: Microabrasion and further subdivided into four subgroups ( n = 10) based on the form of surface treatment employed. Group A: no surface treatment, Group B: bromelain, Group C: GSE, Group D: NTAP. Composite resin was bonded to the labial surface and placed in artificial saliva for 24 h. SBS testing was done for all the samples., Statistical Analysis: Analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's test with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant., Results: Group 1D revealed the highest bond strength (35.4 Mpa) and Group 1A showed the least bond strength values (15.7 Mpa). Among the bleaching groups, significant difference was observed between all the subgroups except Group 1A and 1B ( P = 0.972). In microabrasion group, significant difference was observed between Group 2A and 2D ( P = 0.0001), Group 2B and 2D ( P = 0.0010), and Group 2C and 2D ( P = 0.0001)., Conclusions: Following bleaching, NTAP application and GSE significantly improved the SBS of composite resin. Application of NTAP to microabraded surfaces increased the bond strength of composite resin., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)