196 results on '"Barber, Lee"'
Search Results
2. Technology-assisted quantification of movement to predict infants at high risk of motor disability: A systematic review
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Redd, Christian B., Karunanithi, Mohan, Boyd, Roslyn N., and Barber, Lee A.
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- 2021
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3. Plantar flexor voluntary activation capacity, strength and function in cerebral palsy
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O’Brien, Shari M., Carroll, Timothy J., Barber, Lee A., and Lichtwark, Glen A.
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- 2021
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- View/download PDF
4. Short-Term Muscle Power Is Related to Lower Limb Muscle Volume in Young Children.
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Obst, Steven J., Florance, Kaysie, Heales, Luke, Job, Sasha, and Barber, Lee
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SKELETAL muscle physiology ,LEG physiology ,RECTUS femoris muscles ,ONE-way analysis of variance ,TIBIALIS anterior ,PEARSON correlation (Statistics) ,SEX distribution ,MUSCLE strength ,CALF muscles ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,ANAEROBIC exercises ,JUMPING ,SPRINTING ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Purpose: Muscle power is a component of muscular fitness and is proportional to its volume. Reduced muscular fitness in children is linked to negative health outcomes. Associations between muscle volume (MV) and power have not been examined in young children and could reveal important insights into early neuromuscular development. Method: Forty-four children (2-8 y) completed 3 tests of short-term muscular power: repeated anaerobic sprint test, vertical jump, and horizontal jump. MV was assessed using 3D ultrasound for 3 lower limb muscles (rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior) and summed for across legs. Associations between muscular power and summed MV were assessed using Pearson correlation (r). Sex-based differences in muscular power and MV were assessed using 1-way analysis of covariance. Results: Moderate-strong associations (r =.57 - .87) were found between muscular power and summed MV. No differences were found between boys and girls for height, weight, MV, or muscular power. Conclusions: Young children who have larger lower limb muscles perform better at tasks dependent on short-term muscular power, such as running and jumping, compared with children with smaller muscles. Sex-based differences in short-term muscular power do not exist in young children and reflect similar anthropometry, including lower limb MV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. Dodging the blades : new insights into three-dimensional space use of offshore wind farms by lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus
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Thaxter, Chris B., Ross-Smith, Viola H., Bouten, Willem, Masden, Elizabeth A., Clark, Nigel A., Conway, Greg J., Barber, Lee, Clewley, Gary D., and Burton, Niall H. K.
- Published
- 2018
6. Characterization of torque generating properties of ankle plantar flexor muscles in ambulant adults with cerebral palsy
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Frisk, Rasmus Feld, Lorentzen, Jakob, Barber, Lee, and Nielsen, Jens Bo
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- 2019
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7. Quantitative 3-D Ultrasound of the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Obst, Steven J., Boyd, Roslyn, Read, Felicity, and Barber, Lee
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- 2017
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8. Longitudinal assessment of gait quality in children with bilateral cerebral palsy following repeated lower limb intramuscular Botulinum toxin-A injections
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Read, Felicity A., Boyd, Roslyn N., and Barber, Lee A.
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- 2017
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9. The impact of strength training on skeletal muscle morphology and architecture in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: A systematic review
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Gillett, Jarred G., Boyd, Roslyn N., Carty, Christopher P., and Barber, Lee A.
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- 2016
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10. Direct Synthesis of Highly Siliceous ZnO-FAU Zeolite with Enhanced Performance in Hydrocarbon Cracking Reactions
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Parmar, Deependra, Mallette, Adam J., Linares, Noemi, Saslow, Sarah A., Terlier, Tanguy, Strohm, James J., Barber, Lee P., Dai, Heng, García-Martínez, Javier, Rimer, Jeffrey D., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, and Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular (NANOMOL)
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Zeolite ,General Chemical Engineering ,Zinc oxide ,Biomedical Engineering ,Hydrothermal stability ,General Materials Science ,Catalyst ,Faujasite - Abstract
The hydrothermal stability and catalytic activity of zeolite Y (faujasite, FAU) is highly dependent on its composition. High silicon content is often desirable for catalytic applications; however, direct synthesis of faujasite with high silicon content (Si/Al > 2.5) is nontrivial. Here, we present an organic-free synthesis of FAU-type zeolite with Si/Al = 3.4 using zinc oxide as a modifier. A combination of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques confirms that ZnO is well-distributed within zeolite pores as extra-framework species, and the nature of these species differs from bulk ZnO and framework zinc in Zn-FAU crystals. We demonstrate that the increased Si/Al ratio leads to improved hydrothermal stability, while catalytic cracking of 1-hexene and cumene show that ZnO-FAU exhibits a significantly longer lifetime compared to in-house and commercial zeolite Y. Collectively, this study presents a facile and efficient method to prepare more siliceous FAU with enhanced catalytic performance. J.D.R. received funding primary from the National Science Foundation (Award DMR-2005201) and additional support from The Welch Foundation (Award E-1794). We also wish to thank Albemarle Corporation for their support of this work. J.G.M. and N.L. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 872102 and the Spanish MINECO and AEI/FEDER, UE, through Project ref. RTI2018-099504-B-C21. N.L. also acknowledges the University of Alicante support (UATALENTO17-05). ToF-SIMS analysis was carried out with support provided by the National Science Foundation (Award CBET-1626418). This work was conducted in part using resources of the Shared Equipment Authority at Rice University. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The authors thank Mahalingam Balasubramanian from APS Sector 20 (now at Oak Ridge National Laboratory) for collecting the EXAFS dataset.
- Published
- 2022
11. Shrink rethink: rebranding psychiatry
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Crabb, Jim, Barber, Lee, and Masson, Neil
- Published
- 2017
12. Bird ringing and nest recording in Britain and Ireland in 2021.
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Walker, Ruth H., Robinson, Robert A., Barimore, Carl J., Blackburn, Jeremy R., Barber, Lee J., Bugg, Nicola R., McCambridge, Hazel E., Grantham, Mark J., Griffin, Bridget M., Leighton, Kev, Schäfer, Sabine, Woodward, Ian D., and Leech, Dave I.
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BIRD nests ,STURNUS vulgaris ,REED warblers ,BIRD breeding ,WILDLIFE conservation laws ,ENGLISH sparrow - Abstract
This is the 85
th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, incorporating the report of the Nest Record Scheme and covering work carried out and data processed in 2021. In 2021, 105 Constant Effort Sites submitted data for the year. Long-term (1984–2020) declines in abundance were observed for five migrant, one partial migrant and five resident species, while long-term increases in abundance were recorded for two short-distance migrants and seven resident species. Ten species are exhibiting significant long-term declines in productivity, while only Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs shows a significant long-term increase. Long-term trends in survival indicate increases for 12 species and declines for seven. Short-term trends, which compare the current year to the five-year mean for 2016–20, show that the abundance of seven species increased significantly in 2021, with one species, Treecreeper Certhia familiaris, being recorded in higher numbers than in any previous year of CES monitoring. Significant decreases in abundance were recorded for four species. Productivity decreased significantly for seven migrant and 11 resident species in 2021, with six species recording their lowest breeding success since CES monitoring began; no species recorded a significant short-term increase. Significant changes in survival rate were observed for two species in 2021 compared to the five-year mean, with Song Thrush Turdus philomelos increasing and Chaffinch both declining and recording its lowest survival rate ever. The Garden CES trial continued in 2021, with 60 sites submitting data. The new winter ringing project also continued in 2021, with submissions received from 126 sites. The number of Retrapping Adults for Survival projects that were able to run and submit data in 2021 was 192, with data from one more project submitted too late to be included in this report and another four active projects unable to operate. In total, 60 species were monitored, with Starling Sturnus vulgaris (21 projects), House Sparrow Passer domesticus (20 projects), Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (19 projects), Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus (nine projects) and Sand Martin Riparia riparia (nine projects) the species most studied. A total of 900 131 birds were ringed during the year, comprising 146 458 nestlings, 438 342 first-year birds, 291 127 adults (birds in their second calendar year or older) and 24 204 birds whose age could not be determined. In addition, there were 210 147 recaptures of ringed birds at or near the ringing site. In total, 42 328 recoveries (birds found dead, recaptured or resighted at least 5 km from the place of ringing) of BTO-ringed birds were reported in 2021. The Appendix highlights a selection of recoveries that have extended our knowledge of movements, as well as longevity records established during the year. A total of 41 096 NRS submissions were received in 2021. Mean laying dates for 2021 were significantly later than the average for 13 species and only one species significantly advanced its laying date. Five species displayed a significant change in fledglings per breeding attempt, with two recording increased productivity and three reduced productivity. Permits or licences to disturb breeding birds on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) were prepared and issued to 602 ringers and nest recorders in 2021. During 2021, 2588 marking endorsements, 868 sampling endorsements and 214 trapping endorsements were issued in the UK and overseas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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13. Neuromechanical properties of the triceps surae in young and older adults
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Barber, Lee A., Barrett, Rod S., Gillett, Jarred G., Cresswell, Andrew G., and Lichtwark, Glen A.
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- 2013
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14. Validity of Accelerometry to Measure Physical Activity Intensity in Children With an Acquired Brain Injury
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Baque, Emmah, Sakzewski, Leanne, Trost, Stewart G., Boyd, Roslyn N., and Barber, Lee
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- 2017
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15. Daily, seasonal, and annual variation in area use of Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus related to offshore renewable developments.
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Clewley, Gary D., Thaxter, Chris B., Scragg, Emily S., Masden, Elizabeth A., Barber, Lee J., Conway, Greg J., Clark, Nigel A., and Burton, Niall H.K.
- Abstract
Individually tracked Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus rarely visited offshore areas in this study but showed high variation across multiple time scales in overall area use. To quantify the variation in space use by Lesser Black-backed Gulls, a species of conservation concern, from short- and long-term data on tracked individuals, and to assess the time spent offshore and interacting with offshore wind farms (OWFs) before and after their construction. GPS tracking data were collected between 2016 and 2019 from 36 Lesser Black-backed Gulls breeding in a declining colony in the UK with several operational OWFs nearby. Variations in home ranges, foraging trip metrics and the proportion of time spent offshore or within OWFs were analysed at three temporal scales: (i) over a daily cycle, (ii) across the breeding season and (iii) between years. Individuals predominantly used terrestrial areas. Less than 1.25% of the overall breeding season time budgets were spent offshore across years, and offshore use and time within OWFs did not vary significantly between years. However, home range sizes and foraging trip metrics did vary significantly across all time scales and individual variation was significant. Our results suggested that there was little change in the relative use of offshore areas over time and thus in the macro-scale response of Lesser Black-backed Gulls to the OWFs, one of which was under construction during the period of study. Colony productivity and changes in the terrestrial environment were likely to be more important for influencing foraging movements at this colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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16. Medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle active torque-length and Achilles tendon properties in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy
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Barber, Lee, Barrett, Rod, and Lichtwark, Glen
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- 2012
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17. Passive muscle mechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy
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Barber, Lee, Barrett, Rod, and Lichtwark, Glen
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- 2011
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18. Growing muscles in children with cerebral palsy
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Barber, Lee A and Boyd, Roslyn N
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- 2016
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19. Direct Synthesis of Highly Siliceous ZnO-FAU Zeolite with Enhanced Performance in Hydrocarbon Cracking Reactions.
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Parmar, Deependra, Mallette, Adam J., Linares, Noemi, Saslow, Sarah A., Terlier, Tanguy, Strohm, James J., Barber, Lee P., Dai, Heng, García-Martínez, Javier, and Rimer, Jeffrey D.
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- 2023
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20. The effects of botulinum toxin injection frequency on calf muscle growth in young children with spastic cerebral palsy: a 12-month prospective study
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Barber, Lee, Hastings-Ison, Tandy, Baker, Richard, Kerr Graham, H., Barrett, Rod, and Lichtwark, Glen
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- 2013
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21. Regional Variation in Muscle Echogenicity Is Related to Muscle Thickness in Young Children
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Obst, Steven J., Florance, Kaysie, and Barber, Lee
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- 2021
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22. Validation of a freehand 3D ultrasound system for morphological measures of the medial gastrocnemius muscle
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Barber, Lee, Barrett, Rod, and Lichtwark, Glen
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- 2009
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23. Enzymes of the γ -glutamyl cycle in the Ciliary Body and Lens
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Ross, Leonard L., Barber, Lee, Tate, Suresh S., and Meister, Alton
- Published
- 1973
24. The size and echogenicity of the tibialis anterior muscle is preserved in both limbs in young children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.
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Obst, Steven J., Bickell, Reuben, Florance, Kaysie, Boyd, Roslyn N., Read, Felicity, and Barber, Lee
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DORSIFLEXION ,ANALYSIS of variance ,EXTREMITIES (Anatomy) ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,ANKLE ,TIBIALIS anterior ,CALF muscles ,WALKING ,CEREBRAL palsy ,CHILDREN - Abstract
The primary of this study was to compare the volume, length, echo intensity, and growth rate of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of both limbs (more-involved and less-involved) in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP), with those of an age-matched typically developing (TD) group. A secondary aim in the USCP group was to explore the associations between these muscle parameters and discrete ankle positions during phase of gait. Muscle parameters were assessed using 3D ultrasound. Maximal ankle dorsiflexion in stance and swing during walking were determined from 2D video analysis. Group differences in muscle size and echo intensity were assessed using a two-way analysis of covariance (age-by-group), with the interaction term used to compare muscle growth rates. Associations between muscle parameters and maximal ankle dorsiflexion in stance and swing were assessed using backwards multiple linear regression analyses. The MG of both limbs in children with USCP had signs of impaired muscle development (smaller volume and length, higher echo intensity and lower growth rate). There was no evidence of impaired muscle development of TA between limbs or compared the TD children. Tibialis anterior volume, length, echo intensity and MG volume explained 66% and 83% of the variance in maximal ankle dorsiflexion position in the stance and swing phases of walking, respectively. Unlike the MG, the TA volume and growth rate in children with USCP are equivalent between limbs and compared to TD children. For the more-involved limb only, TA volume, length, and echo intensity appear associated with maximal ankle dorsiflexion during walking and represent important muscle parameters that could be targeted in with early exercise therapy. Tibialis anterior (TA) size and echogenicity appear normal in both limbs in young children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP); findings that could indicate sufficient mechanical stimulus and muscle anabolism to maintain normal muscle growth. Tibialis anterior size and echogenicity are associated with maximal ankle dorsiflexion in both stance and swing phase of walking in young children with USCP; though such relations appear isolated to the more-involved limb. Early therapeutic interventions that target TA are likely to be successful in maintaining muscle size and may offset the negative effects of medial gastrocnemius atrophy in the development of fixed ankle equinus of the more-involved limb and improve ankle positioning during gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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25. Medial gastrocnemius growth in children who are typically developing: Can changes in muscle volume and length be accurately predicted from age?
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Obst, Steven, Florance, Kaysie, Heales, Luke, and Barber, Lee
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GROWTH of children ,MUSCLE growth ,LINEAR equations ,STANDARD deviations ,AGE ,CALF muscles - Abstract
Muscle size is an important determinant of muscular fitness and health, and so it is important to have accurate estimates of actual muscle growth in children. This study compared actual versus age‐predicted growth rates of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in young children over a 12‐month period. Three‐dimensional ultrasound was used to measure MG length and volume in 50 children (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 70.3 ± 29.9 months) to establish age‐predicted muscle growth rates using a least‐squares linear regression. Twenty children (mean ± SD age = 78.5 ± 27.2 months) were followed up at 6 and 12 months to establish actual muscle growth of MG volume and length. These data were then compared to their age‐predicted muscle growth from the linear regression equation using paired t‐tests and Bland–Altman limits of agreement method. Age‐predicted MG growth significantly underestimated actual muscle growth for both volume and length at each timepoint. On average, actual muscle volume and length were 11.5% and 21.5% greater than the age‐predicted volume and length respectively. Caution is warranted when predicting future muscle size in young children based solely on age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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26. Determinants of muscle preservation in individuals with cerebral palsy across the lifespan: a narrative review of the literature
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Verschuren, Olaf, Smorenburg, Ana R.P., Luiking, Yvette, Bell, Kristie, Barber, Lee, and Peterson, Mark D.
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Sarcopenia ,lcsh:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,Organ Size ,lcsh:Human anatomy ,lcsh:QM1-695 ,Muscular Atrophy ,Risk Factors ,Physiology (medical) ,Animals ,Humans ,Cerebral palsy ,Muscle ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Disease Susceptibility ,Muscle Strength ,Musculoskeletal Diseases ,lcsh:RC925-935 ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Exercise - Abstract
In individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), smaller muscle and atrophy are present at young age. Many people with CP also experience a decline in gross motor function as they age, which might be explained by the loss of muscle mass. The clinical observation of muscle wasting has prompted a comparison with sarcopenia in older adults, and the term accelerated musculoskeletal ageing is often used to describe the hallmark phenotype of CP through the lifespan. However, there has been very little research emphasis on the natural history of ageing with CP and even less with respect to the determinants or prevention of muscle loss with CP. Considering the burgeoning interest in the science of muscle preservation, this paper aims to (i) describe the characteristics of accelerated musculoskeletal ageing in people with CP, (ii) describe the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and parallels with CP, and (iii) discuss possible therapeutic approaches, based on established approaches for sarcopenia.
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- 2018
27. Reliability of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Measured In Vivo Using Freehand Three-Dimensional Ultrasound.
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Obst, Steven J., Barber, Lee, Miller, Ashton, and Barrett, Rod S.
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ACHILLES tendon ,MECHANICS (Physics) ,ULTRASONIC imaging ,THREE-dimensional imaging ,DORSIFLEXION ,INTRACLASS correlation ,PLANTARFLEXION - Abstract
This study investigated reliability of freehand three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) measurement of in vivo human Achilles tendon (AT) moment arm. Sixteen healthy adults were scanned on 2 separate occasions by a single investigator. 3DUS scans were performed over the free AT, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus with the ankle passively positioned in maximal dorsiflexion, mid dorsiflexion, neutral, mid plantar flexion and maximal plantar flexion. 3D reconstructions of the AT, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus were created from manual segmentation of the ultrasound images and used to geometrically determine the AT moment arm using both a straight (straight AT
MA ) and curved (curved ATMA ) tendon line-of-action. Both methods were reliable within- and between-session (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.92; coefficient of variation < 2.5 %) and revealed that AT moment arm increased by ~ 7 mm from maximal dorsiflexion (~ 41mm) to maximal plantar flexion (~ 48 mm). Failing to account for tendon curvature led to a small overestimation (< 2 mm) of AT moment arm that was most pronounced in ankle plantar flexion, but was less than the minimal detectable change of the method and could be disregarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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28. Impaired muscle growth in spastic cerebral palsy
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BARRETT, ROD S and BARBER, LEE
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- 2013
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29. Validity and reliability of a simple ultrasound approach to measure medial gastrocnemius muscle length
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Barber, Lee, Barrett, Rod, and Lichtwark, Glen
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- 2011
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30. Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume and fascicle length in children aged 2 to 5 years with cerebral palsy
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BARBER, LEE, HASTINGS-ISON, TANDY, BAKER, RICHARD, BARRETT, ROD, and LICHTWARK, GLEN
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- 2011
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31. Artifact formation of methyl mercury during aqueous distillation and alternative techniques for the extraction of methyl mercury from environmental samples
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Bloom, N. S., Colman, John A., and Barber, Lee
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- 1997
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32. Systemic inflammatory markers in individuals with cerebral palsy
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Pingel, Jessica, Barber, Lee, Andersen, Ida Torp, Von Walden, Ferdinand, Tierp-Wong, Christian Nai En, Døssing, Simon, and Nielsen, Jens Bo
- Published
- 2019
33. Bird ringing and nest recording in Britain and Ireland in 2020.
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Walker, Ruth H., Robinson, Robert A., Barimore, Carl J., Blackburn, Jeremy R., Barber, Lee J., Bugg, Nicola R., McCambridge, Hazel E., Grantham, Mark J., Griffin, Bridget M., Leighton, Kev, Schäfer, Sabine, Woodward, Ian D., and Leech, Dave I.
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BIRD nests ,BIRD populations ,ENGLISH sparrow ,STURNUS vulgaris ,REED warblers ,BIRD breeding ,GREAT tit ,BLUE tit - Abstract
This is the 84
th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, incorporating the report of the Nest Record Scheme and covering work carried out and data processed in 2020. An analysis of Curlew Numenius arquata ringing records was carried out to investigate recent declines. Results showed that survival rates are high, so current population declines are more likely to have been driven by low productivity. To reverse the recent population declines, breeding success would need to increase and effective conservation strategies will be needed to maintain the high levels of survival. We examined the potential opportunities and challenges of using winter ringing records to produce survival estimates, as well as other outputs such as age ratios and recruitment, by analysing 2 641 352 encounter records from the winters of 2007/08 to 2017/18: winter-to-winter survival analyses on adult birds were undertaken, initially on 44 species. Results indicated that fortnightly ringing sessions should yield sufficient data to produce useful survival estimates. This research identified a number of potential analytical and methodological options for future development. Covid-19 restrictions limited the amount of fieldwork carried out in 2020; consequently, only 72 CE sites submitted data for the year. Long-term (1984–2019) declines in abundance were observed for five migrant, one partial migrant and four resident species while long-term increases in abundance were recorded for two short-distance migrants and six resident species. Six species are exhibiting significant long-term declines in productivity while only Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs shows a significant long-term increase. Long-term trends in survival indicate increases for 10 species and declines for nine. Short-term trends, which compare the current year to the five-year mean (2015–19), show that the abundance of 10 species increased significantly in 2020, with three species being recorded in higher numbers than in any previous year since CES monitoring began. Significant decreases in abundance were recorded for only two species. Productivity decreased significantly for one migrant and five resident species in 2020; no species recorded a significant increase. Productivity was lower in 2020 than in any previous CES year for Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tit Parus major. Significant changes in survival rate were observed in two species in 2020 compared to the five-year mean, with Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula increasing and Blackbird Turdus merula decreasing. A new habitat was added to the suite of standard CES habitats in 2020 in the first year of a Garden CES trial. Submissions were received from 92 sites. A new winter ringing project was also launched in 2020, following a similar methodology to CES. Submissions were received from 111 sites. The number of Retrapping Adults for Survival projects that were able to run and submit data in 2020 was 146, from 200 that were registered. In total, 60 species were monitored, with Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (20 projects), Starling Sturnus vulgaris (19), House Sparrow Passer domesticus (18), Sand Martin Riparia riparia (10) and Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus (eight) the species most studied. A total of 930 091 birds were ringed during the year, comprising 98 500 nestlings, 523 777 first-year birds, 278 157 adults (birds in their second calendar year or older) and 29 657 birds whose age could not be determined. In addition, there were 212 414 recaptures of ringed birds at or near the ringing site. In total, 42 987 recoveries (birds found dead, recaptured or resighted at least 5 km from the place of ringing) of BTO-ringed birds were reported in 2020. The Appendix highlights a selection of recoveries that have extended our knowledge of movements, as well as longevity records established during the year. A total of 23 928 NRS submissions were received in 2020, far fewer than usual due to Covid-19 restrictions being in place during the height of the nesting season. As the seasonality of nest records was biased towards the end of the breeding season, after Covid-19 restrictions had lifted, it was not possible to generate meaningful NRS trends for 2020. Permits or licences to disturb breeding birds on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) were prepared and issued to 611 ringers and nest recorders in 2020. During 2020, the use of special methods was authorised for 1182 marking projects and 146 trapping projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Plantar flexor voluntary activation capacity, strength and function in cerebral palsy.
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O'Brien, Shari M., Carroll, Timothy J., Barber, Lee A., and Lichtwark, Glen A.
- Subjects
CEREBRAL palsy ,FUNCTIONAL status ,MUSCLE strength ,TIBIAL nerve ,NEURAL stimulation - Abstract
Purpose: Distal lower limb motor impairment impacts gait mechanics in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), however, the contribution of impairments of muscle activation to reduced gross motor function (GMF) is not clear. This study aimed to investigate deficits in plantar flexion voluntary activation capacity in CP compared to typically developed (TD) peers, and evaluate relationships between voluntary activation capacity, strength and GMF.Methods: Fifteen ambulant individuals with spastic CP (23 ± 6 years, GMFCS I-III) and 14 TD (22 ± 2 years) people participated. Plantar- and dorsiflexion strength were assessed with a dynamometer. Voluntary activation capacity was assessed using the interpolated twitch technique via single twitch supramaximal tibial nerve stimulation. GMF was assessed using the timed upstairs test, 10 m walk test, muscle power sprint test and six-minute walk test.Results: Plantar- and dorsiflexion strength were 55.6% and 60.7% lower in CP than TD (p < 0.001). Although voluntary activation capacity was 17.9% lower on average for CP than TD (p = 0.039), 46.7% of individuals with CP achieved a sufficiently high activation to fall within one standard deviation of the TD mean. Plantar flexion voluntary activation capacity did not correlate with strength (R2 = 0.092, p = 0.314) or GMF measures in the high functioning CP group (GMFCS I-II).Conclusion: In contrast to previous research, plantar flexion activation capacity did not strongly predict weakness or reduced GMF. We propose that muscle size contributes more to weakness than voluntary activation capacity in high functioning individuals with CP and that relationships between muscle activation and functional capacity are complicated by effects at multiple joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
35. Acute effects of treadmill running on lipoprotein(a) levels in males and females
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HUBINGER, LYLE, MACKINNON, LAUREL TRAEGER, BARBER, LEE, MCCOSKER, JANE, HOWARD, ALF, and LEPRE, FRANK
- Published
- 1997
36. Bird ringing and nest recording in Britain and Ireland in 2019.
- Author
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Walker, Ruth H., Robinson, Robert A., Barimore, Carl J., Blackburn, Jeremy R., Barber, Lee J., Bugg, Nicola R., McCambridge, Hazel E., de Palacio, Diana X., Grantham, Mark J., Griffin, Bridget M., Leighton, Kev, Schäfer, Sabine, Woodward, Ian D., and Leech, Dave I.
- Subjects
BIRD nests ,ENGLISH sparrow ,STURNUS vulgaris ,REED warblers ,BIRD breeding ,BABY birds - Abstract
This is the 83
rd annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, incorporating the report of the Nest Record Scheme and covering work carried out and data processed in 2019. In 2019, 130 CE sites submitted data. Long-term (1984–2018) declines in abundance were observed for five migrant, one partial migrant and four resident species while long-term increases in abundance continue to be recorded for two short-distance migrants and four resident species. Seven species are exhibiting significant long-term declines in productivity while only Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs is exhibiting a significant long-term increase. Long-term trends in survival indicate increases for 14 species and declines for six. Compared to the five-year mean (2014–18), the abundance of eight species decreased significantly in 2019, with five species being recorded in lower numbers than in any previous year since CES monitoring began. Significant increases in abundance were recorded for six species. Productivity increased significantly for two migrant and six resident species in 2019 and decreased for only one species; Productivity rates were higher in 2019 than in any previous year for Chaffinch. Significant declines in survival rate were observed in one species in 2019 compared to the five-year mean; no species exhibited a significant increase. The number of Retrapping Adults for Survival submissions increased slightly in 2019 to 195. In total, 59 species were monitored, with Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (22 projects), Starling Sturnus vulgaris (17), House Sparrow Passer domesticus (16), Sand Martin Riparia riparia (11) and Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus (10) the species most studied. A total of 1 050 520 birds were ringed during the year, comprising 181 766 nestlings, 518 575 first-year birds, 318 390 adults (birds in their second calendar year or older) and 31 789 birds whose age could not be determined. In addition, there were 243 775 recaptures of ringed birds at or near the ringing site. In total, 45 610 recoveries (birds found dead, recaptured or resighted at least 5 km from the place of ringing) of BTO-ringed birds were reported in 2019. The Appendix highlights a selection of recoveries that have extended our knowledge of movements, as well as longevity records established during the year. A total of 41 367 NRS submissions were received in 2019, higher than the previous season but otherwise the lowest annual total since 2013. Mean laying dates for 2019 were significantly earlier than the five-year mean (2014–18) for 12 of 52 species analysed and five species displayed a significant increase in breeding success (fledglings per breeding attempt). Permits or licences to disturb breeding birds on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), were prepared and issued to 547 ringers and nest recorders in 2019. During 2019, the use of special methods was authorised for 613 marking projects and 158 trapping projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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37. Impact of Lower Limb Active Movement Training in Individuals With Spastic Type Cerebral Palsy on Neuromuscular Control Outcomes: A Systematic Review.
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O'Brien, Shari M., Lichtwark, Glen A., Carroll, Timothy J., and Barber, Lee A.
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LEG ,CEREBRAL palsy ,SKELETAL muscle ,NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,ANKLE - Abstract
Background: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological condition that results in motor impairment which increases proximally to distally along the lower extremity (i.e., greatest impairment at the ankle). Consequently, motor impairment and reduced voluntary muscle activation results in reduced neuromuscular control of the lower limb in this population. CP rehabilitation traditionally aims to improve movement proficiency for functional activities, such as walking, by using a range of active movement modalities that require volitional effort; however, the underlying neural mechanisms of improved control and function remain unknown. The primary purpose of this study was to systematically determine the efficacy of lower limb active movement interventions to improve neuromuscular control in individuals with CP. Methodology: A search for studies involving an active lower limb intervention and neurophysiological outcome measures in individuals with CP was performed in five electronic databases. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Downs and Black assessment tool. Results: Nine of 6,263 articles met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of all studies was poor, ranging from 2 to 27 out of a possible score of 32 points on the Downs and Black assessment tool. The study interventions varied extensively in modality and prescription as well as in the outcome measures used. Conclusions: Whether active movement improves neuromuscular control of the lower limb in CP is unclear due to high variability in intervention protocols and selected outcomes measures. Future active intervention studies must carefully consider the selection of neurophysiological outcome measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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38. Novel approaches to measuring community integration in adults with cerebral palsy.
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Chan, Dara V., Thorpe, Deborah E., Trost, Stewart G., Boyd, Roslyn N., Faldowski, Richard A., Barber, Lee, Levin, Ilana, Carroll, Amanda, and Bagatell, Nancy
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ACCELEROMETERS ,ACTIGRAPHY ,BIOMECHANICS ,CEREBRAL palsy ,EMOTIONS ,GLOBAL Positioning System ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,REHABILITATION of people with mental illness ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SATISFACTION ,INDEPENDENT living ,PHYSICAL activity ,DATA analysis software ,DIARY (Literary form) ,ADULTS - Abstract
Purpose: Rehabilitation goals often focus on increasing community integration for adults with disabilities and are measured by objective assessments. Research methods have lagged behind in capturing current conceptualizations of community integration as a multidimensional construct that incorporates participation, social supports, and feelings of belonging in the community. This paper addresses this challenge by describing a multi-method approach to assessing community integration for adults with cerebral palsy. Methods: Measures include standardized questionnaires, qualitative methods, measures of function and physical activity, and geospatial measures using Geographic Information System mapping and Global Positioning System tracking. These objective and subjective data are used to determine where adults spend time and are most active, and which activities and social connections are associated with feeling integrated into the community. Results: Two case examples highlight the importance of using a multi-method approach to assess community integration for adults with cerebral palsy. Results of objective clinical measures were comparable among case examples; however, actual experiences of feeling connected to the community were vastly different. Conclusions: Multiple measures are required to capture the complexity of community integration. Relying solely on objective measures may not provide a complete picture of community integration. Community integration is a complex construct that incorporates participation, socialization, and feelings of belonging in the community. New methods and measures are needed to assess the many aspects of community integration in adults with disabilities. A multi-method approach is recommended to provide a richer characterization of community integration in individuals with disabilities. A combination of quantitative and qualitative measures addressing the physical, social and psychological aspects of community integration should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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39. Flip-flops do not alter the neuromuscular function of the gastrocnemius muscle and tendon during walking in children.
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Maharaj, Jayishni N., Barber, Lee, Walsh, Henry P.J., and Carty, Christopher P.
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NEUROMUSCULAR diseases , *SKELETAL muscle , *WALKING , *ULTRASONIC imaging , *FOOTWEAR , *ANKLE physiology , *SKELETAL muscle physiology , *ACHILLES tendon , *RESEARCH , *SHOES , *MUSCLE contraction , *GAIT in humans , *RESEARCH methodology , *EVALUATION research , *MEDICAL cooperation , *DYNAMICS , *LEG , *COMPARATIVE studies , *SUBTALAR joint , *FOOT , *ELECTROMYOGRAPHY , *KINEMATICS - Abstract
Introduction/aim: Flip-flops are a popular choice of footwear for children. However, their inherent design provides minimal support to the foot and ankle and has been suggested to increase the work performed by muscle and tendon structures, potentially predisposing them to injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the length change behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle fascicles and muscle tendon unit (MTU) and their mechanical function at the ankle and subtalar joints in children during walking with and without flip-flop.Methods: Eight healthy children walked barefoot and with flip-flops whilst 3D gait analysis and simultaneous B-mode ultrasound images of the MG fascicles during level walking were collected. Joint kinematics, kinetics and MTU lengths were analysed using musculoskeletal modelling and fascicle lengths using a semi-automated tracking algorithm.Results: The muscles and tendons across the ankle absorbed greater amounts of power during barefoot walking compared to flip-flop walking. The muscle activations of the lateral gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior remained invariant across the conditions as did the activation, and fascicle length change behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius. In the barefoot condition, there was a trend of greater MTU lengthening, to potentially absorb greater amounts of power, although no differences in shortening was observed during late stance.Conclusion: Walking with flip-flops does not increase the mechanical work performed by the MG muscle at the ankle and subtalar joints, suggesting that flip-flops do not increase the stresses and strains of the Achilles tendon and hence its predisposition to strain induced injury. Instead, our results suggest that flip-flops, act as a compliant surface and absorb energy during contact and hence the strain experienced by the Achilles tendon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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40. Desert crossing strategies of migrant songbirds vary between and within species.
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Jiguet, Frédéric, Burgess, Malcolm, Thorup, Kasper, Conway, Greg, Arroyo Matos, José Luis, Barber, Lee, Black, John, Burton, Niall, Castelló, Joan, Clewley, Gary, Copete, José Luis, Czajkowski, Michel Alexandre, Dale, Svein, Davis, Tony, Dombrovski, Valery, Drew, Mike, Elts, Jaanus, Gilson, Vicky, Grzegorczyk, Emilienne, and Henderson, Ian
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DESERTS ,IMMIGRANTS ,SONGBIRDS ,NOCTURNAL birds ,LEAVES - Abstract
Each year, billions of songbirds cross large ecological barriers during their migration. Understanding how they perform this incredible task is crucial to predict how global change may threaten the safety of such journeys. Earlier studies based on radar suggested that most songbirds cross deserts in intermittent flights at high altitude, stopping in the desert during the day, while recent tracking with light loggers suggested diurnal prolongation of nocturnal flights and common non-stop flights for some species. We analyzed light intensity and temperature data obtained from geolocation loggers deployed on 130 individuals of ten migratory songbird species, and show that a large variety of strategies for crossing deserts exists between, but also sometimes within species. Diurnal stopover in the desert is a common strategy in autumn, while most species prolonged some nocturnal flights into the day. Non-stop flights over the desert occurred more frequently in spring than in autumn, and more frequently in foliage gleaners. Temperature recordings suggest that songbirds crossed deserts with flight bouts performed at various altitudes according to species and season, along a gradient ranging from low above ground in autumn to probably >2000 m above ground level, and possibly at higher altitude in spring. High-altitude flights are therefore not the general rule for crossing deserts in migrant songbirds. We conclude that a diversity of migration strategies exists for desert crossing among songbirds, with variations between but also within species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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41. Avian vulnerability to wind farm collision through the year: Insights from lesser black‐backed gulls (Larus fuscus) tracked from multiple breeding colonies.
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Thaxter, Chris B., Ross‐Smith, Viola H., Bouten, Willem, Clark, Nigel A., Conway, Greg J., Masden, Elizabeth A., Clewley, Gary D., Barber, Lee J., Burton, Niall H. K., and Choi, Chi‐Yeung
- Subjects
WIND power plants ,GULLS ,WIND turbines ,GEOGRAPHIC boundaries ,WIND power ,HOME range (Animal geography) ,CLIMATE change prevention - Abstract
Wind energy generation has become an important means to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate against human‐induced climate change, but could also represent a significant human–wildlife conflict. Airborne taxa such as birds may be particularly sensitive to collision mortality with wind turbines, yet the relative vulnerability of species' populations across their annual life cycles has not been evaluated.Using GPS telemetry, we studied the movements of lesser black‐backed gulls Larus fuscus from three UK breeding colonies through their annual cycle. We modelled the distance travelled by birds at altitudes between the minimum and maximum rotor sweep zone of turbines, combined with the probability of collision, to estimate sensitivity to collision. Sensitivity was then combined with turbine density (exposure) to evaluate spatio‐temporal vulnerability.Sensitivity was highest near to colonies during the breeding season, where a greater distance travelled by birds was in concentrated areas where they were exposed to turbines.Consequently, vulnerability was high near to colonies but was also high at some migration bottlenecks and wintering sites where, despite a reduced sensitivity, exposure to turbines was greatest.Synthesis and applications. Our framework combines bird‐borne telemetry and spatial data on the location of wind turbines to identify potential areas of conflict for migratory populations throughout their annual cycle. This approach can aid the wind farm planning process by: (a) providing sensitivity maps to inform wind farm placement, helping minimize impacts; (b) identifying areas of high vulnerability where mitigation warrants exploration; (c) highlighting potential cumulative impacts of developments over international boundaries and (d) informing the conservation status of species at protected sites. Our methods can identify pressures and linkages for populations using effect‐specific metrics that are transferable and could help resolve other human–wildlife conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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42. The effect of deloading tape on medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle behaviour during dynamic exercise.
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Obst, Steven, Heales, Luke, Hrelja, Zachary, Ishri, Prashneveet, Wesche, Johanna, and Barber, Lee
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CALF muscle physiology ,CROSSOVER trials ,EXERCISE physiology ,KINEMATICS ,STATISTICAL sampling ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,TAPING & strapping - Abstract
This study examined the effect of diamond deloading tape on medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle behaviour during exercise in healthy adults (n = 27). A randomised cross-over trial assessed the effect of tape (no-tape, sham-tape and deload-tape) on ankle and MG fascicle kinematics during three heel raise-lower exercises [double leg (DL), single leg (SL) and loaded single leg (LSL)]. There was no effect of tape on standing fascicle length (FL) or pennation angle (PA), or ankle or knee joint angle. There was a significant effect of tape on ankle kinematics for all exercises. Both the deload-tape and sham-tape resulted in less ankle plantar flexion but had no effect on dorsiflexion. There was a significant effect of tape on FL change for the SL and LSL exercise. Compared to no-tape, the deload-tape resulted in less fascicle shortening during ankle plantar flexion, and more fascicle lengthening during ankle dorsiflexion. For the LSL exercise, deload-tape caused MG fascicles to operate at longer lengths, for a given joint angle. Diamond taping, with or without added tension, has only a small effect on ankle and MG fascicle kinematics during the heel raise-lower exercise. With the exception of the LSL exercise, both tape conditions resulted in similar changes in the FL-angle relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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43. Bird ringing and nest recording in Britain and Ireland in 2017.
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Walker, Ruth H., Robinson, Robert A., Barimore, Carl J., Blackburn, Jeremy R., Barber, Lee J., Clark, Jacquie A., Clewley, Gary D., Evans, Hazel E., Green, Ros M., de Palacio, Diana X., Grantham, Mark J., Griffin, Bridget M., Schäfer, Sabine, and Leech, David I.
- Subjects
ENGLISH sparrow ,STURNUS vulgaris ,CORVUS corax ,SUBURBS ,BIRD nests ,ANIMAL species ,SAGE grouse ,BABY birds - Abstract
This is the 81
st annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, incorporating the report of the Nest Record Scheme and covering work carried out and data collected and processed in 2017. Demographic data contributed to several research studies during the year, including a review of the conservation status of Raven Corvus corax and the impacts of licensed control. This quantified the extent to which non-breeding birds could be removed without impacting overall population sustainability, as well as the data permitted, but noted that a better understanding of age-specific survival rates was required. Nest Record Scheme data contributed to a large-scale collaborative study investigating the impact that temperature and rainfall have on the timing of events throughout the annual cycles of 10 000 animal and plant species across different trophic levels. The results indicated that the speed of response was greatest at low trophic levels. Future changes under a range of emission scenarios were estimated; these results indicated that advances in timing would be greatest for primary consumers. A statistical method was developed, using nest record data, to quantify nest failure, taking into account uncertainties generated during data collection. The method was applied to Blackbird Turdus merula records to compare survival rates of nests in gardens with those in the wider countryside. Survival in suburban areas was found to be higher than in urban or rural areas, and nests survived better in wetter conditions across all habitats. In order to quantify any welfare impacts of capturing wild birds, we examined the frequency with which passerines were reported to have died either whilst in the net or during handling. Analyses of capture data submitted from 2005 to 2013 indicated that the average mortality rate is around 0.1%, and that this is consistent between years. Most fatalities occurred before individuals had been extracted from the nets and juveniles appeared to be at greater risk than adults. In 2017, 135 CE sites submitted data. Long-term (1984–2016) declines in abundance were observed in four migrant, one partial migrant and one resident species and concurrent increases in abundance continued to be recorded in two short-distance migrants and four resident species. There was no change to the 10 species which exhibited significant long-term declines in productivity; only one species, Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, exhibited a significant long-term increase in productivity. Compared to the five-year mean (2012–16), the abundance of six species increased significantly in 2017; Treecreepers Certhia familiaris were seen in greater numbers in 2017 than in any other year since CES monitoring began. Conversely, the abundance of six species fell significantly in 2017, with Chaffinch and Greenfinch Chloris chloris numbers at their lowest since CES monitoring began. Productivity increased significantly for three species in 2017 and decreased for eight species. The only significant change in survival rates between 2017 and the five-year mean was for Wren Troglodytes troglodytes, although the survival rate for Song Thrush Turdus philomelos was at its highest. The number of Retrapping Adults for Survival submissions fell slightly in 2017 to 195; 11 projects ran for the first time. In total, 58 species were monitored, with Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (20 projects), House Sparrow Passer domesticus (16), Starling Sturnus vulgaris (15) and Sand Martin Riparia riparia (11) continuing to be the most-studied species. Once again, over a million birds (1 020 356) were ringed during the year, comprising 165 565 nestlings, 500 580 first-year birds, 321 945 adults (birds in their second calendar year or older) and 32 266 birds where the age could not be determined. In addition, there were 242 719 recaptures of ringed birds at or near the ringing site. In total, 41 049 recoveries (birds found dead, recaptured or resighted at least 5 km from the place of ringing) of BTO-ringed birds were reported in 2017. The Appendix highlights a selection of recoveries that have extended our knowledge of movements, as well as longevity records established during the year. NRS submissions in 2017 exceeded 4 0 000 for the eighth consecutive year, with a total of 43 570 records received. Mean laying dates for 22 species were significantly earlier than the five-year mean (2012–16) with none of the 52 species analysed laying significantly later. There was a significant increase in breeding success (fledglings per breeding attempt) for two species in 2017, compared to the five-year mean, with one decreasing significantly. Permits or licences to disturb breeding birds on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), were prepared and issued to 580 ringers and nest recorders in 2017. During 2017, the use of special methods was authorised for 584 marking projects and 67 trapping projects, a 4% decrease from 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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44. Functional Anaerobic and Strength Training in Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy.
- Author
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GILLETT, JARRED G., BOYD, ROSLYN N., BARBER, LEE A., and LICHTWARK, GLEN A.
- Published
- 2018
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45. Impaired muscle growth precedes development of increased stiffness of the triceps surae musculotendinous unit in children with cerebral palsy.
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Willerslev‐Olsen, Maria, Choe Lund, Mai, Lorentzen, Jakob, Barber, Lee, Kofoed‐Hansen, Mathilde, Nielsen, Jens Bo, Willerslev-Olsen, Maria, and Kofoed-Hansen, Mathilde
- Subjects
CHILDREN with cerebral palsy ,SKELETAL muscle ,MUSCLE growth ,SARCOMERES ,PATHOLOGICAL physiology ,CEREBRAL palsy ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities ,ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ,RANGE of motion of joints ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,MUSCLE rigidity ,RESEARCH ,ULTRASONIC imaging ,EVALUATION research ,DISEASE complications - Abstract
Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
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46. Bird ringing and nest recording in Britain and Ireland in 2016.
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Walker, Ruth H., Robinson, Robert A., Barimore, Carl J., Blackburn, Jeremy R., Barber, Lee J., Clark, Jacquie A., Clewley, Gary D., de Palacio, Diana X., Grantham, Mark J., Griffin, Bridget M., Hodkinson, David J., Kew, Allison J., Moss, Dorian, Schäfer, Sabine, and Leech, Dave I.
- Subjects
BIRD banding ,BIRD nests ,ELECTRONIC data processing ,SEA bird populations - Abstract
This is the 80
th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, incorporating the report of the Nest Record Scheme and covering work carried out and data processed in 2016. BTO and JNCC have used seabird population data to investigate how demographic processes drive population changes, enabling improved population models to be produced. These population models were used to help quantify the risks associated with large-scale infrastructure projects (e.g. windfarms) and recommendations were made concerning approaches to be used in particular circumstances. Density dependence in seabirds, and its potential impact on population models, was also reviewed but little evidence of significant effects was found. Research on the demographic causes of declines in migratory species, undertaken in collaboration with the University of East Anglia, focused on population changes in Willow Warblers Phylloscopus trochilus. Data from the Nest Record Scheme (NRS), Constant Effort Sites scheme (CES) and the Breeding Bird Survey were combined; the results showed that reduced productivity levels in Willow Warblers in the south of Britain were driving the decline. In 2016, 134 CE sites submitted data. Five migrant and two resident species exhibited long-term (1984-2015) declines in abundance while four migrant and six resident species showed declines in productivity. Compared to the five-year mean (2011-15), the abundance of 10 species increased significantly in 2016 with Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti, Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, Wren Troglodytes troglodytes and Robin Erithacus rubecula abundance at its highest since CES monitoring began. The abundance of three species fell significantly in 2016. Productivity increased for one species in 2016 and decreased significantly for 16 species. Survival rates increased significantly for three species and fell significantly for one. For the first time, the number of Retrapping Adults for Survival submissions passed 200. A total of 59 species were monitored and 24 projects ran for the first time. The most-studied species were Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (23 projects), House Sparrow Passer domesticus (17), Sand Martin Riparia riparia (15) and Starling Sturnus vulgaris (13). Over a million birds (1 051 629) were ringed during the year, comprising 157 653 nestlings, 490 796 first-year birds, 370 019 adults (birds in their second calendar year or older) and 33 161 birds where the age could not be determined. In addition, there were 255 898 recaptures of ringed birds at or near the ringing site. In total, 40 257 recoveries (birds found dead, or recaptured or resighted at least 5 km from the place of ringing) of BTO-ringed birds were reported in 2016. The Appendix highlights a selection of recoveries that have extended our knowledge of movements, as well as longevity records established during the year. NRS submissions in 2016 exceeded 45 000 for the third consecutive year, with a total of 46 514 records received. Mean laying dates for five species were significantly earlier than the five-year mean (2011-15) with 10 species laying significantly later. Three species displayed a significant increase in breeding success (fledglings per breeding attempt) in 2016 compared to the five-year mean, with four decreasing significantly. Permits/licences to disturb breeding birds on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), were prepared/issued to 587 ringers and nest recorders in 2016. During 2016, the use of special methods was authorised for 559 marking projects and 73 trapping projects, a 13% increase on 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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47. Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Spastic Muscle in Children and Young Adults with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
- Author
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Barber, Lee
- Subjects
Achilles tendon ,Spastic cerebral palsy ,Medial gastrocnemius muscle - Abstract
Individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) commonly experience muscle weakness, reduced range of motion, and increased stiffness of affected joints, which together contribute to reduced functional capacity. There is increasing awareness that muscular, in addition to neural factors, contribute to these deficits. The purposes of this thesis were to (1) develop and validate new ultrasound-based methods for assessing morphological properties of the human medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in vivo, and (2) to investigate the morphological and passive and active mechanical properties of the MG muscle in children and young adults with spastic CP. Validation of new methods for assessing muscle morphological properties in vivo. A freehand three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) approach for assessing MG muscle volume and length was developed and validated against equivalent measurements made using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Compared to MRI, the freehand 3DUS approach overestimated muscle volume by 1.1% and underestimated muscle belly length by 1.3%. The 3DUS approach was also found to be highly reliable. A clinical method for measurement of MG muscle and tendon length was also developed and shown to have high accuracy and reliability compared to freehand 3DUS (Appendix C). MG muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) in spastic CP. Compared to typically developed age-matched peers, PCSA of the MG muscle was reduced by 22% in young children aged 2-5 years, and by 37% in young adults aged 15-21 years. Reductions in MG muscle PCSA in the CP groups were primarily explained by a lack of volumetric muscle growth, and contribute to the muscle weakness observed in spastic CP. Passive and active MG mechanical properties in young adults with CP assessed using dynamometry. Passive ankle stiffness was 51% higher and passive MG fascicle strain was 47% lower in the spastic group CP compared to typically developed controls. These findings suggest that the increased resistance to passive ankle dorsiflexion in spastic CP is related to the inability of MG muscle fascicles to elongate with increased passive force. Compared to the typically developed group, the spastic CP group also produced 56% less active ankle plantarflexion torque across the available range of ankle joint motion, and had greater levels of antagonistic co-contraction and a longer Achilles tendon slack length. The increased Achilles tendon slack length may facilitate a greater storage and recovery of elastic energy and partially compensate for decreased force and work production by the muscles of the triceps surae during activities such as locomotion. Overall findings from this thesis indicate that the morphological and mechanical properties of the MG muscle and Achilles tendon are altered in individuals with spastic CP, and together contribute to ankle plantarflexor muscle weakness, restricted ankle dorsiflexion range and increased ankle stiffness observed in CP. Treatments for improving function in spastic CP should be directed towards the muscular as well as neural system.
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- 2012
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48. [Commentary on] Validity of Accelerometry to Measure Physical Activity Intensity in Children With an Acquired Brain Injury.
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Baque, Emmah, Sakzewski, Leanne, Trost, Stewart G., Boyd, Roslyn N., Barber, Lee, Fernandez, Jennifer, Brockett, Kaitlin, Slate, Marissa, and Walters-Carlson, Jessica
- Published
- 2017
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49. Medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle-tendon unit, fascicle, and tendon interaction during walking in children with cerebral palsy.
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Barber, Lee, Carty, Chris, Modenese, Luca, Walsh, John, Boyd, Roslyn, and Lichtwark, Glen
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- *
CEREBRAL palsy , *MUSCLE analysis , *TENDONS , *GAIT in humans , *ALGORITHMS , *ANATOMY - Abstract
Aim This study investigates the in vivo function of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle-tendon units ( MTU), fascicles, and tendons during walking in children with cerebral palsy ( CP) and an equinus gait pattern. Method Fourteen children with CP (9 males, 5 females; mean age 10y 6mo, standard deviation [ SD] 2y 11mo; GMFCS level I=8, II=6), and 10 typically developing (6 males, 4 females; mean age 10y, SD 2y 1mo) undertook full body 3D gait analysis and simultaneous B-mode ultrasound images of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus fascicles during level walking. Fascicle lengths were analysed using a semi-automated tracking algorithm and MTUs using OpenSim. Statistical parametric mapping (two-sample t-test) was used to compare differences between groups ( p<0.05). Results In the CP group medial gastrocnemius fascicles lengthened during mid-stance gait and remained longer into late-stance compared to the typically developing group ( p<0.001). CP medial gastrocnemius fascicles shortened less during stance (1.16mm [ SD 1.47mm]) compared to the typically developing group (4.48mm [ SD 1.94mm], p<0.001). In the CP group the medial gastrocnemius and soleus MTU and tendon were longer during early- and mid-stance ( p<0.001). Ankle power during push-off ( p=0.015) and positive work ( p<0.002) and net work ( p<0.001) were significantly lower in the CP group. Interpretation Eccentric action of the CP medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicles during mid-stance walking is consistent with reduced volume and neuromuscular control of impaired muscle. Reduced ankle push-off power and positive work in the children with CP may be attributed to reduced active medial gastrocnemius fascicle shortening. These findings suggest a reliance on passive force generation for forward propulsion during equinus gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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50. PREDICT-CP: study protocol of implementation of comprehensive surveillance to predict outcomes for school-aged children with cerebral palsy.
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Boyd, Roslyn N., Davies, Peter S. W., Ziviani, Jenny, Trost, Stewart, Barber, Lee, Ware, Robert, Rose, Stephen, Whittingham, Koa, Sakzewski, Leanne, Bell, Kristie, Carty, Christopher, Obst, Steven, Benfer, Katherine, Reedman, Sarah, Edwards, Priya, Kentish, Megan, Copeland, Lisa, Weir, Kelly, Davenport, Camilla, and Brooks, Denise
- Abstract
Objectives Cerebral palsy (CP) remains the world's most common childhood physical disability with total annual costs of care and lost well-being of $A3.87b. The PREDICT-CP (NHMRC 1077257 Partnership Project: Comprehensive surveillance to PREDICT outcomes for school age children with CP) study will investigate the influence of brain structure, body composition, dietary intake, oropharyngeal function, habitual physical activity, musculoskeletal development (hip status, bone health) and muscle performance on motor attainment, cognition, executive function, communication, participation, quality of life and related health resource use costs. The PREDICTCP cohort provides further follow-up at 8-12 years of two overlapping preschool-age cohorts examined from 1.5 to 5 years (NHMRC 465128 motor and brain development; NHMRC 569605 growth, nutrition and physical activity). Methods and analyses This population-based cohort study undertakes state-wide surveillance of 245 children with CP born in Queensland (birth years 2006-2009). Children will be classified for Gross Motor Function Classification System; Manual Ability Classification System, Communication Function Classification System and Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System. Outcomes include gross motor function, musculoskeletal development (hip displacement, spasticity, muscle contracture), upper limb function, communication difficulties, oropharyngeal dysphagia, dietary intake and body composition, participation, parent-reported and child-reported quality of life and medical and allied health resource use. These detailed phenotypical data will be compared with brain macrostructure and microstructure using 3 Tesla MRI (3T MRI). Relationships between brain lesion severity and outcomes will be analysed using multilevel mixed-effects models. Ethics and dissemination The PREDICT-CP protocol is a prospectively registered and ethically accepted study protocol. The study combines data at 1.5-5 then 8-12 years of direct clinical assessment to enable prediction of outcomes and healthcare needs essential for tailoring interventions (eg, rehabilitation, orthopaedic surgery and nutritional supplements) and the projected healthcare utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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