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1. Polar Microalgae: New Approaches towards Understanding Adaptations to an Extreme and Changing Environment

Author

Barbara R. Lyon and Thomas Mock

Subjects
polar microalgae, physiology, genomics, proteomics, biogeochemistry, sea ice, oceanography, adaptation, evolution, environment, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Polar Regions are unique and highly prolific ecosystems characterized by extreme environmental gradients. Photosynthetic autotrophs, the base of the food web, have had to adapt physiological mechanisms to maintain growth, reproduction and metabolic activity despite environmental conditions that would shut-down cellular processes in most organisms. High latitudes are characterized by temperatures below the freezing point, complete darkness in winter and continuous light and high UV in the summer. Additionally, sea-ice, an ecological niche exploited by microbes during the long winter seasons when the ocean and land freezes over, is characterized by large salinity fluctuations, limited gas exchange, and highly oxic conditions. The last decade has been an exciting period of insights into the molecular mechanisms behind adaptation of microalgae to the cryosphere facilitated by the advancement of new scientific tools, particularly “omics” techniques. We review recent insights derived from genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics studies. Genes, proteins and pathways identified from these highly adaptable polar microbes have far-reaching biotechnological applications. Furthermore, they may provide insights into life outside this planet, as well as glimpses into the past. High latitude regions also have disproportionately large inputs into global biogeochemical cycles and are the region most sensitive to climate change.

Published
2014
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2. Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus

Author

Beverley R. Green, Gernot Glöckner, Thomas Mock, Remo Sanges, James A. Raymond, Michael G. Janech, Barbara R. Lyon, Kerrie Barry, Florian Leese, Ansgar Gruber, Joel Martin, Erika Lindquist, Matthew D. Clark, Robert Otillar, Ben J. Ward, Alexandra Z. Worden, Christoph Mayer, Antonio Emidio Fortunato, Micaela S. Parker, Christopher L. Dupont, Maria Immacolata Ferrante, Stephan Frickenhaus, Klaus Valentin, Hadi Quesneville, Vincent Moulton, Rachel Hipkin, Angela Falciatore, Igor V. Grigoriev, Christiane Uhlig, Chris Bowler, Cock van Oosterhout, Ruben E. Valas, Asaf Salamov, Jeremy Schmutz, E. Virginia Armbrust, Andrew E. Allen, Alaguraj Veluchamy, Jan Strauss, Peter G. Kroth, Mark McMullan, Taoyang Wu, Andrew Toseland, Pirita Paajanen, Florian Maumus, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Joint Genome Institute, United States Department of Energy, Hudson Alpha Institute, Sezione Ecologia Marina Integrata, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, School of Physics [NUI Galway], National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Infection et inflammation chronique (2I), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (URGI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative = Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology (LCQB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Genomics Institute for Biochemistry I, University of Cologne, University of Innsbruck, Laboratoire Genome Population & Interactions, Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-ORSTOM, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Univ Reading, Sch Chem Pharm & Food Biosci, Reading RG6 6AD, Berks, England, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR), Université de Montréal [Montréal], Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, School of Oceanography [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Department of Computer Science, DOE Joint Genome Institute [Walnut Creek], Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Infection et inflammation (2I), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-ORSTOM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), ERC Advanced Grant ERC-2011-ADG (Diatomite) - Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 - NERC under grants NE/I001751/1, NE/K004530/1, MGF (NBAF) grant 197, The Royal Society grant RG090774 and the Earth & Life Systems Alliance in Norwich, European Project: 294823,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110310,DIATOMITE(2012), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Acclimatization, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 01 natural sciences, Mutation Rate, Settore BIO/13 - Biologia Applicata, Freezing, Alleles, Carbon Dioxide, Darkness, Diatoms, Gene Expression Profiling, Genetic Drift, Genome, Ice Cover, Iron, Oceans and Seas, Phylogeny, Recombination, Genetic, Transcriptome, Cold Temperature, Evolution, Molecular, Genomics, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Biologie, Biotechnology, Genome evolution, Evolution, General Science & Technology, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic drift, Genetic, Cylindrus, Molecular evolution, ddc:570, Genetics, 14. Life underwater, Genome size, Human Genome, fungi, Molecular, biology.organism_classification, Recombination, 030104 developmental biology, Diatom, Adaptation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The Southern Ocean houses a diverse and productive community of organisms. Unicellular eukaryotic diatoms are the main primary producers in this environment, where photosynthesis is limited by low concentrations of dissolved iron and large seasonal fluctuations in light, temperature and the extent of sea ice. How diatoms have adapted to this extreme environment is largely unknown. Here we present insights into the genome evolution of a cold-Adapted diatom from the Southern Ocean, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, based on a comparison with temperate diatoms. We find that approximately 24.7 per cent of the diploid F. cylindrus genome consists of genetic loci with alleles that are highly divergent (15.1 megabases of the total genome size of 61.1 megabases). These divergent alleles were differentially expressed across environmental conditions, including darkness, low iron, freezing, elevated temperature and increased CO 2 . Alleles with the largest ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions also show the most pronounced condition-dependent expression, suggesting a correlation between diversifying selection and allelic differentiation. Divergent alleles may be involved in adaptation to environmental fluctuations in the Southern Ocean. © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

Published
2017
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