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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is frequently diagnosed in the advanced stages. The purpose of this paper is to determine the salivary values of SCCA1, SCCA2 and TROP2 in patients with T1N0M0 OSCC and to compare them with the values obtained from healthy individuals. Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) saliva was sampled from 29 patients with T1N0M0 OSCC and 29 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. Statistical difference was observed in SCCA1 and SCCA2 levels both in UWS and SWS samples. TROP2 was not measurable in most of the salivary samples. Both SCCA1 and SCCA2 could represent potential biomarkers for the early-stage OSCC. Research on a larger sample and biomarker validation is needed to assess the clinical potential of SCCA1 and SCCA2 in the OSCC early diagnostics.

Zeolites and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are widely studied as drug carrying nanoplatforms to enhance the specificity and efficacy of traditional anticancer drugs. At present, there is no other systematic review that assesses the potency of zeolites/ZIFs as anticancer drug carriers. Due to the porous nature and inherent pH-sensitive properties of zeolites/ZIFs, the compounds can entrap and selectively release anticancer drugs into the acidic tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is valuable to provide a comprehensive overview of available evidence on the topic to identify the benefits of the compound as well as potential gaps in knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic applications of zeolites/ZIFs as drug delivery systems delivering doxorubicin (DOX), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), curcumin, cisplatin, and miR-34a. Following PRISMA guidelines, an exhaustive search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted. No language or time limitations were used up to 25th August 2021. Only full text articles were selected that pertained to the usage of zeolites/ZIFs in delivering anticancer drugs. Initially, 1279 studies were identified, of which 572 duplicate records were excluded. After screening for the title, abstract, and full texts, 53 articles remained and were included in the qualitative synthesis. An Inter-Rater Reliability (IRR) test, which included a percent user agreement and reliability percent, was conducted for the 53 articles. The included studies suggest that anticancer drug-incorporated zeolites/ZIFs can be used as alternative treatment options to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment by mitigating the drawbacks of drugs under conventional treatment.

It is known that cortisol level increases in stress situations. The aim of the study was to measure the levels of salivary cortisol in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and healthy controls. This was a case-control pilot study which included seven patients with reticular (non-symptomatic) OLP, eight patients with atrophic/erosive (symptomatic) OLP, and nine healthy controls. We hypothesized that patients with an atrophic/erosive type of OLP have higher levels of cortisol compared to patients with the reticular type of OLP and healthy controls. In each participant, unstimulated saliva was collected in order to determine cortisol levels by using commercially available ELISA kit. Our results have shown no differences between levels of salivary cortisol in OLP patients and healthy controls. We can conclude that further research with a larger number of OLP patients is needed to determine the correlation between OLP and stress.

Svrha: Svrha studije bila je utvrditi ima li razlike u prisutnosti potencijalno patogenih anaerobnih mikroorganizama oko implantata i homolognog zuba kod pacijenata koji su nakon postavljanja dentalnih implantata bili upućeni u individualni pristup u održavanju oralne higijene. Materijal i postupci: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 30 ispitanika (10 muškaraca i 20 žena) prosječne dobi 49,6 godina (22 – 78 godina). Implantati su bili protetički opskrbljeni metalkeramičkim krunicama prosječne starosti 5,26 godina (2 – 14 godina). Na kontrolnom pregledu parodontnom sondom zabilježeni su sljedeći indeksi i mjere: aproksimalni indeks plaka (API), indeks krvareće papile (PBI), dubina sondiranja parodontnih džepova (PD) i recesija gingive. Vestibularno se uzorkovala tekućina oko implantata i gingivalna sulkusna tekućina oko homolognog zuba na kontralateralnoj strani. Rezultati: Rezultati naše studije pokazali su pozitivan API na 30 % implantata, a na 70 % bio je negativan. Vrijednosti PBI-ja bile su identične vrijednostima API-ja. Izmjerena je prosječna retrakcija mukoze oko implantata od 0,15 mm i prosječna vrijednost dubine sondiranja oko implantata od 2,25 mm. Na homolognim zubima API je bio pozitivan na 78,3 % zuba, kao i PBI. Izmjerena je prosječna retrakcija gingive od 1,06 mm i prosječna vrijednost dubine sondiranja od 1,85 mm. U skupini od 30 ispitanika, anaerobne bakterije pronađene su kod njih 12 (40 %). Kod sedam ispitanika anaerobne bakterije izolirane su samo na implantatu, kod tri samo na homolognom zubu, a kod dva i na implantatu i na homolognom zubu. Zaključak: Zapaženo je više anaerobnih bakterija na implantatu u odnosu prema homolognom zubu., Objective: The objective of the study was to establish whether there is a difference in the presence of potentially pathogenic anaerobic microorganisms around the implant and the homologous tooth in implant-prosthetic patients who received individual information about maintaining their oral hygiene. Material and methods: The study included 30 subjects with dental implants and metal-ceramic crowns. A periodontal probe was used to record the approximal plaque index (API), the papilla bleeding index (PBI), the periodontal pocket probing depth (PD) and the gingival recession. The fluid around the implant and the gingival sulcus fluid around the homologous tooth on the opposite lateral side were sampled. Results: The results have shown a positive API and PBI on 30% of the implants and a negative one on 70% of the implants. The average mucosal retraction measured around the implants was 0.15 mm, and the average probing depth was 2.25 mm. The API and PBI were positive on 78.3% of the homologous teeth. The average gingival retraction measured was 1.06 mm, and the average probing depth was 1.85 mm. Anaerobic bacteria were found in 12 out of 30 subjects (40%). Anaerobic bacteria were isolated only on the implant in 7 subjects, only on the homologous tooth in 3 subjects and both on the implant and the homologous tooth in 2 subjects. Conclusions: Anaerobic bacteria were more abundantly present on implants than on homologous teeth.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of human papillomavirus (HPV) in various oral lesions in comparison to control healthy oral mucosa, and the dynamic of HPV infection course (persistence, change of HPV type and clearance). Material and Methods: The study comprised 426 consented subjects, of which 343 patients with different oral lesions and 83 controls with apparently healthy oral mucosa, referred for oral examination in the period from 2000 to 2015. The diagnoses of oral lesions were established according to clinical criteria and confirmed by histopathology. Oral cytobrush samples were collected from oral lesions and healthy mucosa from different topographic sites and the HPV types were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of HPV DNA was evaluated by consensus and type-specific (TS) primer-directed PCR. A subset of samples was analysed for the presence of both alpha and beta genus HPV types. Results: Out of 426 specimens, 144 (41.98%) from oral lesions and 15 (18.07%) controls were positive for HPV DNA; 22.3% of all tested samples contained beta-HPV type and 15.02% alpha-PV type. The highest prevalence of beta-HPV and high risk (HR) HPV (alpha-HPV) types were found in benign and premalignant oral lesions, while HR-HPVs were found in a small number of control samples. In 38 subjects sampling was performed more than twice, in average 2.29 times, with time distance between sampling of 5.8 months. Twenty-six of these 38 patients were continuously HPV negative, five had transient infection, five acquired a new HPV infection, one had persistent HPV infection, and one had initially co-infection with different HPV types followed with new one during which initial oral lesion became malignant. The topographic distribution of the alpha-PV and beta-PV types showed affinity for the anterior part of the oral cavity and particular risk localization. Conclusion: Positive finding of HPV in all age groups and on healthy oral mucosa, high prevalence of HPV types in oral premalignant and proliferative lesions, affinity for risk localization in the oral cavity, unpredictable dynamic course and change of HPV type indicates the need for regular oral assessment and HPV control in patients with initially positive findings on oral mucosa. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati prevalenciju i tip humanog papiloma virusa (HPV) u različitim oralnim lezijama u usporedbi s kontrolnom, naizgled zdravom sluznicom i dinamiku tijeka HPV infekcije u ustima (ustrajnost, promjenu tipa HPV i prolaznost infekcije). Ispitanici i postupci: U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 426 ispitanika, od kojih 343 bolesnika s različitim oralnim lezijama i 83 kontrolnih s naizgled zdravom sluznicom koji su upućeni na pregled usne šupljine u razdoblju od 2000. do 2015.godine. Svi ispitanici dali su svoj informirani pristanak prije uključivanja u ovo istraživanje. Dijagnoze oralnih lezija postavljene su na temelju kliničkih kriterija i potvrđene histopatološkom analizom. Citološki obrisci uzeti su citološkom četkicom s oralnih lezija i zdrave sluznice s topografski različitih mjesta sluznice, a HPV je dokazan lančanom reakcijom polimerazom (PCR). Prisutnost HPV DNA dokazana je PCR-om sa zajedničkim i tip-specifičnim početnicama. Određeni dio uzoraka bio je testiran na tipove HPV-a iz roda alfa i beta. Rezultati: U svih 426 testiranih uzoraka, HPV DNA dokazana je u 144 (41,98%) uzoraka s oralnih lezija i 15 (18,07%) kontrolnih; 22,3% ispitanih uzoraka sadržavalo je tip HPV iz roda beta, a 15,02% tip HPV iz roda alfa. Najveća prevalencija beta-HPV i visokorizičnih (HR) HPV tipova (alfa-HPV) pronađeni su u benignim i premalignim oralnim lezijama, a visokorizični HPV tipovi pronađeni su i u malom broju kontrolnih uzoraka. U 38 ispitanika uzorkovanje je provedeno više od dva puta, u prosjeku 2.29 puta, u vremenskom razmaku od prosječno 5,8 mjeseci. Dvadesetšest od 38 ispitanika bilo je stalno negativno na HPV, u pet je dokazana prolazna infekcija, pet je steklo novu infekciju HPV-om, jedan ispitanik imao je stalnu infekciju HPV-om, a jedan je tijekom praćenja početno dokazanu koinfekciju s različitim tipovima HPV-a i stekao novu s HPV tipom visokog rizika tijekom koje je inicijalna premaligna lezija sluznice postala zloćudna. Analiza topografske distribucije alfa-HPV i beta-HPV tipova na oralnoj sluznici pokazala je afinitet virusa za sluznicu prednjeg dijela usne šupljine i osobito za rizične lokalizacije. Zaključak: Pozitivan nalaz HPV-a u svim dobnim skupinama i na zdravoj sluznici te visoka prevalencija HPV tipova u oralnim premalignim i proliferativnim lezijama kao i afinitet za rizične lokalizacije te nepredvidljiv dinamičan tijek uz promjene tipa HPV-a upućuju na potrebu kontrole na HPV u kliničkoj stomatološkoj praksi kod inicijalno pozitivnog nalaza.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of human papillomavirus (HPV) in various oral lesions in comparison to control healthy oral mucosa, and the dynamic of HPV infection course (persistence, change of HPV type and clearance). Material and Methods: The study comprised 426 consented subjects, of which 343 patients with different oral lesions and 83 controls with apparently healthy oral mucosa, referred for oral examination in the period from 2000 to 2015. The diagnoses of oral lesions were established according to clinical criteria and confirmed by histopathology. Oral cytobrush samples were collected from oral lesions and healthy mucosa from different topographic sites and the HPV types were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of HPV DNA was evaluated by consensus and type-specific (TS) primer-directed PCR. A subset of samples was analysed for the presence of both alpha and beta genus HPV types. Results: Out of 426 specimens, 144 (41.98%) from oral lesions and 15 (18.07%) controls were positive for HPV DNA; 22.3% of all tested samples contained beta-HPV type and 15.02% alpha-PV type. The highest prevalence of beta-HPV and high risk (HR) HPV (alpha-HPV) types were found in benign and premalignant oral lesions, while HR-HPVs were found in a small number of control samples. In 38 subjects sampling was performed more than twice, in average 2.29 times, with time distance between sampling of 5.8 months. Twenty-six of these 38 patients were continuously HPV negative, five had transient infection, five acquired a new HPV infection, one had persistent HPV infection, and one had initially co-infection with different HPV types followed with new one during which initial oral lesion became malignant. The topographic distribution of the alpha-PV and beta-PV types showed affinity for the anterior part of the oral cavity and particular risk localization. Conclusion: Positive finding of HPV in all age groups and on healthy oral mucosa, high prevalence of HPV types in oral premalignant and proliferative lesions, affinity for risk localization in the oral cavity, unpredictable dynamic course and change of HPV type indicates the need for regular oral assessment and HPV control in patients with initially positive findings on oral mucosa. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati prevalenciju i tip humanog papiloma virusa (HPV) u različitim oralnim lezijama u usporedbi s kontrolnom, naizgled zdravom sluznicom i dinamiku tijeka HPV infekcije u ustima (ustrajnost, promjenu tipa HPV i prolaznost infekcije). Ispitanici i postupci: U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 426 ispitanika, od kojih 343 bolesnika s različitim oralnim lezijama i 83 kontrolnih s naizgled zdravom sluznicom koji su upućeni na pregled usne šupljine u razdoblju od 2000. do 2015. godine. Svi ispitanici dali su svoj informirani pristanak prije uključivanja u ovo istraživanje. Dijagnoze oralnih lezija postavljene su na temelju kliničkih kriterija i potvrđene histopatološkom analizom. Citološki obrisci uzeti su citološkom četkicom s oralnih lezija i zdrave sluznice s topografski različitih mjesta sluznice, a HPV je dokazan lančanom reakcijom polimerazom (PCR). Prisutnost HPV DNA dokazana je PCR-om sa zajedničkim i tip-specifičnim početnicama. Određeni dio uzoraka bio je testiran na tipove HPV-a iz roda alfa i beta. Rezultati: U svih 426 testiranih uzoraka, HPV DNA dokazana je u 144 (41,98%) uzoraka s oralnih lezija i 15 (18,07%) kontrolnih; 22,3% ispitanih uzoraka sadržavalo je tip HPV iz roda beta, a 15,02% tip HPV iz roda alfa. Najveća prevalencija beta-HPV i visokorizičnih (HR) HPV tipova (alfa-HPV) pronađeni su u benignim i premalignim oralnim lezijama, a visokorizični HPV tipovi pronađeni su i u malom broju kontrolnih uzoraka. U 38 ispitanika uzorkovanje je provedeno više od dva puta, u prosjeku 2.29 puta, u vremenskom razmaku od prosječno 5,8 mjeseci. Dvadesetšest od 38 ispitanika bilo je stalno negativno na HPV, u pet je dokazana prolazna infekcija, pet je steklo novu infekciju HPV-om, jedan ispitanik imao je stalnu infekciju HPV-om, a jedan je tijekom praćenja početno dokazanu koinfekciju s različitim tipovima HPV-a i stekao novu s HPV tipom visokog rizika tijekom koje je inicijalna premaligna lezija sluznice postala zloćudna. Analiza topografske distribucije alfa-HPV i beta-HPV tipova na oralnoj sluznici pokazala je afinitet virusa za sluznicu prednjeg dijela usne šupljine i osobito za rizične lokalizacije. Zaključak: Pozitivan nalaz HPV-a u svim dobnim skupinama i na zdravoj sluznici te visoka prevalencija HPV tipova u oralnim premalignim i proliferativnim lezijama kao i afinitet za rizične lokalizacije te nepredvidljiv dinamičan tijek uz promjene tipa HPV-a upućuju na potrebu kontrole na HPV u kliničkoj stomatološkoj praksi kod inicijalno pozitivnog nalaza.

The term probiotic was first used in 1965. And it literally holds a meaning “for life” to describe “a matter that microorganisms secret to stimulate the growth of other” thus giving the contrast to the term antibiotics. Probiotics are living microorganisms which reside in gastrointestinal and urogenital mucosa that benefit the health and boost vitality. Most commonly used genera of bacteria are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteriae. The probiotics most recognized role is in restoring the balance in oral microflora in the situation when pathogen species of bacteria start to surmount. They accomplish that by competing for the adherent space, and for the source of food with pathogen bacteria and by changing oral cavity conditions. Also, they possess antimicrobial and imunomodifying characteristics. They prove great results fighting periodontal disease, halitosis, candidiasis as well as in preventing caries. Most of commerically available genera of probiotics (yogurt, milk shakes, pills etc.) are considered safe, but there is a certain part of population at risk.

Background/Aim. Among numerous sociodental indicators the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIPD) is one of the most broadly applied. The aim of this study was to develop and test psychometric properties of a Croatian version of OIDP scale. Methods. The OIDP instrument was translated from English to Croatian in a forward-backward method. The Croatian version was tested for reliability, construct validity and responsiveness on a sample of 702 participants (255 men), aged 18-86 years. Results. Internal consistency of Croatian version of the OIDP was acceptable (alpha = 0.80) and 69.4% of the examinees had oral impacts relating to one or several performances. The most frequently affected performance was eating (53.7%). The test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), the mean difference between the OIDP summary scores in two-week interval was not statistically significant. In construct validity testing there was statistically significant correlation between OIDP and self-assessed general and oral health, somatisation, depression and Oral Health Impact Profile ranging from 0.157 to 0.516. Responsiveness was confirmed by a significant reduction of oral impacts on daily performances in subjects before and after treatment of acute dental pain (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The Croatian OIDP index showed good psychometric properties in terms of construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and responsiveness confirming its appropriateness for use among Croatian population.

Saliva is a readily available oral fluid with many functions, from digestion, maintenance of oral tissues’ integrity, to caries prevention. Changes regarding its secretion may be divided into qualitative and quantitative: both of them are a consequence of certain conditions/diseases (e.g. internal factors) or nutrients/ drugs ingested (e.g. external factors). During the last 15 years, technological advances gave a significant momentum to utilization of saliva as a diagnostic tool. Analysis of saliva, just like the blood analysis, has two main objectives: to identify the subjects suffering from a certain disorder, and to follow the development and progress of therapy. This paper provides an overview of possibilities for the use of saliva for diagnostic purposes and gives specific examples of some clinical investigations, with the final aim to stimulate the use of this noninvasive means for the health care promotion.

Background: Periodontitis was found to be significantly related to obesity as well as the number of missing teeth and oral hygiene. However, the studies addressing these relationships often included smokers and diabetics, and none was performed in Eastern European patients. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate associations between obesity and periodontitis, oral hygiene, and tooth loss in a sample of non-smoking Croatian subjects aged 31-75 years. Methods: A total of 320 patients were recruited by convenient sampling at the Dental Clinic, Clinical Hospital Centre in Rijeka, Croatia. Periodontal examination and data on tooth loss were completed in 292 subjects and each participant completed a structured written questionnaire with questions regarding oral hygiene, education, height, and weight. Periodontitis was categorized as early, moderate and advanced. In multiple regression analysis, periodontitis was used as predictor variable, and BMI, oral hygiene, tooth loss, and education level were used as dependent variables. Results: Use of interdental brushes/flossing and number of missing teeth correlated significantly with BMI, but the same could not be proven for periodontitis and frequency of tooth brushing. However, logistic regression proved that the subset of obese, poorly educated women aged 36-55 years were 5-6 times more likely to develop severe forms of periodontal disease. Conclusions: Obesity was associated with tooth loss, oral hygiene, and education level in the investigated group. BMI could not be correlated with severity of periodontal disease, except in poorly educated women aged 36-55 years

Pyostomatitis vegetans (PV) is a rare, chronic mucocutaneous disorder associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Oral lesions of PV are distinct and present as multiple white or yellow pustules with an erythematous base that coalesce and undergo necrosis to form a typical »snail tracks« appearance. Two cases of PV associated with IBD – one with Crohn's disease (CD) and the other with ulcerative colitis (UC) are reported. In the first case, adalimumab therapy brought the oral and gastrointestinal manifestations to complete remission. In the second case, the remission was achieved with systemic steroid therapy, but the disease relapsed after therapy discontinuation. Azathioprine was added leading to sustained remission of PV. Because of persistent active intestinal manifestation of UC, in spite of immunosuppressive therapy, infliximab was introduced. With the therapy remission of intestinal manifestation of UC was achieved as well. Our cases confirm previously reported good experience with immunomodulators and biologics in the treatment of PV. But, before using them we have to exclude an infectious etiology of oral lesions.