1,586 results on '"BAR examinations"'
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2. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of the Statistical Analysis of the July 2010 TMSL Texas Bar Results
- Author
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Kadhi, Tau and Holley, D.
- Abstract
The following report gives the statistical findings of the July 2010 TMSL Bar results. Procedures: Data is pre-existing and was given to the Evaluator by email from the Registrar and Dean. Statistical analyses were run using SPSS 17 to address the following research questions: 1. What are the statistical descriptors of the July 2010 overall TMSL Bar students? a. What was the difference in scoring of the overall versus the First-Time Bar students? 2. What is the relationship of the subcategories, Times Taken the Bar, and Final Bar Score for the July 2010 TMSL Bar test takers? 3. What five subcategories were the best predictors of the July 2010 TMSL overall Bar test scores? 4. What were the statistical descriptors of the July 2010 TMSL First-Time Bar students (FTBs)? a. What was the difference in scoring of the Overall versus the First-Time Bar students? 5. What is the relationship of the subcategories and the Final Bar Score for the TMSL FTBs? 6. What five subcategories were the best Predictors of the July 2010 TMSL Bar Test Scores for the FTBs? Additional data is provided in six appendixes.
- Published
- 2010
3. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of the Statistical Analysis of the February 2010 TMSL Texas Bar Results
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., Rudley, D., Garrison, P., and Green, T.
- Abstract
The following report gives the statistical findings of the 2010 Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) Texas Bar results. This data was pre-existing and was given to the Evaluator by email from the Dean. Then, in-depth statistical analyses were run using the SPSS 17 to address the following questions: 1. What are the statistical descriptors of the February 2010 TMSL Bar students? 2. What is the relationship of the subcategories, Times Taken the Bar, and Final Bar Score in the February 2010 TMSL Bar test takers? 3. What subcategory served as the best Predictor of the February 2010 TMSL Bar test taking students to their Final Bar Score? After the analyses, a findings and summary section is written at the end of this report/study addressing each of the research questions. Theoretically, the Texas Bar Examination's educational components could be found by further evaluating the learning objectives that were tested upon in the subcategories. If the goal is to address curricula initiatives that affect the Texas Bar Exam, then further study of those objectives should be done. This high stakes test is very well designed and could serve as a baseline for further TMSL educational studies. The high effect size yields statistically significant results with a very low N. Therefore, it is suggested that learning initiatives based on objectives be measured (summative) by analyzing changes in those subcategories of the Texas Bar.
- Published
- 2010
4. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of the Relationship between Graduate GPAs and First-Time Texas Bar Scores of February 2010 and July 2009
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., and Palasota, A.
- Abstract
The following report gives descriptive and correlational statistical findings of the Grade Point Averages (GPAs) of the February 2010 and July 2009 TMSL First Time Texas Bar Test Takers to their TMSL Final GPA. Data was pre-existing and was given to the Evaluator by email from the Dean and Registrar. Statistical analyses were run using SPSS 17 to address the following questions: 1) What are the statistical descriptors of the first-time February 2010 and July 2009 TMSL Bar students' GPAs in conjunction with their Bar scores? and 2) What is the relationship of the Final GPA of the First Time Bar Test Takers and their GPAs? After the presentation of the data findings, a summary section is written at the end of this report/study addressing the above research questions.
- Published
- 2010
5. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of Bar Passing Percentages of Years 2005-2009--Updated May 2010
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., Garrison, P., and Green, T.
- Abstract
The following report of descriptive statistics gives the passing percentages of the Bar examination for the Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) for the calendar years of 2005-2009. A Five Year Analysis is given for the entire period, followed by Annual Analyses. This report is meant to serve as a continual update of the progress of the Law School in its effort to satisfy American Bar Association (ABA) Accreditation standards. Data collection and analysis for this report was described in the original report dated April 12, 2010. No new procedures were included. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 17) and all data was reported in its original format. Furthermore, the previous and updated short summaries are included on each data page to further highlight the information given and to specifically address the question of percentage passing rate and percentage of reporting Pass/Fail.
- Published
- 2010
6. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of Differences of Texas Bar Passing Percentages of Students Receiving the TMSL Scholarship during the Years 2005-2009 versus Those Not Receiving the TMSL Scholarship
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., Garrison, P., and Green, T.
- Abstract
The following report of descriptive/inferential statistics describes the population of students receiving the Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) scholarship versus those who do not and their relationship with student Bar Passing rate and GPA. The timeline observed are the calendar years of 2005-2009. Data collection and analysis for this report was as follows: Step 1) Student data on the Bar Examination was entered into the University Database by the TMSL Registrar and a query was ran from BANNER giving Name, PASS/FAIL information, and date each student took the Bar from 2005-2009. Step 2) A separate spreadsheet was created containing only pertinent information for the Five Year Study (Scholarship Received, Semester/Year). Step 3) Students were labeled in the spreadsheet created (referred in step 2) according to the year and semester they graduated and then either a P -- Passing score on the Bar Examination (675 and above), F -- Failing the Bar Examination (674 and below), and U -- Unknown status of student Bar Examination Outcome (may not have taken, out of state non reporting, etc.) Step 4) the spreadsheet was given to the Asst. Dean of Academic Affairs and information concerning students receiving the TMSL scholarship were given (Y/N). Step 5) the spreadsheet was given back to the Evaluator and a statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 17) and all data was reported in its original format. Furthermore, short summaries are given after each data table.
- Published
- 2010
7. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of the Bar Passing Percentages of Years 2005-2009
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., Garrison, P., Green, T., and Palasota, A.
- Abstract
The following report of descriptive statistics gives the passing percentages of the Bar examination for the Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) for the calendar years of 2005-2009. A Five Year Analysis is given for the entire period, followed by a Three Year Analysis of years 2005-2007, 2006-2008, and 2007-2009. In addition, an Annual Analysis of the same data is given. Data collection and analysis for this report was as follows: Step 1) Student data on the Bar Examination was entered into the University Database by the TMSL Registrar and a query was ran from BANNER giving Name, PASS/FAIL information, and date each student took the Bar from 2005-2009. Step 2) A separate spreadsheet was created containing only pertinent information for the Five Year Study (Passing Score, Year). Step 3) Students were labeled in the spreadsheet created (referred in step 2) according to the year and semester they graduated and then either a P -- Passing score on the Bar Examination (675 and above), F -- Failing the Bar Examination (674 and below), and U -- Unknown status of student Bar Examination Outcome (may not have taken, out of state non reporting, etc.) Step 4) the spreadsheet was given to the Asst. Dean of Academic Support and Out of State Bar examinees Pass/Fail information was included after personal contact and official documentation. Step 5) the spreadsheet was given back to Program Coordinator and a statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 17) and all data was reported in its original format. Furthermore, short summaries are given on each data page to further highlight the information given and to specifically address the question of percentage passing rate and percentage of reporting Pass/Fail.
- Published
- 2010
8. Study of the Supply of and Demand for Law School Graduates in Maryland.
- Author
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Maryland State Higher Education Commission, Annapolis.
- Abstract
This report examined 10-year trends in applications to Maryland's two law schools (the University of Baltimore School of Law and the University of Maryland School of Law), enrollment, and the first-time passage rates of graduates on the Maryland Bar Examination. Breakdowns by gender and race are also provided. The study also explored the projected need for lawyers in the state through the year 2005 and reviewed the results of surveys of graduates from the two law schools regarding employment. It was found that applications to Maryland's two law schools declined by 42 percent between 1992 and 1997, although enrollments remained relatively constant during the period. For the past four years, a substantial majority of graduates who have taken the bar examination administered in July passed it on their first try. It was also found that although at least 80 percent of 1996 graduates reported that they had full-time jobs within six to nine months of graduation, less than two-thirds of these graduates were working in full-time legal positions. The report also found that employment for lawyers in Maryland is expected to grow 29 percent from 1992 to 2005. (MDM)
- Published
- 1998
9. LSAC National Longitudinal Bar Passage Study. LSAC Research Report Series.
- Author
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Law School Admission Council, Newtown, PA. and Wightman, Linda F.
- Abstract
The Law School Admission Council (LSAC) National Longitudinal Study was undertaken primarily in response to rumors and anecdotal reports suggesting bar passage rates were so low among examinees of color that potential applicants were questioning the wisdom of investing the time and resources necessary to obtain a legal education. This study presents national longitudinal bar passage data gathered from the class that started law school in fall 1991. Data provided by students, their law schools, and state boards of bar examiners over a 5-year period are included in the summaries and analyses in the report. Summary statistics, graphical illustrations, and mathematical models were used to analyze and present the data. The eventual bar passage rate for all study participants was 94.8% (21,886 of 23,086). The eventual passage rate for all participants of color was 84.7%. The passage rate was lowest for African Americans (77.6%, or 1,062 of 1,368) and highest for White participants (96.7% or 18,664 of 19,285). Eventual pass rates were substantially higher than initial pass rates, and there were no differences in bar passage rate between men and women. Both law school grade point average and Law School Admission Test (LSAT) scores were the strongest predictors of bar examination passage for all groups studied. Although students of color entered law school with academic credentials, as measured by undergraduate grade point average and LSAT scores that were significantly lower than those of white students, their eventual bar passage rates justified admission practices that look beyond those measures. Five appendixes contain forms used to conduct the survey, some data analysis, and an explanation of the use of log odds. (Contains 9 figures and 39 tables.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1998
10. Issues of Candidate Perception in a Performance Test for Lawyers.
- Author
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Kunce, Charles S. and Arbet, Scott E.
- Abstract
The National Conference of Bar Examiners commissioned American College Testing, Inc., to help them in the development and evaluation of a performance test for use in bar admissions decisions. Because it was recognized that candidate perceptions would provide valuable information, a candidate-perception questionnaire was developed to be administered to candidates in the pilot study of the performance test. Demographic and historical information was requested, as well as information about candidates' perceptions of the test. In this study, perceptions of candidates who took the 3-hour test version were compared with those of candidates who took the 90-minute version. The number of candidates completing questionnaire items varied, but the sample was approximately 400 for the 3-hour test and 1,280 for the 90-minute test. Candidates' perceptions about the tests varied widely, but two conclusions are unmistakable: Candidates on the whole accept the face validity of the performance test, and candidates taking either test, regardless of length, felt that they did not have enough time to complete the performance tasks. Eighteen graphs present study findings. (SLD)
- Published
- 1994
11. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: A Report of the Correlational Analysis of Bar Passing Rates and Final GPA of Years 2005-2009
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., Palasota, A., Garrison, P., and Green, T.
- Abstract
The following analysis was done to investigate the findings of the Correlational Relationship (R) between the Bar Passing Rates and GPAs of the Years 2005-2009. This report of findings was done to see if there are any significant relationships between the three variables (Bar Pass/Fail/Unknown, Overall GPA, and Bar GPA). The following procedures were followed during Data collection and Analysis: 1. TMSL Registrar queried student information from Banner, collecting Name, Graduation Date, Overall GPA, Bar Pass/Fail/Unknown for all Graduates 2005-2009. 2. Spreadsheet given to TMSL Asst. Dean of Academic Support and Bar GPA supplied for a smaller sample of students. 3. Pass/Fail/Unknown information included on spreadsheet for smaller sample. 4. Bar Pass/Fail/Unknown (P/F/U) relabeled Bar 2/1/0 for analysis as Nominal Data. 5. The most common R (Pearson Correlation Coefficient) is given for all results. In addition, a summary of results is given after each table.
- Published
- 2010
12. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law Empirical Findings: An Updated Report of the Bar Passing Percentages of Years 2005-2009
- Author
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Kadhi, T., Holley, D., Garrison, P., Green, T., and Palasota, A.
- Abstract
The following report of descriptive statistics gives the passing percentages of the Bar examination for the Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) for the calendar years of 2005-2009. A Five Year Analysis is given for the entire period, followed by Annual Analysis of the same data. This report is meant to serve as a continual update of the progress of the Law School in its effort to satisfy American Bar Association (ABA) Accreditation standards. Data collection and analysis for this report was described in the original report dated April 12, 2010. No new procedures were included. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 17) and all data was reported in its original format. Furthermore, the previous and updated short summaries are included on each data page to further highlight the information given and to specifically address the question of percentage passing rate and percentage of reporting Pass/Fail.
- Published
- 2010
13. Do Items With Paired Response Options Elicit Successful Guessing Behavior on High-Stakes Licensure Examinations?
- Author
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Kane, Joanne, Chen, Juan, and Ripkey, Douglas R.
- Abstract
We explore whether the item characteristics of four-response multiple-choice questions with "paired" (non-independent) response options differ from those with unpaired response options in an operational licensure exam in terms of guessing behavior. Our analyses suggest that they do not. We discuss conditions where response pairing might be more likely to have an impact on item characteristics and suggest further research.
- Published
- 2016
14. Understanding the Impact of Academic Support Programs on First-Time Bar Passage for Students at the University of Idaho College of Law
- Author
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Albertson, Helen
- Abstract
As racial and ethnic population changes occur in the United States these same changes should be reflected in the legal community of lawyers and judges. Although Black and Hispanic populations have been increasing over the past 30 years in the United States, this same proportionate increase has not occurred in the American Bar Association (ABA) approved law school populations. Minority representation in law schools and the legal profession has either remained steady or declined over the same period of time with the exception of Asian students despite the population changes. This study investigates the academic support programs of the University of Idaho (UI) College of Law. UI is a rural public law school located in the Pacific Northwest with less than 500 students currently ranked in the third tier of the "U.S. News and World Report's" Law School rankings. This study determined if participation in academic support programs aid students, particularly underrepresented minorities, in passing a bar examination on the first attempt. The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) and Undergraduate Grade Point Average (UGPA) are used to determine if students are at-risk to successfully completing law school and pass a bar examination on their first attempt. This research consists of quantitative evaluation of survey data from 2004 to 2011 graduates who have taken at least one bar examination regarding their participation in academic support programs at the law school. Qualitative interviews were conducted with self-selected survey participants who graduated between 2005 and 2011 to determine if academic support programs aided them in graduating law school and passing the bar examination on their first attempt and, for those who did not pass on their first attempt, what they could have done differently. The implications of this study could change the format of future academic support programs resulting in increased diversity of law schools and ultimately the legal profession. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2013
15. Modeling Group Differences in OLS and Orthogonal Regression: Implications for Differential Validity Studies
- Author
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Kane, Michael T. and Mroch, Andrew A.
- Abstract
In evaluating the relationship between two measures across different groups (i.e., in evaluating "differential validity") it is necessary to examine differences in correlation coefficients and in regression lines. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is the standard method for fitting lines to data, but its criterion for optimal fit (minimizing the squared vertical distances between the points and the line) is less natural in many contexts than the criterion used in orthogonal regression (minimizing the squared Euclidean distances of points from the line). OLS regression is appropriate if the goal is to predict some unknown dependent variable from a known independent variable, but in examining the relationship between two variables, which both contain error, OLS regression introduces bias. This bias, associated with regression toward the mean, can suggest that the test scores have different relationships, and therefore different meanings, in two groups, when the two sets of test scores have the same relationship and the same meanings in the two groups. The impact of regression toward the mean in differential validity studies is illustrated with two synthetic and two real data sets. Each of the two real data sets include two measures of competence in applying legal principles to fact situations (an essay test and a multiple-choice test) for candidates in two groups (Black/White in the first example and women/men in the second example). (Contains 12 footnotes, 4 tables, and 4 figures.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. AALS Survey of Law Schools on Programs and Courses Designed To Enhance Bar Examination Performance.
- Author
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White, Richard A.
- Abstract
Surveyed law schools to see if they offered bar preparation courses or other programs and whether they were effective. Detailed findings include that about 39 percent do offer such courses. (EV)
- Published
- 2002
17. Felling the Giant: Breaking the ABA's Stranglehold on Legal Education in America.
- Author
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Vest, Herb D.
- Abstract
Calls for states to look beyond the narrow confines of American Bar Association accreditation in determining what types of legal education are sufficient to earn admission to the bar, and for jurisdictions to reassess the content and administration of their bar exams. (EV)
- Published
- 2000
18. Full Disclosure: Do You Really Want To Be a Lawyer? Second Edition.
- Author
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Bell, Susan J. and Bell, Susan J.
- Abstract
This book, written for individuals contemplating a career in law, presents insights about the legal profession from 28 of the nation's top lawyers, judges, and legal scholars. Updated to address the critical issues facing the legal profession in the aftermath of the 1980's, the revised edition reflects the changing marketplace for lawyers and uncovers the new realities that every law student should be prepared for. These realities include the following: (1) the growing bottom-line orientation of law firms, leading to layoffs, mergers, and reorganizations; (2) recession-prompted changes in hiring practices, creating the new "temp" lawyer; (3) diminished opportunities on the traditional partnership track; and (4) the emerging concerns about quality of life related to heavier workloads, "rainmaker" expectations, and increased competition. The book discusses law school survival, the bar exam, clerkships, and the actual work a lawyer does, as well as career dissatisfaction, pro bono work, and personality and long-term satisfaction. An added section contains information on the sole practitioner, teaching law, women and minorities in the profession, and professional responsibilities. (GLR)
- Published
- 1992
19. Only One Cheer for Howard University School of Law.
- Author
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Alexander, Karen
- Abstract
Students' and graduates' complaints about the Howard University Law School center on graduates' low rates of passing the bar examination but also take note of the poor condition of the physical plant. Article outlines student criticisms and planned administrative responses to the school's decline in quality. (SLD)
- Published
- 1998
20. Pluralism in the Legal Profession: Models for Minority Access.
- Author
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Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., San Francisco, CA., Brown, Susan E., and Vasquez, Hector G.
- Abstract
Eight papers on models for minority access to the legal profession cover outstanding programs which facilitate access to and success in higher education, concentrating on recruitment, retention, and bar passage. Susan Brown's introduction presents statistics on yearly minority enrollment in legal studies through 1981 and discusses policy perspectives. Brown's discussion of the New Mexico Supreme Court's 1980 Melendez v. Burciaga hearing on New Mexico's bar examination covers issues, proposals, and revisions instituted in the examination. Brown's third paper notes relevance for the legal profession of the simulated Medical College Admissions Test, developed to identify deficiencies in knowledge and skills so these may be remedied before students enter professional school. Angel Lopez describes the history and accomplishments of the Oregon State Bar's affirmative action program since 1973. The Professional Development Program at the University of California, Berkeley, is discuseed by Hector Vasquez as a model for law school retention programs. Celestino Fernandez summarizes information obtained through a questionnaire to all 171 American Bar Association-approved United States law schools. Hector Vasquez discusses the implications of several recent legal decisions for law school admissions criteria. Finally, Claire Levay and Marlene Copeland list 66 possible sources of financial aid for minority law students. (MH)
- Published
- 1982
21. The Bar Revue.
- Abstract
Listed are six organizations that offer bar review courses, and the addresses of state bar examiners and other pertinent information (application filing, exam dates and locations, and fees and residency requirements) for taking examinations. Available Law Student Division, American Bar Association, 1155 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637; $1.00. (MSE)
- Published
- 1980
22. Breaking through the Bar
- Author
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Gray, Katti
- Abstract
Howard University School of Law had a problem, and school officials knew it. Over a 20-year period, 40 percent of its graduates who took the Maryland bar exam failed it on their first try. During the next 24 months--the time frame required to determine its "eventual pass rate"--almost 90 percent of the students did pass. What they did not know was what was causing the embarrassing bar results, which threatened the law school's accreditation status. A study commissioned by Dean Kurt Schmoke revealed that one-third of the students at the historically Black Washington, D.C. school declined to take bar exam prep courses due to the average cost of between $2,000 and $3,000. The postgraduation courses, offered by a variety of private companies, are widely viewed as vital to ensuring a positive result on the exam. To make sure that first-time pass rate is the same as eventual pass rate, Howard joined the Alliance for Legal Education, which is lobbying to reverse a rule barring use of federal tuition grants to cover postgraduation exam prep courses. Other campuses are also taking action to reverse high bar failure rates by graduates unprepared for the rigors of the exam, which many consider the toughest professional licensing test in America.
- Published
- 2011
23. Status of Cases in the Supreme Court.
- Abstract
The status as of October 9, 1986 of higher education-related Supreme Court litigation is outlined concerning: accreditation, affirmative action, asbestos, bar examinations, collective bargaining, creationism, racial discrimination, infectious disease, liquor sales, pensions, pregnancy benefits, revocation of degree, sexual harassment, and student dismissal. (MSE)
- Published
- 1986
24. Analysis of issues related to nursing law: Examination of news articles using topic modeling.
- Author
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Lee, JooHyun, Chang, Hyoung Eun, Cho, Jaehyuk, Yoo, Seohyun, and Hyeon, Joonseo
- Subjects
- *
NURSES as patients , *NURSING laws , *BAR examinations , *NURSE-patient relationships , *WORK environment , *NURSING informatics - Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze proposed Korean nursing legislation as depicted in newspaper articles, to highlight issues related to the legislative process for this potential law, and to better understand social awareness regarding this matter. Methods: The study focused on articles from 11 leading newspapers in Korea, published between February 2020 and August 2023, that pertained to nursing legislation. The articles were retrieved from the BigKinds database. Following text preprocessing, analytical methods including term frequency-inverse document frequency were employed, along with latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), for word and topic modeling analysis. Additionally, LDA was applied across time periods to examine temporal changes in topics. Results: Following preprocessing, a total of 7,967 words were extracted from the 991 articles selected for analysis. The primary themes identified in newspaper articles concerning the nursing legislation were organized into three main topics: 1) the necessity and impact of enactment of the nursing law, 2) the political context surrounding enactment of the law, and 3) the conflicts between and actions of healthcare organizations related to enactment of the law. Conclusions: The findings confirmed that media coverage regarding the proposed nursing legislation primarily concentrated on the political and social conflicts associated with the law's passage, rather than its necessity and substance. More compelling evidence must be presented concerning the influence of the nursing workforce and the work environment of nurses on patient safety and health outcomes. Additionally, strategies should be devised to improve public comprehension of the nursing law's provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. AI-enabled correction: A professor’s journey.
- Author
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Daly, Peter and Deglaire, Emmanuelle
- Subjects
- *
ASSESSMENT of education , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *BUSINESS students , *BAR examinations , *BUSINESS education - Abstract
AI-enabled assessment of student papers has the potential to provide both summative and formative feedback and reduce the time spent on grading. Using auto-ethnography, this study compares AI-enabled and human assessment of business student examination papers in a law module based on previously established rubrics. Examination papers were corrected by the professor and then subjected to a series of tests by Gen-AI tools. While we were impressed with the personalised feedback of Gen-AI tools, the accuracy of grading and the learning capacity of AI tools, we found that Gen-AI tools used are not fully satisfactory to enable fully autonomous correction due to erroneous grading, the hallucination phenomenon and verbose feedback that is not always personalised. The 8C model of challenges of AI-enabled correction is outlined. This paper has implications for professors, HEIs and instructional designers and all those who correct student papers in a third-level institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. CUMULATIVE PROVOCATION IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND ENGLAND AND WALES.
- Author
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Mohammed Na’aim, Mohd Safri, Rajamanickam, Ramalinggam, Nordin, Rohaida, Abang Bolhil, Abang Ikhbal, Abd Kadir, Nur Hafidah, and Idris, Ashran
- Subjects
- *
VICTIMS of domestic violence , *VIOLENCE against women , *CRIMINAL justice system , *PUBLIC prosecutors , *BAR examinations , *DOMESTIC violence - Abstract
Background and Purpose: In Malaysia, there is no specific defence for female victims of domestic violence who in the unfortunate event killed their abusive partners due to provocation. In this instance, they can raise the defence of provocation as expressly stated in Exception 1 to section 300 of the Penal Code (Exception 1). Since the defence was not formulated specifically in the context of domestic violence, the application of the defence may not be able to appreciate the uniqueness of female victims of domestic violence. One notable issue is that of cumulative provocation. Exception 1 is silent as to the legal status of cumulative provocation. However, there have been cases where the accused raised cumulative provocation as a defence against the offence of murder. The research therefore, aims to analyse the legal position of cumulative provocation in Malaysia. Methodology: This research employed a doctrinal legal research approach, conducting a thorough analysis of relevant laws, including the Penal Code (Act 574), Homicide Act 1957 (HA 1957), and the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (CJA 2009). In addition to statutory analysis, an examination of case law was undertaken to gain insights into the court’s interpretation of the legal status of cumulative provocation. Furthermore, scholarly writings in this field were examined to provide a thorough understanding of the subject. Findings: The decisions of the Federal Court’s cases of Che Omar bin Che Akhir v Public Prosecutor [2007] 4 MLJ 309 and Public Prosecutor v Surbir Gole [2017] 2 CLJ 621 show that cumulative provocation does not fall under Exception 1. This might lead the court to look only at the events that took place immediately before the killing as a single act. This can lead to a perception that the accused’s response, including female victims of domestic violence to provocation is not sufficiently grave. Hence, it is proposed that the cumulative provocation is given statutory recognition under Exception 1 which allows the circumstances of the accused to be taken into account by the court in deciding the defence of provocation. Contributions: This research contributes to the corpus of legal knowledge on cumulative provocation in domestic violence against women within the legal framework of the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A MODEL OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FOR LAW SCHOOLS TO IMPROVE SYSTEM OUTCOMES.
- Author
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MEYER, CHANCE
- Subjects
- *
LEGAL education , *LAW schools , *EVIDENCE-based education , *BAR examinations , *LAW examinations - Abstract
The article focuses on improvement project which models an evidence-based approach to law school decision-making. Topics discussed include two-wave approach followed by the project, pressures faced by law school to respond to unfavorable bar exam results, and best place to look for ways to help bar takers.
- Published
- 2024
28. Does the 1L curriculum make a difference?
- Author
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Hyman, David A., Liu, Jing, and Teitelbaum, Joshua C.
- Subjects
GRADE point average ,ALUMNI contributions ,BAR examinations ,CURRICULUM ,EDUCATIONAL standards ,SECURITIES industry laws - Abstract
Georgetown Law's Curriculum B (also known as Section 3) offers a unique opportunity to study an alternative 1L curriculum. The standard 1L curriculum has been around for decades and is still offered at the vast majority of US law schools. Leaders in the legal academy often talk about experimenting with the 1L curriculum, but hardly anyone does it. Georgetown Law has. We study whether Georgetown's Curriculum B yields measurable differences in student outcomes. Our empirical design leverages the fact that enrollment in Curriculum B is done by lottery when it is oversubscribed—meaning our study is effectively a randomized controlled trial. We measure treatment effects of Curriculum B by comparing outcomes of students who received the treatment (Curriculum B) with outcomes of students who received the placebo (Curriculum A) but wanted the treatment. Because students in both the treatment and control groups elected to enroll in Curriculum B, our empirical design overcomes the issue of selection bias. We find that taking Curriculum B decreases students' performance in two business law electives (Corporations and Securities Regulation) and reduces the rate at which they graduate with Latin honors. In addition, we find that it increases students' propensity to take certain public law electives and decreases their propensity to take certain business law electives. We further find that taking Curriculum B decreases students' likelihood of working in the private sector (law firm or business/industry), increases their likelihood of working in the public sector (government or public interest) or doing a judicial clerkship, and reduces their average annual salary. At the same, however, we find no statistically significant effects on other outcomes, including students' cumulative grade point average, their chances of passing the bar exam or being employed 10 months after graduation, or their rate or amount of alumni giving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Digitalisation of Tools for Workers' Representation in Europe and Spain:A First Approach.
- Author
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Miranda Boto, Jose Maria and Brameshuber, Elisabeth
- Subjects
DIGITAL technology ,BAR examinations ,NEGOTIATION ,COMPARATIVE law ,SOLIDARITY - Abstract
The unstoppable digitalisation of work also brings with it alterations at the collective level of labour relations. On the one hand, the dispersal of the workforce entails the breaking of traditional ties of proximity, which engendered solidarity among workers. On the other hand, however, new technologies can contribute decisively to the development of representation activity, also being a fruitful field for collective bargaining. Through a synthetic examination of comparative law, several of these possibilities are presented, and how they fit with Spanish law is analysed. Among the subjects addressed are digital tools that can favour tasks in representation. In addition to the legislative dimension, the study takes into account the latest developments in jurisprudence and collective bargaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Examining the trajectory of relational conflict leading up to and after an anticipated stressor.
- Author
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DiGiovanni, Ana M., Gresham, Abriana M., Yip‐Bannicq, Marika, and Bolger, Niall
- Subjects
- *
BAR examinations , *DYADIC analysis (Social sciences) , *COUPLES therapy , *EMOTIONS , *DYADIC communication - Abstract
A wealth of research suggests that as stress increases, so does conflict in close relationships. But is this always the case? Specifically, how does the trajectory of conflict unfold in the period before and after an acute and anticipated major life stressor? We capitalize on a 44‐day dyadic diary where one partner was preparing for the New York State Bar Exam (N = 312 couples) to explore the trajectory of conflict leading up to the exam, as well as how these patterns differed once exams finished. Results revealed that examinees and partners reported statistically meaningful decreases in conflict as exams approached, which contrasts prior research. This was followed by a spike in the likelihood of conflict immediately after exams were finished, and a quick return to low likelihoods of conflict one week after exams. This work highlights how couples, even in the face of stress, regulate their emotions and engage in relationship maintenance processes. However, relationship frustrations tend to be expressed—resulting in conflict—once the stressor is over. Not only does this work inform theories about relational conflict during times of stress, but it also highlights the need to study the dynamics of stress before, during, and after meaningful life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. NextGen Licensure & Accreditation.
- Author
-
Gutowski, Nachman N.
- Subjects
BAR examinations ,LEGAL education - Abstract
The Bar Exam is changing. The National Conference of Bar Examiners is pushing full steam ahead with a replacement for the current elements that make up the Uniform Bar Exam (UBE). This new exam, called the NextGen Bar Exam (NextGen), is scheduled to launch in Summer 2026. Current American Bar Association (ABA) accreditation standards do not considerthe coming changes. A full picture of what the adjustments will look like is hazy and very much in the trial stages still. These shifts impact current law students, the legal education practices of law schools, and accreditation standards. There is a near-universal agreementthat changes are overdue to the current legal licensure format. Simultaneously, alternatives to the NextGen, and even to the "need" for any summative licensure exam, are being actively explored. Performance onthe Bar Exam is used asa measurementtool bythe American BarAssociation for law schools to maintain accreditation. Standard 316, commonly referred to as Ultimate Bar Passage, has undergone several changes over its short life; yet, even in its current iteration, it fails to meaningfully consider what is just around the corner. There is no question that the Bar Exam continues to have racially discriminatory, disparate outcomes and impacts. Making matters worse, the use of aggregate limited durational performance data on post-graduation individual licensure exams as a meaningful metric by which accreditation is affected is inconsistent with accepted practices in similarly situated professions. Rectifying some baseline injustices can start with acknowledging how changes starting in 2026 are unaccounted for in the current standard. Adjusting or removing current prelicensure requirements and standards, either in ABA accreditation requirements for law schools or in educational prerequisites on examinees placed before the exam itself, would go a long way to align stated accreditation goals with licensure outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
32. GPT-4 passes the bar exam.
- Author
-
Katz, Daniel Martin, Bommarito, Michael James, Gao, Shang, and Arredondo, Pablo
- Subjects
- *
GENERATIVE pre-trained transformers , *LANGUAGE models , *BAR examinations , *CHATGPT , *COMPLEXITY (Philosophy) - Abstract
In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the zero-shot performance of GPT-4 against prior generations of GPT on the entire uniform bar examination (UBE), including not only the multiple-choice multistate bar examination (MBE), but also the open-ended multistate essay exam (MEE) and multistate performance test (MPT) components. On the MBE, GPT-4 significantly outperforms both human test-takers and prior models, demonstrating a 26% increase over ChatGPT and beating humans in five of seven subject areas. On the MEE and MPT, which have not previously been evaluated by scholars, GPT-4 scores an average of 4.2/6.0 when compared with much lower scores for ChatGPT. Graded across the UBE components, in the manner in which a human test-taker would be, GPT-4 scores approximately 297 points, significantly in excess of the passing threshold for all UBE jurisdictions. These findings document not just the rapid and remarkable advance of large language model performance generally, but also the potential for such models to support the delivery of legal services in society. This article is part of the theme issue 'A complexity science approach to law and governance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. AND THE RESULTS ARE IN … REVIEWING THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST YEAR LARC RESEARCH EXAM WHEREIN SOME OF THE QUESTIONS WERE REDESIGNED TO MEET THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE NEXT GEN BAR EXAM FORMAT.
- Author
-
ROLLINS, CHRISTINE E.
- Subjects
- *
BAR examinations , *LAW schools , *LAW students , *LEGAL research , *LEGAL education - Abstract
In 2010, the faculty of St. Louis University School of Law implemented a research exam to test student competencies after their first year of law school. Since its creation, the exam has helped students feel more secure starting their first legal internships, allowed faculty to identify areas of decreased competency, and helped faculty find “better” ways to teach legal research and writing material. In anticipation of the implementation of the NextGen Bar exam in July 2026, the faculty determined that it was necessary to make some changes to the research exam in order to both gather data on students’ responses to the new question styles as well as expose students to the new question formatting. Professor Chris Rollins utilized NCBE materials and Missouri case law to craft a set of NextGen Bar Exam questions that then appeared in the research exam. There are several takeaways from the student data for the NextGen Bar questions that appeared on the research exam. First, students must employ critical reading skills and concept retention when they encounter the progression of questions rolled out for any given fact pattern, as they are currently expected to do on the MPT section of the Bar exam. Second, students need a strong handle on time management in order to succeed with these questions. Third, faculty must help students learn how to spot multiple correct answers instead of searching for a singular correct answer. Lastly, students need more opportunities to connect concepts from different class subjects. There are more and more resources available to help address these needs, and with proper planning, faculty can help students succeed with the NextGen Bar requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
34. Remarks to the 2023 Federalist Society National Student Symposium.
- Author
-
ABBOTT, GREG
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNORS , *BAR examinations , *ACTIONS & defenses (Law) - Abstract
The article presents the text of the remarks given by Governor Greg Abbott of Texas to the 2023 Federalist Society National Student Symposium. He discussed the categories of people involved in the battle for the soul of the future of the U.S., a tip for those preparing for the bar exam, and the ultimate place to litigate if one wants to be a litigator.
- Published
- 2024
35. Professionalism and the Business of Law.
- Author
-
Conner, Christopher C.
- Subjects
LEGAL professions ,PROFESSIONALISM ,CIVIL procedure ,BAR associations ,BAR examinations ,PRACTICE of law - Abstract
The article discusses the importance of professionalism and civility in the legal profession. It highlights the significance of reputation and the need to maintain courteous and honest interactions with opposing counsel and court personnel. The article also emphasizes the importance of effective communication with the court, including using respectful language and gestures. It acknowledges the changes in the legal profession due to technology and remote work, but emphasizes the enduring value of professionalism and civility in building successful legal careers. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
36. RAISING THE BAR: THE CASE TO MODERNIZE VERMONT BAR ADMISSION.
- Author
-
Howe, Phoebe
- Subjects
- *
ADMISSION to the bar (Law) , *PRACTICE of law , *BAR examinations , *PROFESSIONAL ethics , *LEGAL education - Abstract
The article explores the bar admission rules and practice in Vermont. Topics discussed include the way bar admission tend to depend on the results of the Uniform Bar Examination and the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination, the alternative option for legal education being offered by the Vermont's Law Office Study Program, and the proposed adoption of one or more diploma-plus pathways to reform the Rules of Admission of Vermont.
- Published
- 2024
37. No End in Sight; Assessing the Impact of Internet Gaming Disorder on Digital Eye Strain Symptoms and Academic Success.
- Author
-
Floros, Georgios D., Glynatsis, Mikes N., and Mylona, Ioanna
- Subjects
- *
GAMING disorder , *SUCCESS , *EYESTRAIN , *COMPULSIVE gambling , *GAMBLING behavior , *INDEPENDENT variables , *HIGH school graduates , *BAR examinations - Abstract
Background: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been associated with symptoms of Digital Eye Strain (DES) and poor academic performance among adolescent students. The purpose of this study is to assess whether a student's achievement of a specific academic goal within a short period of time can be directly predicted by symptoms of IGD and DES. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey of 140 high school graduates who received an examination of visual acuity as a pre-requisite for entering the written admission examinations of law enforcement and military academies. The students completed the Digital Eye Strain Questionnaire (DESQ) and the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and stated their own evaluation of their chances for success. They were contacted following their admission examinations, and their success or failure to be admitted was recorded. Results: The students with IGD symptomatology were more likely to present with symptoms of DES. They were also more pessimistic about their chances of success in the subsequent written admission examinations; none succeeded, while the rest of the students recorded an expected rate of success. A combination of IGD and complaints related to the prolonged fixation of the upper body in a specific viewing position was the best predictor variable set for future success in admission examinations. Conclusions: IGD is associated with a failure to achieve academic success. Combining a factor for physical discomfort during prolonged sessions of gaming with the typical criteria for IGD may expand the predictive validity of the construct of gaming disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. We Story the Land: Exploring Mi'kmaq food sovereignty, Indigenous law and treaty relations.
- Author
-
Stiegman, Martha and Pictou, Sherry
- Subjects
FOOD sovereignty ,MI'KMAQ (North American people) ,BAR examinations ,PEACE treaties ,DOCUMENTARY films ,FRIENDSHIP - Abstract
This article explores the relationship between Indigenous Food Sovereignty and the resurgence of Indigenous law through an examination of the Mi'kmaq concept of Netukulimk. We present a case study of L'sɨtkuk First Nation's exploration of the original spirit and intent of the eighteenth-century Peace and Friendship Treaties and their enactment of the Mi'kmaq always those treaties are anchored in, focusing on insights coming out of We Story the Land, our documentary film about L'sɨtkuk youth and their mentors on a canoe journey to reclaim a series of ancient routes leaving from the reserve to cross their traditional territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The Professional Conflict Pertaining to Confidentiality—The Obligation of Disclosure for Intermediaries of Financial Transactions.
- Author
-
Tofan, Mihaela and Arseni, Alina-Adriana
- Subjects
FINANCIAL institutions ,ATTORNEY-client privilege ,FINANCIAL disclosure ,COMPARATIVE method ,BAR examinations ,CONFIDENTIAL communications ,PERSONALLY identifiable information - Abstract
The present study aims at providing an overview of the international, European, and national legal frameworks relating to the obligation of intermediaries of financial transactions to report to tax authorities, and the professional secrecy which applies to their professions, as well as the conflict between the two. The authors address these topics from theoretical and jurisprudential perspectives, both at national and European levels, using doctrinaire, documentary, and comparative approaches. The analyses pointed out that the focus is placed on lawyer–intermediaries' activities and liabilities when their activity is covered by confidentiality and legal privilege. Specific attention was revealed to be necessary when the conditions under which an exemption from the reporting obligation applies, and the particularities of the effects of the regulation in these scenarios. The topic of observing the legal framework and solving the possible conflicts generated by the divergent regulation of the law enforced has been the subject matter of recent European case laws that impact all the legal systems of the European Union's member states, which has necessitated an examination of the hierarchy of law systems within the European Union member states and to emphasize the practical jurisprudential effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Recognizing Textual Inference in Mongolian Bar Exam Questions.
- Author
-
Khaltarkhuu, Garmaabazar, Batjargal, Biligsaikhan, and Maeda, Akira
- Subjects
BAR examinations ,DEEP learning - Abstract
This paper examines how to apply deep learning techniques to Mongolian bar exam questions. Several approaches that utilize eight different fine-tuned transformer models were demonstrated for recognizing textual inference in Mongolian bar exam questions. Among eight different models, the fine-tuned bert-base-multilingual-cased obtained the best accuracy of 0.7619. The fine-tuned bert-base-multilingual-cased was capable of recognizing "contradiction", with a recall of 0.7857 and an F1 score of 0.7674; it recognized "entailment" with a precision of 0.7750, a recall of 0.7381, and an F1 score of 0.7561. Moreover, the fine-tuned bert-large-mongolian-uncased showed balanced performance in recognizing textual inference in Mongolian bar exam questions, thus achieving a precision of 0.7561, a recall of 0.7381, and an F1 score of 0.7470 for recognizing "contradiction". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Outsourcing Self-Regulation.
- Author
-
Griggs, Marsha
- Subjects
- *
LEGAL process outsourcing , *BAR examinations , *JUDICIAL power , *PROFESSIONAL licenses , *LEGAL professions - Abstract
Answerable only to the courts that have the sole authority to grant or withhold the right to practice law, lawyers operate under a system of self-regulation. The self-regulated legal profession staunchly resists external interference from the legislative and administrative branches of government. Yet, with the same fervor that the legal profession defies non-judicial oversight, it has subordinated itself to the controlling influence of a private interest. By outsourcing the mechanisms that dictate admission to the bar, the legal profession has all but surrendered control of the most crucial component of its gatekeeping function to an unregulated industry that profits at the expense of those seeking entry. The judicial outsourcing of the bar exam has privatized bar admission in ways that can be detrimental to the goal of public protection and damaging to those seeking licensure. The manner in which state courts have fostered privatized bar admission brings into question whether the delegation of judicial power is consistent with Constitutional prerogatives. This Article applies the lenses of multiple political-economic theories to the normative framework of attorney self-regulation and bar admission. In so doing, it seeks to identify justifications for outsourcing an exclusive judicial power that is essential to the goals of self-regulation. This Article ultimately questions whether the legal profession has surrendered, or will soon lose, the ability to regulate itself. The Article concludes with multiple recommendations to reverse the directional flow of power in attorney licensure in a manner that will yield more transparency and public accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
42. Conflict Transformation Through Institutional (Re)Construction: An Examination of the Common Law Division of the Supreme Court of Cameroon.
- Author
-
Enonchong, Laura-Stella and Eware, Ashu
- Subjects
CONFLICT transformation ,COMMON law ,BAR examinations ,APPELLATE courts ,CONSTITUTIONAL courts - Abstract
In 2017, the institutional structure of the Supreme Court of Cameroon was amended to include a Common Law Division (CLD). That was done partly to address a violent conflict that originated from wider discriminatory practices against the English-speaking minorities, the unsatisfactory application of the common law, and longstanding difficulties experienced by common law lawyers in accessing that court. This article applies conflict transformation theory to investigate the transformative potentials of the CLD, through a qualitative exploration of its organization and functioning and the common law lawyers' perception and experience of the CLD. It finds that participants were generally receptive to the CLD, despite cautious optimism in the extent to which it could effectively represent and develop the common law, due to some limitations imposed by application of the 2006 Supreme Court Law. Consistent with conflict transformation theory, the findings highlight the need for the continuity of the transformation process to further refine the CLD. The findings have broader implications for the agency of courts in conflict transformation in postcolonial divided societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Resettlement Under the Radar: A Study of Japanese Resettlement of North Korean Escapees.
- Author
-
Wolman, Andrew
- Subjects
REFUGEE resettlement ,BAR examinations ,LAND settlement ,REFUGEES ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) - Abstract
In an ideal world, resettlement initiatives would be publicly debated, officially announced, and supported by a clear regulatory framework. This is not always the case in practice. This paper examines one resettlement initiative that has -- intentionally -- passed almost entirely under the radar: the Japanese resettlement of North Korean escapees. This initiative has focused on resettling North Korean escapees who either were previously resident in Japan, or are related to somebody who was. Despite its significance to understanding refugee flows in the region, it has attracted hardly any English-language scholarship. This paper aims to fill the gap. First, I provide a comprehensive examination of the law and policy of Japan's resettlement programme. Second, I interrogate the lack of transparency that characterises it, in particular examining Japan's motivations for keeping its resettlement programme under the radar, and the implications of doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. DAMAGES: SYMPOSIUM PRESENTATION OF ANTHONY SEBOK.
- Author
-
Sebok, Anthony J.
- Subjects
DAMAGES (Law) ,LAW reviews ,BAR examinations ,JURISPRUDENCE ,TORTS - Abstract
This document is a presentation by Anthony Sebok on the topic of damages in tort law. Sebok discusses the handling of multiple factual causes in the Restatement of Torts and explores the issue of determining damages in cases with multiple causes. The presentation outlines the structure of the solution provided in the Restatement and examines different scenarios involving simultaneous tortious causes, simultaneous tortious and non-tortious causes, and sequential causation. The presentation concludes with a summary of the principles outlined in the Restatement. The text also discusses the ALI's approach to the two-by-two matrix in cases of duplicated causation and concurrent causation, raising concerns about certain aspects and suggesting an amendment to one of the principles. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
45. TAKING BACK THE BAR: THE NEED FOR STATE LEGISLATION DIRECTED AT ADDRESSING THE DISPARATE IMPACT OF THE BAR EXAM AND HOLDING THE NCBE ACCOUNTABLE.
- Author
-
Cibellis, Alexa
- Subjects
BAR examinations ,DISPARATE impact (Law) ,LEGAL professions ,PEOPLE of color ,IMMIGRANTS - Abstract
The article explores the historical context and contemporary implications of the bar exam as a gateway to the legal profession in the U.S. It highlights the discriminatory roots of the bar exam, which was historically used as a tool of exclusion, particularly targeting people of color and immigrants seeking to enter the legal profession.
- Published
- 2024
46. ENHANCING THE VALIDITY AND FAIRNESS OF LAWYER LICENSING: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING INNOVATIVE PATHWAYS.
- Author
-
Merritt, Deborah Jones, Curcio, Andrea Anne, and Kaufman, Eileen
- Subjects
BAR examinations ,LAW examinations ,LAWYERS ,PROFESSIONAL licenses ,PRACTICE of law - Abstract
A two-day written bar exam cannot test a prospective lawyer’s ability to counsel clients, investigate facts, research novel issues, negotiate with adversaries, or perform other essential tasks. The conventional exam has also become a test of resources, favoring candidates who can afford to buy commercial prep courses and devote 8-10 weeks to full-time study. Cognizant of these flaws, several states have adopted—or begun exploring—other approaches to licensing. Oregon has already implemented a small program that allows some law graduates to demonstrate their competence by practicing under the supervision of a licensed attorney and compiling portfolios of work product from that supervised practice. Candidates submit those portfolios, which include materials related to client counseling and negotiation, to bar examiners for independent assessment. Starting in May 2024, the Oregon program will be available to more graduates. Other states are exploring similar approaches. This article provides the first empirical evidence that supervised practice offers a valid, feasible, and fair context for evaluating prospective lawyers’ competence. Oregon’s current program is too small to assess empirically, but two related programs in California offer a rich dataset about the potential for assessing prospective lawyers’ competence through supervised practice. Our analyses, which draw upon qualitative and quantitative data from more than four thousand law graduates and licensed lawyers in California, demonstrate that: (1) Licensing programs rooted in supervised practice allow states to assess a broader range of lawyering skills and doctrinal knowledge than can be assessed on a two-day, written exam. (2) Candidates readily find supervisors, and both parties reap many benefits from the program. (3) Supervised practice is fully accessible to first-generation candidates, candidates of color, women, and candidates who live with disabilities. In fact, women of color, men of color, and white women were significantly more likely than white men to take advantage of California’s supervised practice options. (4) Supervised practice licensing paths can expand access to justice by increasing the number of lawyers who work for legal services providers and in rural parts of a state. Licensing paths rooted in supervise practice, in sum, are valid, feasible, and fair pathways that can protect the public better than a two-day written exam, make our profession more inclusive, and expand access to justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
47. Irving's American Stories.
- Author
-
Matthews, Andrew
- Subjects
BAR examinations ,SHORT story writing ,LITERARY style ,SHORT story collections ,AMERICAN literature ,PRACTICAL jokes ,NONFICTION reading materials - Abstract
Washington Irving, born in 1783, was an American writer known for his satirical and fictional works. His first major work, "History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty," was published in 1809 under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker. Irving's famous short stories, "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," were published in 1819-1820 and are set in early New York. These stories explore post-Revolutionary War changes in America and feature characters like Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman. Irving's works gained him fame and he supported himself through writing. He also advocated for copyright laws and supported emerging American writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
48. EXPLORING THE NA LIFE: A journal of drinking and not drinking.
- Author
-
OSOWSKI, CARRIE
- Subjects
BAR examinations ,LAW examinations ,ALCOHOLISM ,ADDICTIONS ,PRACTICE of law - Abstract
The article discusses the personal experience of passing the bar exam while dealing with a partner's struggle with alcohol addiction. Topics include the emotional journey of celebrating a major professional achievement; the impact of a partner's addiction on personal and academic life; and the ongoing challenges and adjustments required to support a loved one through recovery.
- Published
- 2024
49. F.I.E. Tex Saa Revolver.
- Author
-
Finley, Ken
- Subjects
REVOLVERS ,HELICAL springs ,SHOOTING (Sports) ,BAR examinations ,TANNINS - Published
- 2024
50. Association of polygenic scores for depression and neuroticism with perceived stress in daily life during a long‐lasting stress period.
- Author
-
Peter, Hannah L., Giglberger, Marina, Streit, Fabian, Frank, Josef, Kreuzpointner, Ludwig, Rietschel, Marcella, Kudielka, Brigitte M., and Wüst, Stefan
- Subjects
- *
NEUROTICISM , *EVERYDAY life , *OVERPRESSURE (Education) , *BAR examinations , *GENOTYPE-environment interaction - Abstract
Genetic factors contribute significantly to interindividual differences in the susceptibility to stress‐related disorders. As stress can also be conceptualized as environmental exposure, controlled gene–environment interaction (GxE) studies with an in‐depth phenotyping may help to unravel mechanisms underlying the interplay between genetic factors and stress. In a prospective‐longitudinal quasi‐experimental study, we investigated whether polygenic scores (PGS) for depression (DEP‐PGS) and neuroticism (NEU‐PGS), respectively, were associated with responses to chronic stress in daily life. We examined law students (n = 432) over 13 months. Participants in the stress group experienced a long‐lasting stress phase, namely the preparation for the first state examination for law students. The control group consisted of law students without particular stress exposure. In the present manuscript, we analyzed perceived stress levels assessed at high frequency and in an ecologically valid manner by ambulatory assessments as well as depression symptoms and two parameters of the cortisol awakening response. The latter was only assessed in a subsample (n = 196). No associations between the DEP‐PGS and stress‐related variables were found. However, for the NEU‐PGS we found a significant GxE effect. Only in individuals experiencing academic stress a higher PGS for neuroticism predicted stronger increases of perceived stress levels until the exam. At baseline, a higher NEU‐PGS was associated with higher perceived stress levels in both groups. Despite the small sample size, we provide preliminary evidence that the genetic disposition for neuroticism is associated with stress level increases in daily life during a long‐lasting stress period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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