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226 results on '"BALABANSKI, D. L."'

1. Direct measurement of the 19α016cmF(p,19α016cm)19α016cmO reaction at E19α016cm = 0.4–0.9 MeV using the LHASA detector array

Author

Guardo, G. L., Petruse, T., Lattuada, D., La Cognata, M., Balabanski, D. L., Açıksöz, E., Acosta, L., Capponi, L., Carbone, D., Cherubini, S., Choudhury, D., D’Agata, G., Di Pietro, A., Figuera, P., Gulino, M., Kilik, A. I., La Commara, M., Lamia, L., Matei, C., Palmerini, S., Pizzone, R. G., Rapisarda, G. G., Romano, S., Sergi, M. L., Söderström, P.-A., Spartà, R., Tumino, A., and Viñals, S.

Published
2023
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2. Impact of 13C Contamination on Neutron Yield Measurement in the 27AI(α, n) Reaction

Author

Roy Rajat, Choudhury D., Testov D. A., Balabanski D. L., Kuşoğlu A., Lorusso G., Söderström P.-A., Aogaki S., Ban S.-R., Brezeanu M., Burducea I., Corbu R., Cuciuc M., Dhal A., Djourelov N., Florea N., Gavrilescu A., Gheorghiu C., Guardo G. L., Iancu D., Lelasseux V., Nedelcu C.V., Pai H., Parlea P., Petruse T., Rotaru A., Singh S., State A.N., Straticiuc M., Toma V., and Tozar T.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We have performed the measurement of the 27Al(α, n) cross section at IFIN-HH for a range of energies from 2.5 to 5.2 MeV, using an array of 28 3He counters arranged in 3 concentric rings (ELIGANT-TN). Here we present the experimental setup and discuss the role of the 13C contamination which effects the measurements in the low-energy region. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy carried out before and after the experiment suggested an increase in the 13C concentration during the experiment.

Published
2024
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3. Interplay between nuclear shell evolution and shape deformation revealed by the magnetic moment of 75Cu

Author

Ichikawa, Y., Nishibata, H., Tsunoda, Y., Takamine, A., Imamura, K., Fujita, T., Sato, T., Momiyama, S., Shimizu, Y., Ahn, D. S., Asahi, K., Baba, H., Balabanski, D. L., Boulay, F., Daugas, J. M., Egami, T., Fukuda, N., Funayama, C., Furukawa, T., Georgiev, G., Gladkov, A., Inabe, N., Ishibashi, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Kawamura, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kojima, S., Kusoglu, A., Mukul, I., Niikura, M., Nishizaka, T., Odahara, A., Ohtomo, Y., Otsuka, T., Ralet, D., Simpson, G. S., Sumikama, T., Suzuki, H., Takeda, H., Tao, L. C., Togano, Y., Tominaga, D., Ueno, H., Yamazaki, H., and Yang, X. F.

Published
2019
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4. Active Target for α-Particle Condensation Studies in 16O

Author

Margaryan, A. T., Khachatryan, V. H., Vardanyan, H. S., Grigoryan, N. K., Ajvazyan, R. B., Kakoyan, V. H., Khachatryan, P. A., Zhamkochyan, S. V., Balabanski, D. L., Annand, J. R. M., Livingston, K., Montgomery, R., Filikh, I., Mohammad, A., and Vlahovic, B.

Published
2019
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5. Impact of 13C Contamination on Neutron Yield Measurement in the 27AI(α, n) Reaction.

Author

Roy, Rajat, Choudhury, D., Testov, D. A., Balabanski, D. L., Kuşoğlu, A., Lorusso, G., Söderström, P.-A., Aogaki, S., Ban, S.-R., Brezeanu, M., Burducea, I., Corbu, R., Cuciuc, M., Dhal, A., Djourelov, N., Florea, N., Gavrilescu, A., Gheorghiu, C., Guardo, G. L., and Iancu, D.

Subjects
NEUTRONS, ENERGY dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, NUCLEAR reactions, NEUTRON flux, NUCLEAR energy
Abstract

We have performed the measurement of the 27Al(α, n) cross section at IFIN-HH for a range of energies from 2.5 to 5.2 MeV, using an array of 28 3He counters arranged in 3 concentric rings (ELIGANT-TN). Here we present the experimental setup and discuss the role of the 13C contamination which effects the measurements in the low-energy region. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy carried out before and after the experiment suggested an increase in the 13C concentration during the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Independent isotopic fission yields of 252Cf spontaneous fission via mass measurements at the FRS Ion Catcher.

Author

Waschitz, Y., Amanbayev, D., Spătaru, A., Mardor, I., Dickel, T., Cohen, E. O., Aviv, O., Ayet San Andrés, S., Balabanski, D. L., Beck, S., Bergmann, J., Brencic, Z., Constantin, P., Dehghan, M., Geissel, H., Gröf, L., Hornung, C., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Kripko-Koncz, G., and Miskun, I.

Subjects
NUCLEAR fission, SPONTANEOUS fission, TIME-of-flight mass spectrometers, NUCLEAR isobars, CHEMICAL reactions
Abstract

We present first preliminary results of a novel method for measuring independent isotopic fission yields (IIFYs) of spontaneous fission (SF) via direct mass measurements, at the FRS Ion Catcher (FRS-IC) at GSI. Fission products were generated from a 252Cf source installed in a cryogenic stopping cell, and were identified and counted with the multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS) of the FRS-IC, utilizing well-established measurement and data analysis methods. The MR-TOF-MS resolves isobars unambiguously, even with limited statistics, and its non-scanning nature ensures minimal relative systematic uncertainties amongst fission products. The analysis for extracting IIFYs includes isotope-dependent efficiency corrections for all components of the FRS-IC. In particular, we applied a self-consistent technique that takes into account the element-dependent survival efficiencies in the CSC, due to chemical reactions with the buffer gas. Our IIFY results, which cover several tens of fission products in the less-accessible high-mass peak (Z = 56 to 63) down to fission yields at the level of 10−5, are generally similar to those of the nuclear database ENDF/B-VII.0. Nevertheless, they reveal some structures that are not observed in the database smooth trends. These are the first results of a planned campaign to investigate IIFY distributions of spontaneous fission at the FRS-IC. Upcoming experiments will extend our results to wider Z and N ranges, lower fission yields, and other spontaneously-fissioning actinides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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10. Preliminary results for the 19F(ρ,α)16O reaction cross section measured at INFN-LNS

Author

Petruse T, Guardo G. L., Cognata M. La, Lattuada D., Spitalieri C., Balabanski D. L., Agiksoz E., Acosta L., Capponi L., Carbone D., Cherubini S., Choudhury D., D’Agata G., Pietro A. Di, Figuera P., Gulino M., Kilik A. I., Commara M. La, Lamia L., Matei C., Palmerini S., Pizzone R. G., Romano S., Soderstrom P.-A., Sparta R., Tumino A., and Onses S. Vinales

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The 19F(ρ,α)16O reaction is an important fluorine destruction chan- nel in the proton-rich outer layers of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and it might also play a role in hydrogen-deficient post-AGB star nucleosynthesis. At present, theoretical models overproduce F abundances in AGB stars with re-spect to the observed values, thus calling for further investigation of the nuclear reaction rates involved in the production and destruction of fluorine. In the last years, new direct and indirect measurements improved significantly the knowl- edge of 19F(ρ,α)16O cross section at deeply sub-Coulomb energies (below 0.8 MeV). However, those data are larger by a factor of 1.4 with respect the previ- ous data reported in the NACRE compilation in the energy region 0.6-0.8 MeV. Using the Large High resolution Array of Silicons for Astrophysics (LHASA), we performed a new direct measurement of the 19F(ρ,α)16O. The goal of this experiment is to reduce the uncertainties in the nuclear reaction rate of the 19F(ρ,α)16O reaction. Here, experimental details, the calibration procedure and angular distributions are presented.

Published
2020
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11. Perspectives for photonuclear research at the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) facility

Author

Filipescu, D., Anzalone, A., Balabanski, D. L., Belyshev, S. S., Camera, F., La Cognata, M., Constantin, P., Csige, L., Cuong, P. V., Cwiok, M., Derya, V., Dominik, W., Gai, M., Gales, S., Gheorghe, I., Ishkhanov, B. S., Krasznahorkay, A., Kuznetsov, A. A., Mazzocchi, C., Orlin, V. N., Pietralla, N., Sin, M., Spitaleri, C., Stopani, K. A., Tesileanu, O., Ur, C. A., Ursu, I., Utsunomiya, H., Varlamov, V. V., Weller, H. R., Zamfir, N. V., and Zilges, A.

Published
2015
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12. Gamma-beam photofission experiments at ELI-NP: The future is emerging

Author

Balabanski D. L., Choudhury D., Oberstedt A., Krasznahorkay A., Csige L., Gulyas J., Csatlos M., and Coban S.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

At the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics facility (ELI-NP), high-power laser systems together with high-brilliance gamma beams are the main research tools. The status of the construction of the facility is reported. The emerging photofission experimental program with brilliant gamma beams at ELI-NP is presented with emphasis on the prepared day-one experiments. The physics cases of the flagship experiments at ELI-NP are discussed, as well as the related instruments which are under construction for their realization.

Published
2018
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13. Novel method for the production of spin-aligned RI beams in projectile fragmentation reaction with the dispersion matching technique

Author

Ichikawa, Y., Ueno, H., Ishii, Y., Furukawa, T., Yoshimi, A., Kameda, D., Watanabe, H., Aoi, N., Asahi, K., Balabanski, D. L., Chevrier, R., Daugas, J. M., Fukuda, N., Georgiev, G., Hayashi, H., Iijima, H., Inabe, N., Inoue, T., Ishihara, M., Kubo, T., Nanao, T., Ohnishi, T., Suzuki, K., Tsuchiya, M., Takeda, H., and Rajabali, M. M.

Published
2013
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14. In-beam measurements of sub-nanosecond nuclear lifetimes with a mixed array of HPGe and LaBr3:Ce detectors

Author

Mărginean, N., Balabanski, D. L., Bucurescu, D., Lalkovski, S., Atanasova, L., Căta-Danil, G., Căta-Danil, I., Daugas, J. M., Deleanu, D., Detistov, P., Deyanova, G., Filipescu, D., Georgiev, G., Ghiţă, D., Gladnishki, K. A., Lozeva, R., Glodariu, T., Ivaşcu, M., Kisyov, S., Mihai, C., Mărginean, R., Negret, A., Pascu, S., Radulov, D., Sava, T., Stroe, L., Suliman, G., and Zamfir, N. V.

Published
2010
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15. Spin-alignment and g-factor measurement of the $I^{\pi}$ = 12+ isomer in 192Pb produced in the relativistic-energy fragmentation of a 238U beam

Author

Kmiecik, M., Maj, A., Gerl, J., Neyens, G., Atanasova, L., Balabanski, D. L., Becker, F., Bednarczyk, P., Benzoni, G., Blasi, N., Bracco, A., Brambilla, S., Caceres, L., Camera, F., Ciemała, M., Crespi, F. C. L., Chamoli, S. K., Chmel, S., Daugas, J. M., Detistov, P., Doornenbal, P., Georgiev, G., Gladnishki, K., Górska, M., Grawe, H., Grȩbosz, J., Hass, M., Hoischen, R., Ilie, G., Ionescu-Bujor, M., Jolie, J., Kojuharov, I., Krasznahorkay, A., Kulessa, R., Lach, M., Lakshmi, S., Leoni, S., Lo Bianco, G., Lozeva, R., Maier, K. H., Mallion, S., Mazurek, K., Mȩczyński, W., Million, B., Montanari, D., Myalski, S., Petrache, C., Pfützner, M., Pietri, S., Podolyák, Zs., Prokopowicz, W., Rudolph, D., Saito, N., Saito, T. R., Saltarelli, A., Simpson, G. S., Styczeń, J., Vermeulen, N., Werner-Malento, E., Wieland, O., Wollersheim, H. J., and Ziȩbliński, M.

Published
2010
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16. Structure of neutron-rich nuclei around the N = 126 closed shell; the yrast structure of 205Au126 up to spin-parity $I^{\pi}$ = (19/2+)

Author

Podolyák, Zs., Steer, S. J., Pietri, S., Górska, M., Regan, P. H., Rudolph, D., Garnsworthy, A. B., Hoischen, R., Gerl, J., Wollersheim, H. J., Grawe, H., Maier, K. H., Becker, F., Bednarczyk, P., Cáceres, L., Doornenbal, P., Geissel, H., Grebosz, J., Kelic, A., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Montes, F., Prokopowicz, W., Saito, T., Schaffner, H., Tashenov, S., Heinz, A., Kurtukian-Nieto, T., Benzoni, G., Pfützner, M., Jungclaus, A., Balabanski, D. L., Brandau, C., Brown, B. A., Bruce, A. M., Catford, W. N., Cullen, I. J., Dombrádi, Zs., Estevez, M. E., Gelletly, W., Ilie, G., Jolie, J., Jones, G. A., Kmiecik, M., Kondev, F. G., Krücken, R., Lalkovski, S., Liu, Z., Maj, A., Myalski, S., Schwertel, S., Shizuma, T., Walker, P. M., Werner-Malento, E., and Wieland, O.

Published
2009
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17. Characterization of X3 Silicon Detectors for the ELISSA Array at ELI-NP

Author

Chesnevskaya S., Balabanski D. L., Choudhury D., Cognata M. La, Constantin P., Filipescu D. M., Ghita D. G., Guardo G. L., Lattuada D., Matei C., Rotaru A., Spitaleri C., State A., and Xu Y.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Position-sensitive silicon strip detectors represent one of the best solutions for the detection of charged particles as they provide good energy and position resolution over a large range of energies. A silicon array coupled with the gamma beams at the ELI-NP facility would allow measuring photodissociation reactions of interest for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and on heavy nuclei intervening in the p-process. Forty X3 detectors for our ELISSA (ELI-NP Silicon Strip Detectors Array) project have been recently purchased and tested. We investigated several specifications, such as leakage currents, depletion voltage, and detector stability under vacuum. The energy and position resolution, and ballistic deficit were measured and analyzed. This paper presents the main results of our extensive testing. The measured energy resolution for the X3 detectors is better than results published for similar arrays (ANASEN or ORRUBA).

Published
2017
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18. A fast and complete GEANT4 and ROOT Object-Oriented Toolkit: GROOT

Author

Lattuada D., Balabanski D. L., Chesnevskaya S., Costa M., Crucillà V., Guardo G. L., La Cognata M., Matei C., Pizzone R. G., Romano S., Spitaleri C., Tumino A., and Xu Y.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Present and future gamma-beam facilities represent a great opportunity to validate and evaluate the cross-sections of many photonuclear reactions at near-threshold energies. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are very important to evaluate the reaction rates and to maximize the detection efficiency but, unfortunately, they can be very cputime-consuming and in some cases very hard to reproduce, especially when exploring near-threshold cross-section. We developed a software that makes use of the validated tracking GEANT4 libraries and the n-body event generator of ROOT in order to provide a fast, realiable and complete MC tool to be used for nuclear physics experiments. This tool is indeed intended to be used for photonuclear reactions at γ-beam facilities with ELISSA (ELI Silicon Strip Array), a new detector array under development at the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP). We discuss the results of MC simulations performed to evaluate the effects of the electromagnetic induced background, of the straggling due to the target thickness and of the resolution of the silicon detectors.

Published
2017
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19. The structure of low-lying $1^{−}$ states in $^{90,94}Zr$ from $(\alpha$,$\alpha^{′}$$\gamma)$ and $(\rho$,$\rho^{′}$$\gamma)$ reactions

Author

Crespi, F. C. L., Bracco, A., Lanza, E. G., Tamii, A., Blasi, N., Camera, F., Wieland, O., Aoi, N., Balabanski, D. L., Bassauer, S., Brown, A. S., Carpenter, M. P., Carroll, J. J., Ciemała, M., Czeszumska, A., Davies, P. J., Derya, V., Donaldson, L. M., Fang, Y. D., Fujita, H., Gey, G., Ha, H. T., Harakeh, M. N., Hashimoto, T., Ichige, N., Ideguchi, E., Inoue, A., Isaak, J., Iwamoto, C., Jenkins, D. G., Klaus, T., Kobayashi, N., Koike, T., Krzysiek, M., Raju, M. K., Liu, M., Maj, A., Morris, L., Von Neumann Cosel, P., Noji, S., Ong, H. J., Pickstone, S. G., Pietralla, N., Savran, D., Schmitt, J. M., Spieker, M., Steinhilber, G., Sullivan, C., Wasilewska, B., Weinert, M., Werner, V., Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, T., Zegers, R. G. T., Zhou, X., Zhu, S., and Zilges, A.

Subjects
Inelastic scattering, ddc:530, Nuclear structure, Dipole excitation around neutron threshold
Abstract

Physics letters / B 816, 136210 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136210, Published by North-Holland Publ., Amsterdam

Published
2021
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20. Evidence for an isomeric 3/2- state in 53Co

Author

Rudolph, D., Hoischen, R., Hellström, M., Pietri, S., Podolyák, Zs., Regan, P. H., Garnsworthy, A. B., Steer, S. J., Becker, F., Bednarczyk, P., Cáceres, L., Doornenbal, P., Gerl, J., Górska, M., Grebosz, J., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Prokopowicz, W., Schaffner, H., Wollersheim, H. J., Andersson, L. -L., Atanasova, L., Balabanski, D. L., Bentley, M. A., Blazhev, A., Brandau, C., Brown, J. R., Fahlander, C., Johansson, E. K., and Jungclaus, A.

Published
2008
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21. Exciting isomers from the first stopped-beam RISING campaign

Author

Rudolph, D., Pietri, S., Podolyák, Zs., Regan, P. H., Garnsworthy, A. B., Hoischen, R., Steer, S. J., Becker, F., Bednarczyk, P., Caceres, L., Doornenbal, P., Geissel, H., Gerl, J., Górska, M., Grębosz, J., Kelic, A., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Montes, F., Prokopowicz, W., Saito, T., Schaffner, H., Tashenov, S., Werner-Malento, E., Wollersheim, H. J., Andersson, L.-L., Atanasova, L., Balabanski, D. L., Bentley, M. A., Benzoni, G., Blank, B., Blazhev, A., Brandau, C., Brown, J. R., Bruce, A. M., Camera, F., Catford, W. N., Cullen, I. J., Dombrádi, Zs., Estevez, E., Fahlander, C., Gelletly, W., Heinz, A., Hellström, M., Ilie, G., Johansson, E. K., Jolie, J., Jones, G. A., Jungclaus, A., Kmiecik, M., Kondev, F. G., Kurtukian-Nieto, T., Lalkovski, S., Liu, Z., Maj, A., Myalski, S., Pfützner, M., Shizuma, T., Simons, A. J., Schwertel, S., Walker, P. M., and Wieland, O.

Published
2007
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23. Isomeric decay studies around 204Pt and 148Tb

Author

Podolyák, Zs., Steer, S. J., Pietri, S., Werner-Malento, E., Regan, P. H., Rudolph, D., Garnsworthy, A. B., Hoischen, R., Górska, M., Gerl, J., Wollersheim, H. J., Kurtukian-Nieto, T., Benzoni, G., Becker, F., Bednarczyk, P., Caceres, L., Doornenbal, P., Geissel, H., Grębosz, J., Kelic, A., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Montes, F., Prokopowicz, W., Saito, T., Schaffner, H., Tashenov, S., Heinz, A., Pfützner, M., Hellström, M., Jungclaus, A., Andersson, L.-L., Atanasova, L., Balabanski, D. L., Bentley, M. A., Blank, B., Blazhev, A., Brandau, C., Brown, J., Bruce, A. M., Camera, F., Catford, W. N., Cullen, I. J., Dombrádi, Zs., Estevez, E., Fahlander, C., Gelletly, W., Ilie, G., Johansson, E. K., Jolie, J., Jones, G. A., Kmiecik, M., Kondev, F. G., Lalkovski, S., Liu, Z., Maj, A., Myalski, S., Shizuma, T., Simons, A. J., Schwertel, S., Walker, P. M., Wieland, O., and Brown, B. A.

Published
2007
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24. g-factor of the 9/2+ isomeric state in 65Ni from transfer reaction

Author

Georgiev, G., Matea, I., Balabanski, D. L., Daugas, J. M., de Oliveira Santos, F., Franchoo, S., Ibrahim, F., Le Blanc, F., Lewitowicz, M., Lo Bianco, G., Lukyanov, S., Meot, V., Morel, P., Neyens, G., Penionzhkevich, Yu. E., Saltarelli, A., Sorlin, O., Stanoiu, M., Tarisien, M., Vermeulen, N., Verney, D., and Yordanov, D.

Published
2006
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26. Measurement of the g factors of isomers near the proposed N ≈ 40 subshell closure

Author

Georgiev, G., Balabanski, D. L., Bingham, C., Borcea, C., Coulier, N., Coussement, R., Daugas, J. M., Defrance, G., de Oliveira Santos, F., Goldring, G., Górska, M., Grawe, H., Grzywacz, R., Hass, M., O’Leary, C., Lewitowicz, M., Mach, H., Macovei, I., Page, R., Pfützner, M., Penionzkevich, Yu. E., Podolyák, Zs., Regan, P. H., Rykaczewski, K., Sawicka, M., Smirnova, N. A., Sobolev, Yu. G., Stanoiu, M., Teughels, S., Vyvey, K., and Neyens, G.

Published
2001
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27. Electric quadrupole moment of the neutron-rich 33Al

Author

Nagatomo, T., Shimada, K., Asahi, K., Balabanski, D. L., Daugas, J. M., Depuydt, M., De Rydt, M., Gaudefroy, L., Grévy, S., Hasama, Y., Ichikawa, Y., Kameda, D., Morel, P., Perrot, L., Stödel, C., Thomas, J. C., Vanderheijden, W., Vermeulen, N., Vingerhoets, P., Yoshimi, A., Neyens, G., and Ueno, H.

Published
2009
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30. Electromagnetic character of the competitive $\gamma\gamma/\gamma$-decay from $^{137\mathrm{m}}$Ba

Author

Söderström, P. -A., Capponi, L., Açıksöz, E., Otsuka, T., Tsoneva, N., Tsunoda, Y., Balabanski, D. L., Pietralla, N., Guardo, G. L., Lattuada, D., Lenske, H., Matei, C., Nichita, D., Pappalardo, A., and Petruse, T.

Subjects
Nuclear Theory, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Second-order processes in physics is a research topic focusing attention from several fields worldwide including, for example, non-linear quantum electrodynamics with high-power lasers, neutrinoless double-$\beta$ decay, and stimulated atomic two-photon transitions. For the electromagnetic nuclear interaction, the observation of the competitive double-$\gamma$ decay from $^{137\mathrm{m}}$Ba has opened up the nuclear structure field for detailed investigation of second-order processes through the manifestation of off-diagonal nuclear polarizability. Here we confirm this observation with an $8.7\sigma$ significance, and an improved value on the double-photon versus single-photon branching ratio as $2.62\times10^{-6}(30)$. Our results, however, contradict the conclusions from the original experiment, where the decay was interpreted to be dominated by a quadrupole-quadrupole component. Here, we find a substantial enhancement in the energy distribution consistent with a dominating octupole-dipole character and a rather small quadrupole-quadrupole element in the decay, hindered due to an evolution of the internal nuclear structure. The implied strongly hindered double-photon branching in $^{137\mathrm{m}}$Ba opens up the possibility of the double-photon branching as a feasible tool for nuclear-structure studies on off-diagonal polarizability in nuclei where this hindrance is not present., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, 2 tabels

Published
2020

31. Doubly-magic character of Sn-132 studied via electromagnetic moments of( 13)(3)Sn

Author

Rodriguez, L. , V, Balabanski, D. L., Bissell, M. L., Blaum, K., Cheal, B., De Gregorio, G., Ekman, Jörgen, Ruiz, R. F. Garcia, Gargano, A., Georgiev, G., Gins, W., Gorges, C., Heylen, H., Kanellakopoulos, A., Kaufmann, S., Lagaki, V, Lechner, S., Maass, B., Malbrunot-Ettenauer, S., Neugart, R., Neyens, G., Noertershaeuser, W., Sailer, S., Sanchez, R., Schmidt, S., Wehner, L., Wraith, C., Xie, L., Xu, Z. Y., Yang, X. F., and Yordanov, D. T.

Subjects
Subatomär fysik, Nuclear Theory, Subatomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We report the first measurement of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moment of the exotic nucleus Sn-133 by high-resolution laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE/CERN. These, in combination with state-of-the-art shell-model calculations, demonstrate the single-particle character of the ground state of this short-lived isotope and, hence, the doubly-magic character of its immediate neighbor Sn-132. The trend of the electromagnetic moments along the N = 83 isotonic chain, now enriched with the values of tin, are discussed on the basis of realistic shell-model calculations.

Published
2020

32. Measurement of the 7Li(γ,t)4He ground-state cross section between Eγ=4.4 and 10 MeV

Author

Munch, M., Matei, C., Pain, S. D., Febbraro, M. T., Chipps, K. A., Karwowski, H. J., Diget, C. Aa, Pappalardo, A., Chesnevskaya, S., Guardo, G. L., Walter, D., Balabanski, D. L., Becchetti, F. D., Brune, C. R., Chae, K. Y., Frost-Schenk, J., Kim, M. J., Kwag, M. S., La Cognata, M., Lattuada, D., Pizzone, R. G., Rapisarda, G. G., Turturica, G. V., Ur, C. A., and Xu, Y.

Subjects
ENERGY-LEVELS, LIGHT-NUCLEI, COMPILATION, GAMMA, COMPTON-SCATTERING
Abstract

The Li7(γ,t)He4 ground state cross section was measured for the first time using monoenergetic γ rays with energies between 4.4 and 10 MeV at the High Intensity Gamma-ray Source. The reaction is important for the primordial Li problem and for testing our understanding of the mirror α-capture reactions H3(α,γ)Li7 and He3(α,γ)Be7. Although over the last 30 years most measurements of the H3(α,γ)Li7 reaction have concentrated in an energy range below Eγ=3.65 MeV, measurements at higher energies could potentially restrict the extrapolation to astrophysically important energies. The experimental arrangement for measuring the Li7(γ,t)He4 reaction included a large-area silicon detector array and several beam characterization instruments. The experimental astrophysical S factor of H3(α,γ) calculated from the present data was fitted using the R-matrix formalism. The results are in disagreement with previous experimental measurements in the same energy range but the extrapolated S factor agrees with the potential model calculation and lower energy experimental data.

Published
2020
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35. Present-Day Research Opportunities with Quasimonochromatic γ Beams.

Author

Balabanski, D. L.

Subjects
*NUCLEAR physics, *EXOTIC nuclei, *NUCLEAR astrophysics, *PHOTONUCLEAR reactions, *ASTROPHYSICS, *NUCLEAR structure
Abstract

An overview of the main directions of present-day studies with quasimonochromatic γ beams are discussed with an emphasis on the research opportunities which will be offered at the Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) facility at Magurele near Bucharest in Romania. Experiments with γ beams at the extremes of high temperature and high neutron-to-proton ratios are outlined. Some of the experimental setups for nuclear structure, reaction and astrophysics studies, which are available at ELI-NP, are described. Perspectives for studies of exotic nuclei within the Gamma Factory experiment at CERN are discussed. The expected fission-fragment yields at the Gamma Factory are presented. The perspectives for nuclear structure studies with γ rays with orbital angular momentum are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

36. Nuclear Structure Studies with High-Precision Mass Measurements of Spontaneous Fission Fragments at the FRS Ion Catcher.

Author

Spătaru, A., Amanbayev, D., Ayet, S., Balabanski, D. L., Beck, S., Bergmann, J., Constantin, P., Dickel, T., Geissel, H., Hornung, C., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Kripko-Koncz, G., Mardor, I., Mollaebrahimi, A., Plaß, W. R., Scheidenberger, C., Wasserheß, M., and Zhao, J.

Subjects
NUCLEAR shell theory, MASS measurement, DAUGHTER ions, ATOMIC mass, TIME-of-flight mass spectrometers, NUCLEAR structure
Abstract

Nuclear mass is a key property of atomic nuclei. The accurate determination of nuclear masses provides information for the nuclear shell structure and nuclear deformations. The FRS Ion Catcher experimental setup at GSI, Darmstadt was used to perform mass measurements of 252Cf fragments using a multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The reported results are compared to previous measurements and their implication in the estimation of two-neutron separation energy is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

37. Towards experiments at the new ELI-NP facility

Author

Balabanski D. L., Cata-Danil G., Filipescu D., Gales S., Negoita F., Tesileanu O., Ur C. A., Ursu I., and Zamfir N. V.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) Pan-European initiative represents a major step forward in quest for extreme electromagnetic fields. The Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) laboratory is one of the three pillars of the ELI project, that aims to use such extreme electromagnetic fields for nuclear physics and quantum electrodynamics research. At ELI-NP two ten petawatt high-power laser systems together with a very brilliant narrow-width γ beam are the main research tools. Here the current status of the project and the experimental program related to nuclear research, which is under preparation at ELI-NP, are presented.

Published
2014
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38. Evidence of octupole-phonons at high spin in Pb-207

Author

Ralet, D., Clement, E., Georgiev, G., Stuchbery, A. E., Rejmund, M., Van Isacker, R., de France, G., Lemasson, A., Ljungvall, J., Michelagnoli, C., Navin, A., Balabanski, D. L., Atanasova, L., Blazhev, A., Bocchi, G., Carroll, R., Dudouet, J., Dupont, E., Forna, B., Franchoo, S., Fransen, C., Mueller-Gatermann, C., Goasduff, A., Gadea, A., John, P. R., Kocheva, D., Konstantinopoulos, T., Korichi, A., Kusoglu, A., Lenzi, S. M., Leoni, S., Lozeva, R., Maj, A., Perez, R., Pietralla, N., Shand, C., Stezowski, O., Wilmsen, D., Yordanov, D., Barrientos, D., Bednarczyk, R., Birkenbach, B., Boston, A. J., Boston, H. C., Burrows, I, Cederwall, B., Ciemala, M., Collado, J., Crespi, F., Cullen, D., Eberth, H. J., Goupil, J., Harkness, L., Hess, H., Jungclaus, A., Korten, W., Labiche, M., Menegazzo, R., Mengoni, D., Million, B., Nyberg, Johan, Podolyak, Zs, Pullia, A., Quintana Arnes, B., Recchia, F., Reiter, R., Saillant, F., Salsac, M. D., Sanchis, E., Theisen, C., Dobon, J. J. Valiente, and Wieland, O.

Subjects
Subatomär fysik, Plunger device, VAMOS plus plus spectrometer, Subatomic Physics, Octupole phonon, AGATA spectrometer, gamma-Ray tracking, Nuclear deformation
Abstract

A lifetime measurement of the 19/2(-) state in Pb-207 has been performed using the Recoil Distance Doppler-Shift (RDDS) method. The nuclei of interest were produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions induced by a Pb-208 beam impinging on a Mo-100 enriched target. The beam-like nuclei were detected and identified in terms of their atomic mass number in the VAMOS++ spectrometer while the prompt gamma rays were detected by the AGATA tracking array. The measured large reduced transition probability B(E3, 19/2(-) -> 13/2(+)) = 40(8) W.u. is the first indication of the octupole phonon at high spin in Pb-207. An analysis in terms of a particle-octupole-vibration coupling model indicates that the measured B(E3) value in Pb-207 is compatible with the contributions from single-phonon and single particle E3 as well as E3 strength arising from the double-octupole-phonon 6(+) state, all adding coherently. A crucial aspect of the coupling model, namely the strong mixing between single-hole and the phonon-hole states, is confirmed in a realistic shell-model calculation. Crown Copyright (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Published
2019

39. Check for chirality in real nuclei

Author

Tonev, D., de Angelis, G., Petkov, P., Dewald, A., Gadea, A., Pejovic, P., Balabanski, D. L., Bednarczyk, P., Camera, F., Fitzler, A., Möller, O., Marginean, N., Paleni, A., Petrache, C., Zell, K. O., and Zhang, Y. H.

Published
2005
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40. PRODUCTION OF EXOTIC NUCLEI VIA MNT REACTIONS USING GAS CELLS.

Author

SPATARU, A., BALABANSKI, D. L., BELIUSKINA, O., CONSTANTIN, P., DICKEL, T., HORNUNG, C., KANKAINEN, A., KARPOV, A. V., NICHITA, D., PLASS, W., PURUSHOTHAMAN, S., ROTARU, A., SAIKO, V. V., STATE, A., WINFIELD, J. S., and ZADVORNAYA, A.

Subjects
*EXOTIC nuclei, *HEAVY nuclei, *GASES, *CELLS
Abstract

The use of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions to produce neutronrich nuclei in the heavy region has received an increased attention in the last decade. The feasibility of employing such reactions at the FRS Ion Catcher facility at GSI and the IGISOL facility at JYFL is studied using a combination of theoretical calculations and experiment simulations. The reactions are computed within a Langevin-type model, and the Geant program is used to simulate the transport of the resulting products within the experimental setups of the above-mentioned facilities. The angular distribution of ion release, possible target choices and target-to-beam-dump distances are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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41. Spectroscopic quadrupole moments of high-spin isomers in 193 Pb

Author

Balabanski, D. L., Ionescu-Bujor, M., Iordachescu, A., Bazzacco, D., Brandolini, F., Bucurescu, D., Chmel, S., Danchev, M., De Poli, M., Georgiev, G., Haas, H., Hübel, H., Marginean, N., Menegazzo, R., Neyens, G., Pavan, P., Rainovski, G., Rossi Alvarez, C., Ur, C. A., Vyvey, K., and Frauendorf, S.

Published
2003
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42. g-factors of isomeric states in the neutron-rich nuclei

Author

Georgiev, G., Neyens, G., Hass, M., Balabanski, D. L., Bingham, C., Borcea, C., Coulier, N., Coussement, R., Daugas, J. M., de France, G., Górska, M., Grawe, H., Grzywacz, R., Lewitowicz, M., Mach, H., Matea, I., de Oliveira Santos, F., Page, R. D., Pfützner, M., Penionzhkevich, Yu E., Podolyák, Z., Regan, P. H., Rykaczewski, K., Sawicka, M., Smirnova, N. A., Sobolev, Yu, Stanoiu, M., Teughels, S., and Vyvey, K.

Published
2003
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43. Magnetic moment of the 13/2(+) isomeric state in Cu-69: Spin alignment in the one-nucleon removal reaction

Author

Kusoglu, A., Georgiev, G., Sotty, C., Balabanski D., L., Goasduff, A., Ishii, Y., Abe, Y., Asahi, K., Bostan, M., Chevrier, Rémy, Chikamori, M., Daugas J., M., Furukawa, T., Nishibata, H., Ichikawa, Y., Ishibashi, Y., Lozeva, Radomira, Miyatake, H., Nagae, D., Nanao, T., Niikura, M., Niwa, T., Okada, S., Ozawa, A., Saito, Y., Shirai, H., Ueno, H., Yordanov D., T., Yoshida, N., CSNSM SNO, Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, SHELL-MODEL, FRAGMENTATION, BEAMS, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex]
Abstract

International audience; We report on a new measurement of the g factor of the (13/2(+)) isomeric state in the neutron-rich nucleus Cu-69. This study demonstrates the possibility of obtaining considerable nuclear spin alignment for multi-quasiparticle states in single-nucleon removal reactions. The time-dependent perturbed angular distribution (TDPAD) method was used to extract the gyromagnetic factor of the (13/2(+)) [T-1/2 = 351(14) ns] isomeric state of Cu-69. Its g factor was obtained as g(13/2(+)) = 0.248( 9). The experimentally observed spin alignment for the state of interest was deduced as A = -3.3(9)%.

Published
2016
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44. Simple Nuclear Structure in Cd111-129 from Atomic Isomer Shifts

Author

Yordanov, D T, Balabanski, D L, Bissell, M L, Blaum, K, Budinčević, I, Cheal, B, Flanagan, K, Frömmgen, N, Georgiev, G, Geppert, Ch, Hammen, M, Kowalska, M, Kreim, K, Krieger, A, Meng, J, Neugart, R, Neyens, G, Nörtershäuser, W, Rajabali, M M, Papuga, J, Schmidt, S, Zhao, P W, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM SNO), and Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)

Subjects
CHARGE RADII, [PHYS]Physics [physics], CADMIUM, MOMENTS, GROUND-STATE PROPERTIES, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, ISOTOPE SHIFT, LINE, Nuclear Physics - Experiment, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], LASER SPECTROSCOPY, ISOLDE
Abstract

Isomer shifts have been determined in 111–129Cd by high-resolution laser spectroscopy at CERN ISOLDE. The corresponding mean square charge-radii changes, from the 1/2+ and the 3/2+ ground states to the 11/2− isomers, have been found to follow a distinct parabolic dependence as a function of the atomic mass number. Since the isomers have been previously associated with simplicity due to the linear mass dependence of their quadrupole moments, the regularity of the isomer shifts suggests a higher order of symmetry affecting the ground states in addition. A comprehensive description assuming nuclear deformation is found to accurately reproduce the radii differences in conjunction with the known quadrupole moments. This intuitive interpretation is supported by covariant density functional theory. ispartof: Physical Review Letters vol:116 issue:3 pages:1-5 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2016
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45. Complementary methods: γ-beam techniques, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Author

Balabanski, D. L., Blümich, Bernhard, Gelli, N., Iancu, V., Iovea, M., Kriznar, A., Massi, M., Mazzinghi, A., Ortega-Feliu, I., Respaldiza, M. A., Ruberto, C., Scrivano, S., Suliman, G., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Ur, C. A., and Zia, W.

Abstract

Nuclear Physics for Cultural Heritage / Edited by Anna Macková, Douglas MacGregor, Faical Azaiez, Johan Nyberg, and Eli Piasetzky; MULHOUSE - FRANCE : Nuclear Physics Division of the European Physical Society, 37-53 (2016). doi:10.1071/978-2-7598-2091-7, Published by Nuclear Physics Division of the European Physical Society, MULHOUSE - FRANCE

Published
2016
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46. Rb-37(97)60 : The Cornerstone of the Region of Deformation around A similar to 100

Author

Sotty, C., Zielinska, M., Georgiev, G., Balabanski, D. L., Stuchbery, A. E., Blazhev, A., Bree, N., Chevrier, R., Das Gupta, S., Daugas, J. M., Davinson, T., De Witte, H., Diriken, J., Gaffney, L. P., Geibel, K., Hadynska-Klek, K., Kondev, F. G., Konki, J., Kroell, T., Morel, P., Napiorkowski, P., Pakarinen, J., Reiter, P., Scheck, M., Seidlitz, M., Siebeck, B., Simpson, G., Toernqvist, H., Warr, N., Wenander, F., and Helsinki Institute of Physics

Subjects
NEUTRON-RICH NUCLEI, ZR-100, STATES, MOMENTS, FISSION FRAGMENTS, DETECTOR, 114 Physical sciences
Abstract

Excited states of the neutron-rich nuclei Rb-97,Rb- 99 were populated for the first time using the multistep Coulomb excitation of radioactive beams. Comparisons of the results with particle-rotor model calculations provide clear identification for the ground-state rotational band of Rb-97 as being built on the pi g(9/2) [431] 3/2(+) Nilsson-model configuration. The ground-state excitation spectra of the Rb isotopes show a marked distinction between single-particle-like structures below N = 60 and rotational bands above. The present study defines the limits of the deformed region around A similar to 100 and indicates that the deformation of Rb-97 is essentially the same as that observed well inside the deformed region. It further highlights the power of the Coulomb-excitation technique for obtaining spectroscopic information far from stability. The Rb-99 case demonstrates the challenges of studies with very short-lived postaccelerated radioactive beams.

Published
2015

47. Rb379760: The Cornerstone of the Region of Deformation around A∼100

Author

Sotty, C., Zielińska, M., Georgiev, G., Balabanski, D. L., Stuchbery, A. E., Blazhev, A., Bree, N., Chevrier, Rémy, Das Gupta, S., Daugas, J. M., Davinson, T., De Witte, H., Diriken, J., Gaffney, L. P., Geibel, K., Hadyńska-Klȩk, K., Kondev, F. G., Konki, J., Kröll, T., Morel, Pierre, Napiorkowski, P., Pakarinen, J., Reiter, P., Scheck, M., Seidlitz, M., Siebeck, B., Simpson, G., Törnqvist, H., Warr, N., Wenander, F., Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM SNO), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex]
Abstract

International audience; Excited states of the neutron-rich nuclei Rb97,99 were populated for the first time using the multistep Coulomb excitation of radioactive beams. Comparisons of the results with particle-rotor model calculations provide clear identification for the ground-state rotational band of Rb97 as being built on the πg9/2 [431] 3/2+ Nilsson-model configuration. The ground-state excitation spectra of the Rb isotopes show a marked distinction between single-particle-like structures below N=60 and rotational bands above. The present study defines the limits of the deformed region around A∼100 and indicates that the deformation of Rb97 is essentially the same as that observed well inside the deformed region. It further highlights the power of the Coulomb-excitation technique for obtaining spectroscopic information far from stability. The Rb99 case demonstrates the challenges of studies with very short-lived postaccelerated radioactive beams.

Published
2015
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48. Gamma-beam photofission experiments at ELI-NP: The future is emerging.

Author

Köster, U., Balabanski, D. L., Choudhury, D., Oberstedt, A., Krasznahorkay, A., Csige, L., Gulyas, J., Csatlos, M., and Coban, S.

Subjects
*PHOTOFISSION, *GAMMA rays, *NUCLEAR physics, *LASERS in physics, *EXPERIMENTAL programs
Abstract

At the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics facility (ELI-NP), high-power laser systems together with high-brilliance gamma beams are the main research tools. The status of the construction of the facility is reported. The emerging photofission experimental program with brilliant gamma beams at ELI-NP is presented with emphasis on the prepared day-one experiments. The physics cases of the flagship experiments at ELI-NP are discussed, as well as the related instruments which are under construction for their realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018

49. Active Target for α-Particle Condensation Studies in 16O.

Author

Margaryan, A. T., Khachatryan, V. H., Vardanyan, H. S., Grigoryan, N. K., Ajvazyan, R. B., Kakoyan, V. H., Khachatryan, P. A., Zhamkochyan, S. V., Balabanski, D. L., Annand, J. R. M., Livingston, K., Montgomery, R., Filikh, I., Mohammad, A., and Vlahovic, B.

Abstract

An active target has been developed for studying the Hoyle like states in 16O. It is a position and time sensitive detector system based on the Low-Pressure Multy-Wire Proportional Chamber (LPMWPC) technique and Si detectors. The few Torr pressure of methyl ((OCH3)2CH2) serves as a working gas for the LPMWPC operation, and the oxygen atoms of the methyl molecules serve as an experimental target. The main advantage of this new target-detector system is a high sensitivity to the low-energy, highly ionizing particles, produced after photodisintegration of 16O, and the insensitivity to the γ-rays and low ionizing particles, which allows one to detect only the products of the nuclear reaction, which are studied. The threshold energies for detection of α particles and 12C nuclei are about 50 keV and 100 keV, respectively. Temporal and positional resolution of the LPMWPC modules was investigated with the use of the α-particle source. This paper discusses the architecture of the active target and the test results of the prototype MWPC detector. This installation has been constructed to study the cluster states at 15.1 MeV in 16O using the proton beams from the Yerevan proton cyclotron and the Compton backscattered photon beams of the ELI-NP facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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50. 97/37 Rb 60 : The Cornerstone of the Region of Deformation around A∼100

Author

Sotty, C., Zielińska, M., Georgiev, G., Balabanski, D. L., Stuchbery, A. E., Blazhev, A., Bree, N., Chevrier, R., Gupta, S. Das, Daugas, J. M., Davinson, T., De Witte, H., Diriken, J., Gaffney, L. P., Geibel, K., Hadyńska-Klȩk, K., Kondev, F. G., Konki, Joonas, Kröll, T., Morel, P., Napiorkowski, P., Pakarinen, Janne, Reiter, P., Scheck, M., Seidlitz, M., Siebeck, B., Simpson, G., Törnqvist, H., Warr, N., and Wenander, F.

Subjects
rubidium, neutron-rich nuclei, Coulomb excitation
Abstract

Excited states of the neutron-rich nuclei 97,99Rb were populated for the first time using the multistep Coulomb excitation of radioactive beams. Comparisons of the results with particle-rotor model calculations provide clear identification for the ground-state rotational band of 97Rb as being built on the πg9/2 [431] 3/2+ Nilsson-model configuration. The ground-state excitation spectra of the Rb isotopes show a marked distinction between single-particle-like structures below N=60 and rotational bands above. The present study defines the limits of the deformed region around A∼100 and indicates that the deformation of 97Rb is essentially the same as that observed well inside the deformed region. It further highlights the power of the Coulomb-excitation technique for obtaining spectroscopic information far from stability. The 99Rb case demonstrates the challenges of studies with very short-lived postaccelerated radioactive beams. peerReviewed

Published
2015

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