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In the training systems for athletes across various specializations, enhancing coordination skills is crucial, particularly in sports requiring complex coordination. Purpose. To develop and test a methodology for improving coordination skills in 6-7-year-old girls engaged in rhythmic gymnastics, tailored to the characteristics of their autonomic nervous regulation. Material and methods. The study involved 40 girls (6.4 ± 1.8 years old) in their first year of rhythmic gymnastics at the initial training stage. Based on the Kerdo index, which characterizes autonomic nervous regulation types, a control group (CG, n = 19) was identified. These athletes followed the federal standard training program. The experimental group (EG, n = 21) participated in a program designed to develop coordination skills, tailored to the specific features of autonomic regulation. The methodology comprised sets of physical exercises, techniques, and methodological approaches, which were applied differentially to athletes with sympathicotonic and parasympathicotonic types of autonomic nervous regulation. In both groups, milestone assessments were performed to evaluate the development of static and dynamic coordination, as well as overall physical fitness. Results. Analysis of the milestone testing results revealed that in the EG, where the proposed methodology for developing coordination skills was applied, the test scores were significantly higher than those in the CG. Athletes with a sympathicotonic type of autonomic regulation achieved better results in motor coordination tests, while those with a parasympathicotonic type excelled in static coordination tests. Athletes with a higher level of coordination development also demonstrated superior results in general physical fitness tests compared to the girls in the CG. Conclusions. It is more effective to develop and improve coordination skills in young gymnasts by considering the identified features of their autonomic nervous regulation. This approach not only improves coordination abilities but also contributes to a higher overall level of physical fitness in the athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern sports require adaptogens to mitigate the functional changes associated with intense training loads. Investigating the effects of plant adaptogens on physiological function and autonomic regulation in athletes is a prominent area in sports medicine. Purpose: This study explored the impact of a course of Eleutherococcus on cardiovascular function, autonomic balance, and aerobic capacity in highly qualified athletes. Material and methods: A group of elite swimmers, trained according to personalized standard techniques, received Eleutherococcus supplementation for 10 days. Standard heart rate variability parameters were used to monitor physiological changes. During the experiment, an analysis of the vegetative balance among athletes was carried out. Also, the maximum oxygen consumption among the study groups was estimated using the Astrand method. VO2max was measured during physical work of athletes in the control and experimental groups at maximum power using a bicycle ergometer under submaximal work conditions. Results. In both experimental groups, reliably significant changes in the values of heart rate variability indicators were established. Relative tension of the regulatory systems is noted, which is a normal physiological response of the body to physical activity in the submaximal power zone. It is noted that in athletes who took Eleutherococcus, the body's response reflected stabilization of the cardiointervalogram indicators. This contributes to the strengthening of the adaptive reserves of the body due to the corrective effect of Eleutherococcus on the vagosympathetic balance and the effect on the parasympathetic and sympathetic links of heart rate regulation. A course of adaptogen intake demonstrated an increase in the aerobic capabilities of the body and higher physical performance, which is associated with an increase in VO2max among athletes in the experimental group. Conclusions. The course use of Eleutherococcus helps to increase the physical capabilities of the body by optimizing physiological functions under the influence of physical activity. It is possible to use this plant adaptogen at the training stage of athletes in cyclic sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing speed-strength abilities is a key focus in physical training. Developing more effective pedagogical methods to cultivate this motor quality is crucial for educational and training activities. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate a methodology for improving the speed-strength qualities of schoolgirls aged 16-18 by implementing the CrossFit training system during extracurricular time in the school sports program. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at a secondary school in the Siberian Federal District. We observed 24 girls aged 16-18 (17.2±0.8 years), who were divided into 12 people into the control (CG) and experimental groups (EG). They attended the school general physical training section three times a week during free time. Each training session lasted 90 minutes. Training in both groups was conducted according to the traditional program for developing general physical qualities. The EG girls used our improved method of developing speed-strength qualities using the CrossFit training system, which took up 30-40% of the total time of each lesson and was included in the main part of the educational and training sessions on general physical training for three months (from February to April). Each set of CrossFit exercises had elements of a speed-strength focus. The performance of loads in aerobic and anaerobic modes was combined. At the beginning and end of the research project, the state of speed-strength qualities of girls in both observed groups was assessed using motor tests. Results. The results of testing motor qualities established a higher efficiency of the improved method of improving speed-strength qualities in EG girls, where the CrossFit training system was used compared to CG. In EG girls, the values of the indicators of all speed-strength tests were significantly higher than the results of testing the girls in the control group. Conclusions. The proposed method for improving speed-strength qualities in girls aged 16-18, which uses the CrossFit training system, can be used in other educational institutions during additional time spent in the sports section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training children who specialize early in a chosen sport presents challenges owing to insufficient research on various aspects of their development. In Sambo wrestling, the preliminary training of children aged 4-6 has not been adequately explored. Purpose: This study aims to develop and experimentally validate a comprehensive developmental program for preliminary training in Sambo wrestling for boys aged 4-6 years. Materials and Methods: The pedagogical experiment was performed at a Sambo wrestling club in Kaliningrad. Thirty boys aged 4-6 years (mean age 5.7 ± 1.2 years) participated in the study, with 15 children assigned to the experimental group (EG) and 15 to the control group (CG). In both experimental groups, training was held three times a week for 45 minutes. In CG, children trained according to the general physical fitness development program, which is presented in the traditional methodology. The educational and training process of children in EG was organized according to the program of preliminary general physical training of children for Sambo wrestling developed by us, which had a sports and health focus. The proposed program differs from the traditional program for the development of general physical qualities in the means and methods of physical training used. In the educational and training process of children EG, a significant role was given to the game method, which was used in each part of the training. Results. Quite a high efficiency of the proposed program was established. Analysis of the results of testing motor qualities and functional fitness of children in the experimental group showed that the values of the indicators in athletes of this group exceed them in children in the control group. In the experimental group, the values of the indicators in tests for speed, coordination abilities and agility, dynamic speed-strength endurance of the muscles of the lower extremities, flexibility of the hip joints and spine, accuracy of motor actions are significantly higher. Of the functional indicators, a significantly higher value of strength indicators of the muscles of the hand of both hands and static balance was noted in children EG compared to CG. Conclusions. The tested program for developing general physical fitness in 4-6-year-old boys for the preliminary stage of Sambo wrestling classes can be recommended for use in children's sports institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of using non-invasive methods for diagnosing human fitness remains an important topic in the fields of physical education and sports. Purpose: To investigate the features of crystallization and initiating properties of saliva among student-athletes and students who do not participate in sports. Materials and Methods: The study involved 86 participants from a university in the Volga Federal District. The participants were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=42) consisted of students who did not engage in sports, and Group 2 (n=44) consisted of student-athletes who regularly trained in various university sports sections. Saliva samples were collected once. The activity of crystal formation and their excitatory potential in the saliva were assessed. Three categories of salivary indicators were distinguished in the picture of crystal formation: single crystals, polygonal forms, and amorphous structures. Quantitative coefficients Q and P were calculated. The degree of cellular density, element distribution uniformity, degree of pattern destruction signs, and the formation process of the micropreparation marginal zone were analyzed. The crystallogenic bioenvironment was assessed using static methods. Results: The study of saliva crystallization revealed statistically significant differences in the crystallogenic and stimulating properties between students with different attitudes towards regular sports. The test showed activation of the biological fluid stimulating ability and optimization of texture characteristics in combination with a decrease in pattern element destruction degree, as well as a moderate increase in the margin of the micropreparations' border in student-athletes compared to those who did not participate in sports. Conclusions: Regular sports activities contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes in the body, increasing the adaptive capacity and tolerance of the athlete to training loads. The method of crystalloscopic examination of saliva can be applied in physical education and sports to monitor human fitness and manage education and training processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of the swimmers' respiratory system response to a special physical load were studied. The swimmers of high sports qualification aged 16-18 years old, who specialize in swimming at distances of various lengths, underwent the examination. At the first stage, we used exercises aimed at enhancing the anaerobic work power in swimming. At the second stage, the parameters of the swimmers' respiratory system response to the load in aerobic and anaerobic zone were studied. At the third stage of the study, the changes of the swimmers' respiratory functions under physical loads at the level of MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) were researched. The investigation of respiratory system functions of stayer swimmers was conducted with the use of a Spirolab-3 spirometer (spirograph). We found that the recovery of qualified swimmers can be activated when aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism are combined. The results of the study confirm that the swimmers' respiratory functions influence the processes of recovery of their working capacity after being exposed to multidirectional physical loads. The sprinters' anaerobic mechanisms of muscle function are better developed. The stayers' aerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism function better. In order to activate the recovery of qualified swimmers, it is advisable to combine aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, the improved outfitting and sports alpine skiing equipment have brought about significantly increased speed of their motion on the mountain slope. At the same time, alpine skiers’ psychological and physiological reserves remain practically unchanged. In order to enhance the statokinetic stability level of the alpine skiers included in the experimental group, normobaric hypoxia training in combination with cervical spine muscle exercises were used for a month during a preparatory period before competitions. The subjects of the control group used conventional exercises to enhance the statokinetic stability level. The results of the studies showed that the alpine skiers from the experimental group demonstrated a confidently increased tolerance time of continuous cumulation of Coriolis accelerations (versus initial measurements). We also observed the lowered intensity of negative vestibulosensory, vestibulovegetative and vestibulosomatic reactions. This showed their improved tolerance of continuous cumulation of Coriolis accelerations. Besides that, the alpine skiers of the experimental group showed positive changes in the static stabilometric test in the integrated functional computer stabilography. The open eyes test showed a confidently significant reduction in the rate of increase of the statokinesiogram length and area, oscillation amplitude of the projection of the common center of gravity in the frontal and sagittal planes, and also the coefficient of asymmetry in the frontal and sagittal directions. The obtained results can justify recommendation of normobaric hypoxia course to be used in combination with cervical spine muscle exercises as means to improve statokinetic stability in alpine skiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-water marathon swimming with fins demands high levels of physical fitness from the athletes. The highest emphasis is placed on improving the general and speed endurance. This can only be achieved through targeted impact on the physiological structures of marathon swimmers, accounting for the individual characteristics of the mechanism behind the energy supply for muscle activity. Analysis of the literature has revealed that most works on training of marathon swimmers in fins do not provide sufficient data accounting for the individual specifics of the mechanism supplying energy for the athlete's muscle activity during training for competitions. This greatly limits the possibilities for differentiating the techniques and methods for improving general and speed endurance. Furthermore, methods for improving general and speed endurance in open-water marathon swimmers with fins, with different types of energy metabolism serving as the differentiation criterion, have not received sufficient attention. The existing system for training marathon swimmers in fins; for competitions does not offer satisfactory options accounting for the energy supply mechanism of muscle activity during practice. The system's main drawback is in the general approach to training of marathon swimmers in fins, which does not allow effectively increasing the general endurance and speeding endurance. Our findings indicate that the techniques and methods for training marathon swimmers in fins accounting for the individual characteristics of the mechanism for energy supply of muscular activity play a prominent role in improving the efficiency of training athletes for competitions. This actually helps athletes to achieve better results in training and in competitions. We have established that properly organized training sessions accounting for the individual characteristics of the energy supply mechanism of muscular activity have a higher efficiency. Studies have shown that the goals of developing general and speed endurance should be achieved in training marathon swimmers in fins in open water. General endurance is necessary for athletes to maintain high speed during the race, and speed endurance is necessary for building up speed at the finish. We have confirmed that special tasks during such training should be solved allowing for the individual characteristics of the mechanism for energy supply of muscular activity in marathon swimmers. The article reports on the results obtained for a training model developed for open-water marathon swimmers in fins, accounting for the individual peculiarities of the mechanism for energy supply to the athletes' muscular activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study is associated with assessing the dynamics of the pressure applied to the trigger when making a shot in biathlon competition. The experiment involved five qualified athletes. The educational work and training sessions were completed with them to improve the trigger handling technique before the experiment. The pressure was recorded using a thin-film elastic sensor located in the contact zone of the biathlete's finger with the rifle trigger. The test task included shooting series from a standing and lying position both before and after loading. Three different trigger manipulation types were identified. The data indicate the feasibility of developing modern systems designed to improve the athlete's shooting profile in terms of the efforts applied to the trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the issues of improving the quality of the training process for marathon runners in competition preparation by utilizing the application of a differentiated training model based on the types of energy metabolism for the development of tempo and speed endurance. The studies conducted have shown that marathon runners of different energy metabolism types adapt differently to competitive loads, as well as to speed and tempo development. The process of adaptation of their functional systems (which define tempo and speed endurance) occurs mainly due to the differentiation of the tools and methods used correspondingly to the type of energy metabolism. It allows not only for the more effective expansion of the cardiorespiratory system capabilities but also for bringing athletes to a higher level of tempo and speed endurance development. As a result of the study, it was revealed that for aerobic athletes, tempo endurance should be developed by using standard continuous training, while speed endurance should be developed through repeated training. Tempo endurance in anaerobic marathon runners should be developed by using interval training, while speed endurance should be developed through non-maximal effort training with a normalized number of distance segments. Tempo endurance in marathon runners of the mixed type of energy metabolism should be developed by using the variable training method, while speed endurance should be developed through a combination of non-maximal effort and repeated training with a fixed number of distance segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that the adaptation of biathletes' bodies to different loads takes place gradually from stage to stage due to the development of stamina in the framework of the combined use of respiratory exercises. The process of adaptation and change in functional parameters characterizing physical performance and functioning of external respiration occurs mainly due to the expansion of the range of application of the means that expand the capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system of the biathlete's body. The use of respiratory exercises with and without exercise machines in combination with aerobic exercises of moderate, medium, and maximum intensity allows expanding the reserve and functional capabilities of the biathlete's body. This allows achieving more significant positive changes in general and specific physical fitness, physical performance, functional fitness, breathing capacity and biathlete reserves, as well as the rates of response to different loads during training sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been established that the dynamics of rest/load indicators, as a rule, depends on the skill level of the athlete. More successful athletes have a high level of sympathetic reaction and activity of the central circuit for the regulation of heart rhythm to the load as a manifestation of functional reserves mobilization. A healthy powerful reaction to load and a high level of mobilization abilities are the most important parameters for the success of training and competitive activities during race running. The findings of a comprehensive assessment of heart rate variability in the evaluation of short 5-minute records and long (weekly) records indicate that, compared with athletes who train at the medium altitude, long-distance runners training on the flat terrain adapt to the conditions of sports activity with higher strain on regulatory systems. This is due to the lack of proper economization against the background of the initially low reserve and aerobic capabilities of the body, due, inter alia, to the low development of the autonomous control circuit. The above leads to overload and depreciation of the central control circuit at rest and, in connection with this, its low response to the impact under the conditions of physical and competitive loads. The cost of adaptation of such an organism increases signifi cantly, its adaptation and competitive potential decreases. Accordingly, with a highly developed autonomous control circuit during training at the medium altitude, we can expect a higher competitive success of the long-distance runners compared to the long-distance runners who train on the flat terrain with poorly expressed control circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive activity at middle altitude creates increased demand on the cardiovascular system of long-distance swimmers. The state of their cardiovascular system and its readiness for such activities at middle altitude can be evaluated according to haemodynamic parameters. At the same time, state-of-the-art strategies for cardiovascular disorder prevention in long-distance swimmers during training for competitive activity at middle altitude are mostly based on the assessment of systemic haemodynamics, with no reference to microcirculation. The process of adaptation and changes in the functional parameters of long-distance swimmers that characterize their physical performance and the function of external respiration mainly occurs by broadening the range of training tools and methods. The unrestricted broadening of these tools and methods can cause severe disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. At the same time, existing methods for assessing the state of the cardiovascular system in long-distance swimmers do not allow performing a qualitative evaluation of the peripheral circulation haemodynamic parameters. The studies conducted have shown that microcirculation parameters in long-distance swimmers at different training loads have similar dynamics at middle altitude and under the conditions of a hypoxic gas environment, which allows for higher quality assessment of the cardiovascular system state in athletes and for the more accurate evaluation of their bodily reaction to different training loads at middle altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conducted researches showed the demand for the developed online course "Physical Culture: Theory" in the educational process among students. To theoretical knowledge, we include such as: monitoring your health, exercise and self-training methods, how to support yourself in stressful situations, how to properly provide first aid in case of trauma. This is the information that students are taught in the theoretical part of the course "Physical Culture". However, not all listeners understand the need for such knowledge and miss the attendance of lectures. Therefore, the authors of the course of our University developed a mass open online course "Physical Culture: Theory". It is placed on the National Platform "Open Education" and attracts a large audience of listeners. The introduction of this course in the educational process has allowed not only to solve the problems with attending lectures, but also to significantly improve the progress of students. The course is in demand also by other educational organizations of higher and secondary vocational education. The involvement of the course in the educational process of external (external) organizations takes place within the framework of network interaction. The course became one of the first in our university, introduced into the educational process in the format of mixed education. Final attestation on "Physical Culture: Theory", students are held in a streaming audience equipped with modern computer equipment. The creation and introduction of the course in the educational process allowed to increase the motivation of students to study the theory of physical culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performed investigations have shown that development of coordination potential of MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) fighters represents a complex process. Training of fighters to use new different actions should be realized with gradual increase of their coordination complexity. It was established that while mastering new actions the sportsmen not only enrich their motional skill, but also develop a power to realize new forms of physical coordination. Such a treatment of development of coordination potential of MMA fighters was adopted as a basis for development of pedagogical practice comprised of three stages. At the first stage, estimation of developmental level of coordination potential of MMA fighters is carried out. At the second stage, mastering of new actions is fulfilled based on gradual increase of their coordination complexity as well as based on development of power to realize new forms of physical coordination. At the third stage, improvement of different types of coordination potential is carried out based on exercising of differentiated tools and methods of fighters training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study found that middle distance runners better formed anaerobic mechanisms of muscle activity, and longdistance runners function better aerobic mechanisms of muscle activity. The differences of the reaction of the respiratory system to the load of different directions in runners, specializing in middle and long distance affect the speed of the recovery of their health. Most preferred for rapid recovery of the runners, is the harmonious combination of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of muscle activity, as well as their maximum development during the training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes research findings concerning the identification of special features of response of the respiratory system of long-distance runners and middle-distance runners to exercises of different types and its effect on the recovery rate. It has been revealed that the balanced combination of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms intended for support of muscle activities and their development to full potential during workout sessions is most preferable for quick rehabilitation of the runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains results from authors' provision of rationale for a pedagogical pattern's structure of a selfguided physical training of futsal referees by means of individual assignments. The pattern defines both main points of a self-guided physical training by means of individual assignments amid preparations of futsal referees and training results-of physical skills required to preside over a game of futsal. We invite to consider the main performance indicators of a self-guided physical training of futsal referees by means of individual assignments to be referees' speed endurance and quickness of recovery upon load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the pedagogical conditions that are necessary for the effective speed-strength training of young football players. These include the careful selection of children and their retention throughout the entire period of football education, differentiation and individualization during their speed-strength training, selecting the most effective means of developing speed and strength in young football players, and ensuring a balance in the development of their speed and strength. Less important conditions include the efficient use of time allotted for speed-strength training, the maintenance of a high team morale, and the efficient use of fitness equipment, such as kettlebells, barbells, and other means of speed-strength training of young football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study substantiates pedagogical conditions necessary for effective speed-strength training of young football players, such as careful selection of children and their retention throughout the whole period of football education; differentiation and individualization of speed-strength training of young football players; selection of the most effective means of developing speed and strength in young football players; balance of means of developing speed and strength of young football players. Less important conditions include efficient use of time allotted for speed-strength training; maintenance of high team morale; efficient use of fitness equipment, kettlebells, barbells, and other means of speed-strength training of young football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns the efficacy of using isometric exercises to prevent basketball injuries. The proposed technology optimises the improvement of basketball players' general physical preparation by using isometric exercises. To define the key factors that contribute to a considerable reduction of injury rate in basketball, a dedicated survey among coaches, athletes and basketball experts has been conducted. Those were suggested to rank injury rate reduction key factors according to their significance. In general, 52 people participated as respondents in the survey. To achieve the goals set in the study, the following methods of research were used: a questionnaire, an interview, a survey; a study of the dynamics of basketball players' physical fitness and performance during competitions; an assessment of student team basketball players' physical characteristics; psychological testing of basketball players; educational experiment; statistical processing of the obtained data. Basketball players who regularly did isometric exercises, considering their individual characteristics, had better indices of their physical fitness and lower injury rates. The greatest difference (p < 0.01) was between injury rates for those who did not do these exercises and athletes who regularly did isometric exercises. This study's research on the use of isometric exercises in the system of general physical preparation of basketball players to prevent injury has demonstrated the high efficiency of isometric exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a pedagogical model for developing the skills cadets of higher education institutions of the Aerospace Forces need to organize their own kettlebell workouts. This allowed optimizing the physical training of cadets studying at higher education institutions of the Aerospace Forces by organizing it on the basis of: 1) comprehensive approach to planning tasks related to the physical enhancement of cadets; 2) elaborating on tasks related to the organization of all forms of kettlebell workouts; 3) choosing the optimal content of the physical training with due regard to the specifics of kettlebell workouts; 4) choosing the most effective kettlebell training techniques and organizational forms that would help to solve the problem of improving the learning capacity of cadets; 5) implementing the individual, functional and differentiated approaches to the process of physical training and the kettlebell workout; 6) establishing the pedagogical conditions necessary for the successful solution of the given tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article substantiates the factors that determine the necessity to develop skills required by cadets of higher education institutions of the Aerospace Forces to organize and conduct their self-training with kettlebells. They include a considerable limitation of opportunities for regular physical training of graduates during combat tasks fulfillment, and also frequent missions against international terrorism. The important factors are limited opportunities for regular physical training during combat tasks fulfillment; low level of cadets' skills of organizing self-training with kettlebells; lack of knowledge among cadets about its organizing and realization. The authors draw attention to cadets' insufficient skills of choosing means for self-training with kettlebells for maintaining high efficiency, to poor knowledge of self-training with kettlebells techniques, and also to cadets' insufficient skills of correct estimating their individual abilities while planning self-training with kettlebells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the educational technology of using Pilates for the prevention of spine disorders of female students at higher educational institutions. The main stages of this technology are discussed in the paper. In the first stage, special attention should be paid to control over the movements, concentration and focus on the exercises done by the students with the low fitness level. The main goal of this stage is to strengthen the muscles and ligaments of the spine. The second stage focuses on finding the right center of gravity of the body during exercise done by the students of the middle fitness level, as well as on the accuracy and smoothness of the movements. The main goal of this stage is to improve the support and motor functions of the spinal column. In the third stage, special attention should be paid to the development of intermuscular coordination and proper breathing of the students of high fitness level. During a workout, visual images to ensure correctness of performing this exercise should be used. The main goal of this stage is to enhance significantly the functional capacity of the spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents findings from a study conducted to determine the significance of practical military skills applied by the special purpose regiments of the Internal Troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs to deliver combat objectives. The findings indicate that the following are the key practical military skills: marksmanship skills as prowess with various types of weapons; the ability to move silently and promptly take up an advantageous fighting position; the ability to rapidly defeat the enemy when the encounter is unexpected; the ability to contain the enemy and cover assault teams; hand-to-hand fighting (with or without weapons) in various conditions; the ability to locate, apprehend and terminated terrorists; skills of camouflage and concealment; mastery of different entry techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, indicators characterized the readiness of archers for efficient competitive activity. A lack of readiness for competitive activity in archers as a whole requires new approaches to the organization of educational training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] Competitive sport places strict demands on the cardiovascular systems of veteran trail runners. Our research objective was to evaluate the dynamics of microcirculation parameters of veteran runners in hypoxic and mid-altitude conditions. [Subjects and Methods] Seven male runners from Russia and Italy between the ages of 50 and 60 years were examined whilst competing at mid-altitude (1,500-2,000 m above sea level). The same runners were examined in a simulated mid-altitude hypoxic environment, which was a hypoxic chamber with 16% oxygen concentration, for 720 minutes. Under both conditions, peripheral circulation was studied using a laser Doppler flowmeter attached to the distal phalange of the second finger of the subject's right hand. All subjects had a microcirculation parameter assessed, which was the standard deviation of the erythrocytes flow vibration in peripheral circulation, under both conditions. In order to assess the intensity of vasomotor reactions of the microcirculatory vessels, the coefficient of variation was used. [Results] In the hypoxic environment, a decrease in the microcirculation parameter was noted in the short-term (360 minutes), with a subsequent compensatory increase in the long-term (720 minutes). However, the coefficient of variation showed a reverse trend with an increase in the vasomotor activity of microvessels from 12.4% to 18.2% at the stage of maximum training load within one month in the mid-altitude in the hypoxic environment, with a consequent reduction in preparation for the start. [Conclusion] In the hypoxic environment, the subjects demonstrated a two-stage change in the dynamics of the microcirculation parameter: an initial fall and a subsequent increase reaching the initial values. Similar changes were found when subjects were competing at mid-altitude. Our results show that the assessment of the peripheral circulation in a simulated mid-altitude hypoxic environment can be used to determine the readiness of veteran sportsmen for long-term trail running in mid-altitude conditions.