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COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Although the respiratory system is the main target of COVID-19, the disease can affect other organs, including the kidneys. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), commonly seen in patients infected with COVID-19, has a multifactorial cause. Several studies associate this injury with the direct involvement of the virus in renal cells and the indirect damage stimulated by the infection. The direct cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 are due to the entry and replication of the virus in renal cells, changing several regulatory pathways, especially the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), with repercussions on the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Furthermore, the virus can deregulate the immune system, leading to an exaggerated response of inflammatory cells, characterizing the state of hypercytokinemia. The such exaggerated inflammatory response is commonly associated with hemodynamic changes, reduced renal perfusion, tissue hypoxia, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endothelial damage, and coagulopathies, which can result in severe damage to the renal parenchyma. Thereby, understanding the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of kidney injuries induced by SARS-COV-2 is of fundamental importance to obtaining new therapeutic insights for the prevention and management of AKI.

FAPERJ (Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Par?. Departamento de Morfologia e Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas. Bel?m, PA, Brazil / Centro Universit?rio Metropolitano da Amaz?nia. Instituto Euro-Americano de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. University of Groningen. Department of Neuroscience. Section Medical Physiology. Groningen, The Netherlands. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. University of Edinburgh Medical School. Scotland, United Kingdom. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Universidade Federal de S?o Paulo. Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Psicobiologia. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of Minnesota. Department of Psychiatry. Minneapolis, MN, USA. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Czech Republic. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology. Urbana, Illinois, USA. Universidade do Estado do Par?. Departamento de Morfologia e Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas. Bel?m, PA, Brazil / Centro Universit?rio Metropolitano da Amaz?nia. Instituto Euro-Americano de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia. Bel?m, PA, Brazil / Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Instituto de Ci?ncias B?sicas da Sa?de. Departamento de Bioqu?mica. Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Preprint usage is growing rapidly in the life sciences; however, questions remain on the relative quality of preprints when compared to published articles. An objective dimension of quality that is readily measurable is completeness of reporting, as transparency can improve the reader?s ability to independently interpret data and reproduce findings. In this observational study, we compared random samples of articles published in bioRxiv and in PubMed-indexed journals in 2016 using a quality of reporting questionnaire. We found that peer-reviewed articles had, on average, higher quality of reporting than preprints, although this difference was small. We found larger differences favoring PubMed in subjective ratings of how clearly titles and abstracts presented the main findings and how easy it was to locate relevant reporting information. Interestingly, an exploratory analysis showed that preprints with figures and legends embedded within text had reporting scores similar to PubMed articles. These differences cannot be directly attributed to peer review or editorial processes, as manuscripts might already differ before submission due to greater uptake of preprints by particular research communities. Nevertheless, our results show that quality of reporting in preprints in the life sciences is within a similar range as that of peer-reviewed articles, albeit slightly lower on average, supporting the idea that preprints should be considered valid scientific contributions. An ongoing second phase of the project is comparing preprints to their own published versions in order to more directly assess the effects of peer review.

CriaCerto App was launched in February 2019 by Embrapa, Brazil, as free access, available at www.criacerto.com. It simulates the costs and benefits of the main breeding systems for cattle production: Natural Service (NS), One Fixed Time Artificial Insemination plus NS (1FTAI), Two Fixed Time Artificial Insemination plus NS (2FTAI), and Three Fixed Time Inseminations (3FTAI). This work aimed to evaluate the use of the App as well as the results of the simulations carried out during the 12 months following its launch. From February 14th, 2019 to February 20th, 2020, 4,780 accesses to the platform were recorded, with an average access time of 3 min 30 s. Eighty percent of accesses were made using mobile phones, 15% from desktops, and 5% via tablets. These accesses resulted in 975 different simulations, where 51% were from NS, 24% of 1FTAI, 14% 2FTAI, and 11% 3FTAI. There was a difference between the prices the farmers were willing to pay for the bulls according to the reproduction method. Those who performed NS simulations were willing to pay less for bulls than those who simulated 1FTAI or 2FTAI. It was also observed that the price to be paid per semen dose on 1FTAI simulations was practically double of the 2FTAI. This indicates that farmers are willing to invest in genetically superior bulls, which are usually more expensive, but the decision is made based on the total amount of money spent. It also indicates that farmers take into account the trade-off between the cost of the bull, semen dose and the benefits of genetic improvement. In Brazil only 12% of the total beef cows participate in artificial insemination programs. Nonetheless, through this study, we concluded that farmers are opened to invest in FTAI, even though they do not want to pay high prices in semen doses.

Deliverables 2.1 Compilation of co-developed ready-to-implement innovative knowledge aims at collecting relevant information on NWFPs innovations (research, success stories, best practices, databases, technical reports, policies, etc.). These pieces of information take the form of fact sheets and have been collected either from primary INCREDIBLE data, stemming from the collective knowledge of the consortium and screening of existing repositories, or from Secondary data from available and relevant scientific and grey literature. Moreover, in order to capture new ideas, but also to mobilize the broader community and to contribute to a mind-set change in relation to science-practice interaction, a Knowledge contest has been organized, awarding the best Research-into-Action summary from researchers and practitioners.

Point-of-care ultrasound at the bedside has evolved into an essential component of emergency patient care. Current evidence supports its use across a wide spectrum of medical and traumatic diseases in a variety of settings. The prehospital use of ultrasound has evolved from a niche technology to impending widespread adoption across emergency medical services systems internationally. Recent technological advances and a growing evidence base support this trend. However, concerns regarding feasibility, education, and quality assurance must be addressed proactively. This topical review describes the history of prehospital ultrasound, initial training needs, ongoing skill maintenance, quality assurance and improvement requirements, available devices, and indications for prehospital ultrasound.

Most efforts to estimate the reproducibility of published findings have focused on specific areas of research, even though science is usually assessed and funded on a regional or national basis. Here we describe a project to assess the reproducibility of findings in biomedical science published by researchers based in Brazil. The Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative is a systematic, multicenter effort to repeat between 60 and 100 experiments: the project will focus on a set of common methods, repeating each experiment in three different laboratories from a countrywide network. The results, due in 2021, will allow us to estimate the level of reproducibility of biomedical science in Brazil, and to investigate what aspects of the published literature might help to predict whether a finding is reproducible.

Reconsolidation is a process in which re-exposure to a reminder causes a previously acquired memory to undergo a process of destabilisation followed by subsequent restabilisation. Different molecular mechanisms have been postulated for destabilisation in the amygdala and hippocampus, including CB1 receptor activation, protein degradation and AMPA receptor exchange; however, most of the amygdala studies have used pre-reexposure interventions, while those in the hippocampus have usually performed them after reexposure. To test whether the temporal window for destabilisation is similar across both structures, we trained Lister Hooded rats in a contextual fear conditioning task, and 1 day later performed memory reexposure followed by injection of either the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) or saline in order to block reconsolidation. In parallel, we also performed local injections of either the CB1 antagonist SR141716A or its vehicle in the hippocampus or in the amygdala, either immediately before or immediately after reactivation. Infusion of SR141716A in the hippocampus prevented the reconsolidation-blocking effect of MK-801 when performed after reexposure, but not before it. In the amygdala, meanwhile, pre-reexposure infusions of SR141716A impaired reconsolidation blockade by MK-801, although the time-dependency of this effect was not as clear as in the hippocampus. Our results suggest the temporal windows for CB1-receptor-mediated memory destabilisation during reconsolidation vary between brain structures. Whether this reflects different time windows for engagement of these structures or different roles played by CB1 receptors in destabilisation across structures remains an open question for future studies.

The Photo-Fenton-like (PF-like) process with minute Fe(III) concentrations and the Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis (HPP), using Xe-lamp or solar light as sources of irradiation, were efficiently applied to eliminate the herbicide 2,4-D from water. PF-like experiments concerning ferric and H2O2 concentrations of 0.6 mg L−1 and 20 mg L−1 respectively, using Xenon lamps (Xe-lamps) as a source of irradiation and 2,4-D concentrations of 10 mg L−1 at pH 3.6, exhibited complete 2,4-D degradation and 77% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal after 30 min and 6 h of irradiation respectively whereas HPP (in absence of ferric ions) experiments showed a 2,4-D reduction and DOC removal of 90% and 7% respectively after 6 h of irradiation. At pH 7.0, HPP process achieved a 2,4-D abatement of approximately 75% and a DOC removal of 4% after 6 h. PF-like exhibited slightly improved 2,4-D and DOC removals (80% and 12% respectively) after the same irradiation time probably due to the low pH reduction (from 7.0 to 5.6). Several chlorinated-aromatic intermediates were identified by HPLC-MS. These by-products were efficiently removed by PF at pH 3.6, whereas at neutral PF-like and acid or neutral HPP, they were not efficiently degraded. With natural solar light irradiation, 10 and 1 mg L−1 of 2,4-D were abated using minor H2O2 concentrations (3, 6, 10 and 20 mg L−1) and iron at 0.6 mg L−1 in Milli-Q water. Similar results to Xe-lamp experiments were obtained, where solar UV-B + A light H2O2 photolysis (HPSP) and solar photo-Fenton-like (SPF-like) played an important role and even at low H2O2 and ferric concentrations of 3 and 0.6 mg L−1 respectively, 2,4-D was efficiently removed at pH 3.6. Simulated surface water at pH 3.6 containing 1 mg L−1 2,4-D, 20 mg L−1 H2O2 and 0.6 mg L−1 Fe(III) under natural sunlight irradiation efficiently removed the herbicide and its main metabolite 2,4-DCP after 30 min of treatment while at neutral pH, 40% of herbicide degradation was achieved. In the case of very low iron concentrations (0.05 mg L−1) at acid pH, 150 min of solar treatment was required to remove 2,4-D. Fil: Serra Clusellas, Anna. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: De Angelis, Laura. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina Fil: Lin, Chung Ho. University of Missouri; Estados Unidos Fil: Vo, Phuc. University of Missouri; Estados Unidos Fil: Bayati, Mohamed. University of Missouri; Estados Unidos Fil: Sumner, Lloyd. University of Missouri; Estados Unidos Fil: Lei, Zhentian. University of Missouri; Estados Unidos Fil: Amaral, Nathalia B.. Centro Federal de Educacão Tecnológica de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Bertini, Liliana M.. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina Fil: Mazza, Jose. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina Fil: Pizzio, Luis Rene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; Argentina Fil: Stripeikis, Jorge Daniel. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina Fil: Rengifo Herrera, Julian Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; Argentina Fil: Fidalgo de Cortalezzi, Maria M.. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina

Reconsolidation is a process in which re-exposure to a reminder causes a previously acquired memory to undergo a process of destabilisation followed by subsequent restabilisation. Different molecular mechanisms have been postulated for destabilisation in the amygdala and hippocampus, including CB1 receptor activation, protein degradation and AMPA receptor exchange; however, most of the amygdala studies have used pre-re-exposure interventions, while those in the hippocampus have performed them after re-exposure. To test whether the temporal window for destabilisation is similar across both structures, we trained Lister Hooded rats in a contextual fear conditioning task, and 1 day later performed memory re-exposure followed by injection of either the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) or saline in order to block reconsolidation. In parallel, we also performed local injections of either the CB1 antagonist SR141716A or its vehicle in the hippocampus or in the amygdala, either immediately before or immediately after reactivation. Infusion of SR141716A in the hippocampus prevented the reconsolidation-blocking effect of MK-801 when performed after re-exposure, but not before it. In the amygdala, meanwhile, pre-reexposure infusions of SR141716A impaired reconsolidation blockade by MK-801, although the time-dependency of this effect was not as clear as in the hippocampus. Our results suggest the temporal windows for CB1-receptor-mediated memory destabilisation during reconsolidation vary between brain structures. Whether this reflects different time windows for engagement of these structures or different roles played by CB1 receptors in destabilisation across structures remains an open question for future studies.

The pathology of schistosomiasis mansoni, a neglected tropical disease of great clinical and socioeconomic importance, results from the parasite eggs that become trapped in host tissues, particularly in the liver and intestines. Continuous antigenic stimulation from these eggs leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells to the sites of infection with formation of periovular granulomas. These complex structures have variable size and composition and are the most striking histopathological feature of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, evaluation of granulomas by conventional microscopy methods is time-consuming and limited, especially in large-scale studies. Here, we used high resolution Whole Slide Imaging (WSI), which allows fast scanning of entire histological slides, and multiple morphometric evaluations, to assess the granulomatous response elicited in target organs (liver, small and large intestines) of two models of schistosomiasis mansoni. One of the advantages of WSI, also termed virtual microscopy, is that it generates images that simultaneously offer high resolution and a wide field of observation. By using a model of natural (Nectomys squamipes, a wild reservoir captured from endemic areas in Brazil) and experimental (Swiss mouse) infection with Schistosoma mansoni, we provided the first detailed WSI characterization of granulomas and other pathological aspects. WSI and quantitative analyses enabled a fast and reliable assessment of the number, evolutional types, frequency and areas of granulomas and inflammatory infiltrates and revealed that target organs are differentially impacted by inflammatory responses in the natural and experimental infections. Remarkably, high-resolution analysis of individual eosinophils, key cells elicited by this helminthic infection, showed a great difference in eosinophil numbers between the two infections. Moreover, features such as the intestinal egg path and confluent granulomas were uncovered. Thus, WSI may be a suitable tool for detailed and precise histological analysis of granulomas and other pathological aspects for clinical and research studies of schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of a significant public health impact. The water rat Nectomys squamipes is one of the most important non-human hosts in the schistosomiasis mansoni transmission in Brazil, being considered a wild reservoir. Cellular mechanisms that contribute to the physiological adaptation of this rodent to the Schistosoma mansoni parasite are poorly understood. Here we identified, for the first time, that a hepatic steatosis, a condition characterized by excessive lipid accumulation with formation of lipid droplets (LDs) within hepatocytes, occurs in response to the natural S. mansoni infection of N. squamipes, captured in an endemic region. Significant increases of LD area in the hepatic tissue and LD numbers/hepatocyte, detected by quantitative histopathological and ultrastructural analyses, were paralleled by increased serum profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) in infected compared to uninfected animals. Raman spectroscopy showed high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the liver of both groups. MALDI-TOFF mass spectroscopy revealed an amplified pool of omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid in the liver of infected animals. Assessment of liver functional activity by the levels of hepatic transaminases (ALT and AST) did not detect any alteration during the natural infection. In summary, this work demonstrates that the natural infection of the wild reservoir N. squamipes with S. mansoni elicits hepatic steatosis in the absence of liver functional harm and that accumulation of lipids, markedly PUFAs, coexists with low occurrence of inflammatory granulomatous processes, suggesting that lipid stores may be acting as a protective mechanism for dealing with the infection.

The search for biological causes of mental disorders has up to now met with limited success, leading to growing dissatisfaction with diagnostic classifications. However, it is questionable whether most clinical syndromes should be expected to correspond to specific microscale brain alterations, as multiple low-level causes could lead to similar symptoms in different individuals. In order to evaluate the potential multifactoriality of alterations related to psychiatric illness, we performed a parametric exploration of published computational models of schizophrenia. By varying multiple parameters simultaneously, such as receptor conductances, connectivity patterns, and background excitation, we generated 5625 different versions of an attractor-based network model of schizophrenia symptoms. Among networks presenting activity within valid ranges, 154 parameter combinations out of 3002 (5.1%) presented a phenotype reminiscent of schizophrenia symptoms as defined in the original publication. We repeated this analysis in a model of schizophrenia-related deficits in spatial working memory, building 3125 different networks, and found that 41 (4.9%) out of 834 networks with valid activity presented schizophrenia-like alterations. In isolation, none of the parameters in either model showed adequate sensitivity or specificity to identify schizophrenia-like networks. Thus, in computational models of schizophrenia, even simple network phenotypes related to the disorder can be produced by a myriad of causes at the molecular and circuit levels. This suggests that unified explanations for either the full syndrome or its behavioral and network endophenotypes are unlikely to be expected at the genetic and molecular levels.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos: estudar as alterações na distribuição de Zn nas diferentes frações químicas de solos tratados com lodo de esgoto, provocadas pela aplicação de carbonatos, óxidos e fosfatos para determinar a eficiência desses produtos na contenção desse elemento, e avaliar a redução de solubilidade através do uso de planta hiperacumuladora. Utilizou-se lodo de esgoto de indústria aplicado em amostras da camada superficial de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) e de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA). A adição de CaCO3 provocou imobilização química do Zn por sua associação às frações químicas mais estáveis. O FeCl3 + EDTA causou dissolução de compostos de Zn e dessorção desses elementos complexados por grupos funcionais de superfície. O KH2PO4 não alterou a distribuição de Zn nas diferentes formas químicas nos solos. O Zn concentrou-se nas raízes, limitando a passagem desses elementos para a parte aérea. Encontrou-se, nos tratamentos com o CaCO3, menor concentração de Zn na raiz e parte aérea. A adição de FeCl3 + EDTA promoveu aumento da concentração de Zn nesses órgãos da planta.This research had as objectives: to study the alterations in the distribution of Zn in different chemical carbonates fractions of soil treated with sewage sludge, caused by the application of carbonates, oxides and phosphates to determine the efficiency of these products in the contention of this element; and to evaluate the solubility reduction through the use of hyper accumulator plant. Industrial sewage sludge was applied in samples of surface layer of a Yellow Red Latossol and Yellow Red Argissol. The addition of CaCO3 caused chemical immobilization of Zn due to association of these elements with more stable chemical fractions. The FeCl3 + EDTA caused dissolution of Zn compounds and dessorption of these elements quelated by surface functional groups. The KH2PO4 did not alter the distribution of Zn in the different chemical forms in the soils. The Zn concentrated, mainly in the roots, which behaved as a natural filter, limiting the flux of these elements to the aerial part. In both soils, CaCO3 caused the smallest concentration of Zn in the root and aerial part. The addition of FeCl3+EDTA promoted the increase of Zn levels in the plant.

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has fundamental roles in the oxidative folding of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. The study of this molecule has been attracting considerable attention due to its association with other cell functions and human diseases. In leukocytes, such as neutrophils, PDI is involved with cell adhesion, signaling and inflammation. However, the expression of PDI in other leukocytes, such as eosinophils, important cells in inflammatory, allergic and immunomodulatory responses, remains to be defined. Here we used different approaches to investigate PDI expression within human eosinophils. Western blotting and flow cytometry demonstrated high PDI expression in both unstimulated and CCL11/eotaxin-1-stimulated eosinophils, with similar levels in both conditions. By using an immunogold electron microscopy technique that combines better epitope preservation and secondary Fab-fragments of antibodies linked to 1.4-nm gold particles for optimal access to microdomains, we identified different intracellular sites for PDI. In addition to predictable strong PDI labeling at the nuclear envelope, other unanticipated sites, such as secretory granules, lipid bodies and vesicles, including large transport vesicles (eosinophil sombrero vesicles), were also labeled. Thus, we provide the first identification of PDI in human eosinophils, suggesting that this molecule may have additional/specific functions in these leukocytes.

When 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is inhibited, roughly half of the CNS effect of the prototypic endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is lost. Therefore, we decided to investigate whether inhibiting this enzyme would influence physiological functions classically described as being under control of the endocannabinoid system. Although 5-LO inhibition by MK-886 reduced lipoxin A4 levels in the brain, no effect was found in the elevated plus maze (EPM), even at the highest possible doses, via i.p. (10 mg/kg,) or i.c.v. (500 pmol/2 µl) routes. Accordingly, no alterations in anxiety-like behavior in the EPM test were observed in 5-LO KO mice. Interestingly, aged mice, which show reduced circulating lipoxin A4 levels, were sensitive to MK-886, displaying an anxiogenic-like state in response to treatment. Moreover, exogenous lipoxin A4 induced an anxiolytic-like profile in the EPM test. Our findings are in line with other reports showing no difference between FLAP KO or 5-LO KO and their control strains in adult mice, but increased anxiety-like behavior in aged mice. We also show for the first time that lipoxin A4 affects mouse behavior. In conclusion, we propose an age-dependent relevancy of endogenous 5-LO derivatives in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior, in addition to a potential for exogenous lipoxin A4 in producing an anxiolytic-like state.

Com vistas em verificar se a utilização de fertilizantes fosfatados e irrigação com água poluída trazem elevação dos teores de metais pesados no solo, amostras de um Podzólico Amarelo e de dois Latossolos Amarelos, que receberam fertilizante fosfatado, desde 1968, e de um Cambissolo irrigado com água do rio Paraíba do Sul, desde 1978, cultivados com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, foram analisadas quanto aos teores totais de Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn. Os resultados mostraram que os solos que receberam fertilizantes fosfatados durante 25 anos apresentaram aumento significativo de Cd quando comparados com áreas-controle, sem, contudo, elevá-los a níveis críticos. O Cambissolo irrigado durante 15 anos apresentou aumentos significativos de Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni e Pb, tendo os resultados da extração seqüencial mostrado que a maior percentagem desses elementos encontra-se na fração residual, de baixa biodisponibilidade e mobilidade. To verify if the use of phosphate fertilizer and polluted irrigation water increased the levels of heavy metals in soil, samples of one Yellow Podzolic and two Yellow Latosol soils treated with phosphate fertilizers since 1968, and a Cambisol irrigated with water from the Paraíba do Sul River since 1978, cultivated with sugarcane in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, were analysed for total contents of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The results from the soils that received phosphate fertilizers showed a significant increase in Cd concentrations when compared with the control areas. The total concentrations of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb were significantly increased in the irrigated Cambisol and the results of the sequential extraction indicated that these elements prevailed in the residual form of low bioavailability and mobility.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, e Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Journal impact factors have become an important criterion to judge the quality of scientific publications over the years, influencing the evaluation of institutions and individual researchers worldwide. However, they are also subject to a number of criticisms. Here we point out that the calculation of a journal’s impact factor is mainly based on the date of publication of its articles in print form, despite the fact that most journals now make their articles available online before that date. We analyze 61 neuroscience journals and show that delays between online and print publication of articles increased steadily over the last decade. Importantly, such a practice varies widely among journals, as some of them have no delays, while for others this period is longer than a year. Using a modified impact factor based on online rather than print publication dates, we demonstrate that online-to-print delays can artificially raise a journal’s impact factor, and that this inflation is greater for longer publication lags. We also show that correcting the effect of publication delay on impact factors changes journal rankings based on this metric. We thus suggest that indexing of articles in citation databases and calculation of citation metrics should be based on the date of an article’s online appearance, rather than on that of its publication in print.

Scientific activity in Brazil has experienced an accelerated growth in the past decades, with an increase in productivity that greatly surpasses the international average. This growth has occurred mostly at the expense of centers of excellence in public universities, which account for the vast majority of the country's scientific output. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of the Department of Biochemistry of a large public university in southern Brazil (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), as well as to identify internal and external policies that have influenced this growing production profile. We have performed a historical analysis of the scientific output of this Department of Biochemistry, which accounts for a considerable share of the indexed scientific production at this university. By focusing on the temporal course of its growth and drawing correlations between scientific output and important events in the history of the Department of Biochemistry and of the Brazilian science policies, we concluded that internal factors (as the creation of a postgraduation program, collaboration among researchers, experienced abroad researchers, qualification of faculty members) and external factors (as investments in the postgraduate education, the establishment of national scientific policies, such as financial stimuli for productive researchers and evaluation systems) influence scientific productivity in Brazil.A atividade científica no Brasil apresentou um crescimento acelerado nas últimas décadas, com um aumento na produtividade que ultrapassou os valores médios internacionais. Este crescimento tem ocorrido através dos centros de excelência em pesquisa nas Universidades Públicas, as quais são responsáveis pela maior parte da produção científica do país. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a produção do Departamento de Bioquímica de uma grande universidade pública do sul do Brasil (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS), bem como identificar os fatores internos e externos que influenciaram este perfil crescente de produção. Foi realizada uma análise histórica da produção científica do Departamento, a qual representa uma parte considerável da produção científica da Universidade. Ao enfocar a evolução temporal do seu crescimento e o estudo das correlações entre a produção científica e eventos importantes na história do Departamento de Bioquímica e das políticas científicas brasileiras, podemos concluir que os fatores internos (como a criação de um programa de pós-graduação, a colaboração entre pesquisadores, a experiência no exterior por parte dos pesquisadores, a qualificação dos docentes) e fatores externos (como os investimentos na formação de pós-graduandos, o estabelecimento de políticas nacionais científicas, tais como estímulos financeiros para os pesquisadores produtivos e sistemas de avaliação) influenciam a produção científica no Brasil.

OSAN, R. , TORT, A. B. L. , AMARAL, O. B. . A mismatch-based model for memory reconsolidation and extinction in attractor networks. Plos One, v. 6, p. e23113, 2011. Centro de Neurociências, da Universidade de Boston, EUA (RO), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasil (ABLT e OBA), e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (OBA). The processes of memory reconsolidation and extinction have received increasing attention in recent experimental research, as their potential clinical applications begin to be uncovered. A number of studies suggest that amnestic drugs injected after reexposure to a learning context can disrupt either of the two processes, depending on the behavioral protocol employed. Hypothesizing that reconsolidation represents updating of a memory trace in the hippocampus, while extinction represents formation of a new trace, we have built a neural network model in which either simple retrieval, reconsolidation or extinction of a stored attractor can occur upon contextual reexposure, depending on the similarity between the representations of the original learning and reexposure sessions. This is achieved by assuming that independent mechanisms mediate Hebbian-like synaptic strengthening and mismatch-driven labilization of synaptic changes, with protein synthesis inhibition preferentially affecting the former. Our framework provides a unified mechanistic explanation for experimental data showing (a) the effect of reexposure duration on the occurrence of reconsolidation or extinction and (b) the requirement of memory updating during reexposure to drive reconsolidation

Background The cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries have an increasing interest in replacing synthetic antimicrobials in dermatological products due to increased microbial resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) is a native fruit tree of the Brazilian Cerrado, specifically used in cosmetics, in the food industry, and for medicinal purposes. Leishmanicidal and antifungal activities have been reported previously. This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of a C. brasiliense extract obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were determined by the classical microdilution method. Antiseptic activity against these organisms was evaluated by the plate diffusion method. The antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated using a method based on the oxidation of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). The extract’s chemical profile was analyzed for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds according to standard colorimetric methods. Results The C. brasiliense supercritical CO2 extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against all bacteria tested. It also possesses antioxidant activity, when compared to a vitamin E standard. Conclusions The C. brasiliense supercritical CO2 extract may be useful for the development of personal care products, primarily for antiseptic skin products that inactivate, reduce, prevent, or arrest the growth of microorganisms with the inherent intent to mitigate or prevent disease as well as products that minimize damage caused by free radicals.

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