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The white mango scale insect (WMS), Aulacaspis tubercularis newstead, is a major constraint to mango production and productivity in Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to determine the best spray sequence of various insecticides as a strategy of resistance management of the pest. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 cropping season at Seka Agro-processing private Ltd company mango orchard, southwestern Ethiopia. Ten insecticides belonging to six chemical classes were systematically arranged into seven treatment regimes and evaluated for their efficacy along with control against WMS. In every spray regime three insecticides were applied at an interval of 14 days. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Highly significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among the regimes for post spray the scale mortality. Sequential and rotational application of the insecticides, namely, imidacloprid (1st spray), spirotetramat (2nd spray) and mineral oil (3rd spray) as well as acephate (1st spray), buprofezin (2nd spray), and acetamiprid (3rd spray) resulted in the best control with both 100% controlling efficacy. Negative efficacy was obtained from the unsprayed treatment.The results imply that rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action is helpful to manage A. tubercularis on mango crops. Those effective insecticides can be used as components for integrated pest management (IPM) schemes for WMS. Effects of the formulations on the natural enemy complex and their toxicity in fruits require meticulous study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits' surface. This review paper was written to provide comprehensive information about pest biology, ecology and management in different parts of the world. WMS was first reported on the island of Formosa on Mangifera indica in 1929 and later on in the Caribbean Islands, India and Brazil. Now it is found in almost 69 mango-producing countries of the world. The thermal regime may affect the population of pests. In Australia, the life cycle is completed in 35–40 days in summer and 70–85 days in winter. Variety, age of plants, number of trees per acre, canopy size and sunlight penetration affect the density of WMS. Different Coccinellid beetles and parasitoid Encarsia femorosa feed on WMS; however, farmers most commonly use insecticides to get rid of this pest. In Pakistan, WMS is a growing threat to the export of mangoes; hence IPM plan is needed to reduce the pest numbers and enhance qualitative mango production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits’ surface. This review paper was written to provide comprehensive information about pest biology, ecology and management in different parts of the world. WMS was first reported on the island of Formosa on Mangifera indica in 1929 and later on in the Caribbean Islands, India and Brazil. Now it is found in almost 69 mango-producing countries of the world. The thermal regime may affect the population of pests. In Australia, the life cycle is completed in 35–40 days in summer and 70–85 days in winter. Variety, age of plants, number of trees per acre, canopy size and sunlight penetration affect the density of WMS. Different Coccinellid beetles and parasitoid Encarsia femorosa feed on WMS; however, farmers most commonly use insecticides to get rid of this pest. In Pakistan, WMS is a growing threat to the export of mangoes; hence IPM plan is needed to reduce the pest numbers and enhance qualitative mango production.

The aim of the present work was to largely identify the scale insects and fungi living on mango leaves in order to find out from their biology whether there is a possible relationship between the two groups of organisms so that specific recommendations for their control can be made. A white hard scale insect Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Diaspididae) and a green soft scale insect Kilifia acuminata Signoret (Coccidae) as well as four saprotrophic fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria Nees: Fr., Cladosporium Link., Helminthosporium Link ex Fr. and Stemphylium Wallr., were detected based on their morphological features in accordance with the identification keys and descriptions of scale insects and fungi. The infestation of mango leaves with the saprotrophic fungi was interpreted as a secondary infection due to the primary infection with the scale insects as honeydew producers on which the fungal spores develop and reproduce. Therefore, it is recommended to control the scale insects at an infection rate of 10% or more by means of which the application of fungicides could be dispensed. Furthermore, it cannot be ruled out that the climatic changes (e. g. fluctuating temperatures, increased relative humidities and greenhouse gases) as well as the increasing use of pesticides with their associated changes in the build-up of resistance, entomological and fungal biodiversities and in the balance sheets to the natural enemies are of greater importance as to provide a possible explanation for the seasonal fluctuations in the qualitative and quantitative mango crop failures.

White mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, was first reported in Ethiopia in 2010 from mango orchards belonging to "RAJ Agro Industry Loko Mango Farm", formerly named as "Green Focus Ethiopia LTD". White mango scales were monitored for the presence of natural enemies at three study sites in western Oromia and Assosa zone of Benishangul-Gumuze Regional State. Specimens of A. tubercularis, its predators, and its parasitoids were identified via DNA sequencing. DNA sequences of the COI gene of all Ethiopian scales sampled were identical and confirmed as a single haplotype of A. tubercularis. Three predators of A. tubercularis were recovered. These included two Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Rhizobius lopanthe (Blaisdell) and, a species of Platynaspis, and a third unidentified beetle species from the family Nitidulidae.DNA sequences of the parasitoid specimens identified two species of Encarsia, E. lounsburyi Berlese & Paoli and E. citrina Craw (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). These natural enemies were identified for the first time as resident natural enemies of A. tubercularis in Ethiopia. During specimen collection, the newly associated adults and larvae of the predators were found feeding voraciously on live A. tubercularis. The parasitoids were found parasitizing all stages of sessile A. tubercularis. The novel association of resident predators and parasitoid wasps with A. tubercularis has likely developed recently in Ethiopia. Future work will help determine if the resident natural enemy complex can be used for conservation biological control of A. tubercularis, to improve cost-effective pest management of this exotic insect pest in Ethiopia, along with other compatible control options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Insecticidal property of aloe, ginger, garlic, and hot pepper extracts were evaluated in the form of alone spray or in combination of two plant sources or as a mixture of all plant extracts in comparison to the insecticide Lambda on the mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Field experiments were carried out at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, in February 2017 and March 2018. Results revealed that Lambda insecticide decreased the population of treated A. tubercularis, and the total reduction rates reached to 62.0 and 72.52% in seasons 2017 and 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, the used botanical mixture caused 83.60 and 72.52% reduction of the scale insects in the respective seasons. Also, results revealed that the combination of garlic and aloe was the most effective one in reducing A. tubercularis in the two successive seasons by 58.71 and 59.93%, respectively. The hot pepper was the least effective one in reducing population with the rates of 19.48% in season 2017 and 21.51% in season 2018.

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insecticidal property of aloe, ginger, garlic, and hot pepper extracts were evaluated in the form of alone spray or in combination of two plant sources or as a mixture of all plant extracts in comparison to the insecticide Lambda on the mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Field experiments were carried out at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, in February 2017 and March 2018. Results revealed that Lambda insecticide decreased the population of treated A. tubercularis, and the total reduction rates reached to 62.0 and 72.52% in seasons 2017 and 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, the used botanical mixture caused 83.60 and 72.52% reduction of the scale insects in the respective seasons. Also, results revealed that the combination of garlic and aloe was the most effective one in reducing A. tubercularis in the two successive seasons by 58.71 and 59.93%, respectively. The hot pepper was the least effective one in reducing population with the rates of 19.48% in season 2017 and 21.51% in season 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was carried out throughout two successive years (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) to determine effect of different tree cardinal directions, strata of tree, leaf surfaces and orchard depth (distances from boarders of orchard) of mango trees on distribution of A. tubercularis at Esna district, Luxor governorate. The obtained results showed that there significant differences between the population means at the four cardinal directions and highly significant differences between the different stratums of tree and between surfaces of leaf and also between different distances from boarders of mango orchard during the two successive years. The results obtained that the grand means were relatively higher at the south direction (86.40 ± 4.85 and 82.74 ± 4.14 individuals per leaf), followed by east site (84.35 ± 5.00 and 82.34 ± 4.14 individuals per leaf). In contrast, north direction was the least infested by insect (83.18 ± 4.92 and 79.84 ± 4.24 individuals per leaf). While, the west direction was moderately infested with this insect as mean (84.01 ± 4.67 and 81.06 ± 3.96 individuals per leaf) for the two years of study, respectively. Also, the middle stratum leaves of tree was the most preference parts and highest infestation by insect as mean (105.36 ± 6.06 and 99.96 ± 5.03 individuals per leaf), followed by the bottom stratum leaves of mango tree (97.04 ± 5.57 and 91.49 ± 4.55 individuals) for the two years, respectively. The top stratum leaves was the least infestation by insect as mean (51.05 ± 2.98 and 53.03 ± 2.84 individuals) during the two successive years, respectively. Generally, it can be concluded from the current investigation that that the insect population occurred on different tree directions in all stratums of mango tree and on surfaces of leaf on the all year round during the two years of investigation. A. tubercularis prefers the upper surface on the middle stratum of tree in east southern side where its population was always abundant allover the year and mango trees which far from the orchard boarders were more heavily infested by pest than the nearby trees from the boarders during the two years of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mango white scale (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a pest that damages foliage and decreases the commercial value of mango fruits. Phytosanitary pruning is a cultural practice that can help reduce EBM populations in mango orchards. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of phytosanitary prunings in EBM populations and their natural enemies in a mango orchard Ataulfo, in Chiapas, Mexico. The phytosanitary pruning was done after the mango harvest (month of May) and its impact on EBM between December 2013 and May 2014 was evaluated, a period considered to be the one with the highest abundance of EBM populations in Chiapas. It was found that the abundance of colonies and total of scales (females + colonies) was lower in trees with phytosanitary prunings compared to mango trees without pruning. The natural enemies that were observed in trees with pruning and without pruning were identified as Ceraeochrysa sp., Azya sp. and Pentilia sp. No significant differences were detected in the abundance of natural enemies between mango trees with and without phytosanitary pruning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to estimate the relationship between the pest population, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead), infestation through pest activity peaks in September, November, April and June on the yield loss of Goleck mango trees at the district of Esna, Luxor Governorate through two seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018). The results revealed that the increment of population density and incidence infestation by the pest gradually decreased the yield of mango, consequently increased the percentage of the yield loss when the data of the yield were colligated with the pest population peaks and its infestation incidence in September, November, April and June months through 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons. Increasing one individual of pest per leaf caused a reduction of the mango yield by 2.14,1.56, 2.05 and 4.28 kg/tree and 2.08,1.42,2.46 and 1.31 kg/tree through the peaks of the two seasons, respectively. Subsequently, increased the yield loss percentages by 1.52,1.12,1.47 and 3.06% and 1.44, 0.98,1.70 and 0.90% when the yield data were correlated with the population density of the pest in September, November, April and June peaks during the two connective seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018), respectively. These results confirmed that the pest population and the percentages of infestation incidence of A. tubercularis during the peak of April caused the least expected values in the yield of mango and the greatest loss in mango yield. On contrary, the peak during November was less effective, causing the highest expected values in mango yield and the lowest reduction in the yield of mango during the seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Generally, the reduction in the yield of mango was a summation of different factors (time, level and variety ability to infestation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White Mango Scale Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906 was reported for the first time in 2010 from mango orchards belonging to Green Focus Ethiopia Ltd in western Ethiopia. It was hypothesized that the pest could enter Ethiopia with mango seedlings imported by the same company. The present study surveyed natural enemies of the pest and their population dynamics in western Ethiopia. Larvae of Chilocorus sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) were found feeding ravenously on live mango scales. There was a statistically significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between the A. tubercularis and Chilocorus sp. populations in both orchards, implying that the predator was not suppressing the pest population. There was no significant difference in the mean numbers of the predatory larva populations between Arjo and Bako orchards (p>0.05). Populations of White Mango Scale and its predator showed remarkably similar fluctuations, with their abundancies reaching peaks during same months. It has been concluded that the native predator got associated with the exotic insect pest recently, and its population may gradually build up. It is suggested that implementation of Chilocorus sp. as a biocontrol agent would be a sound strategy in the management of White Mango Scale in western Ethiopia, together with other control options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first and second female and male instars of the white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Coccoidea: Diaspididae), are described and illustrated. Morphological differences between the first and second instars of this species are compared and discussed. A key to differentiate between the first- and second-instars, key to sexual dimorphism in the first nymphal instars and key to sexual dimorphism in the second nymphal instars, were constructed.

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dentifibula nigroapicalis Kolesik sp. nov., a new species of gall midge, is described whose larvae were found preying on the mangrove scale insect Aulacaspis australis Brimblecombe (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). The mangrove scale was feeding on leaves of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) in Queensland. The new species is the first Dentifibula Felt known from Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The first and second female and male instars of the white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Coccoidea: Diaspididae), are described and illustrated. Morphological differences between the first and second instars of this species are compared and discussed. A key to differentiate between the first- and second-instars, key to sexual dimorphism in the first nymphal instars and key to sexual dimorphism in the second nymphal instars, were constructed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

White mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead) pest is threatening mango production in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Being a new pest, there are no clear adaptable management practices ready for farmers to implement. This has caused farmers to rely on nature and sometimes adoption of crude and ineffective traditional control methods. Farmers capable of using pesticides apply very toxic products that are not only harmful to the applicators but also to the beneficial organisms. Agronomic management strategies like right varieties, spacing, better fertilization and shed management are also applied inappropriately. This review is therefore essential in providing the basis of identification of A. tubercularis. It also provides management strategies that could be adopted by mango farmers in the region. Last, it highlights key research themes worth prioritizing for better understanding and management of the pest in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a tropical, cosmopolitan, polyphagous armored scale which is considered one of the key pests of mango crops around the world, because it produces conspicuous pink blemishes on the mango fruits, which depreciate their commercial value and make them unacceptable for export markets. If no control measures are taken, the pest can cause up to 90% yield losses in mango groves and may pose a threat to sustainability mango production. At present, control of A. tubercularis is based on the application of a reduced number of insecticides, most of which show a limited efficacy and are disruptive to beneficial insects. Considering the current European regulations on the sustainable use of phytosanitary products, the application of other management alternatives, such as the use of cultural control measures or biological control agents, is a priority. However, despite its economic importance, there is limited information on control methods for A. tubercularis , and most of the literature has focused on the description of its biological cycle and natural enemies in different mango producing regions. This report is an updated review on its biology, ecology and sustainable control measures, aimed to help in the development of integrated management strategies of this pest in the main mango growing areas of Spain and other countries of the Mediterranean Basin. • Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead is considered one of the most important pests of mango crops around the world. • A reduced number of insecticides are being mainly used for managing white mango scale, but their effectiveness is limited. • Biological control, involving parasitoids and predators, has played a key role in suppressing A. tubercularis. • Development of sustainable strategies to carry out an Integrated Pest Management program are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]