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Liquid crystals, which have both liquid and solid properties, inevitably exhibit fluctuations. Some frustrated liquid-crystalline phases with a hierarchical structure, such as cybotactic nematic, modulated smectic, and bicontinuous cubic phases, are fascinating fluctuation-induced phases. In addition to these equilibrium phases, a pattern formation that is a nonequilibrium order through fluctuation is one of the most attractive research areas in soft matter. In this review, the studies on producing these fluctuation-induced orders in liquid crystals are described. Liquid-crystalline supermolecules in which several mesogens are connected via a flexible spacer have been designed. They have not only a characteristic shape but also an intra-molecular dynamic order. The supermolecules induce the fluctuations in layer structures at a molecular level, producing from the frustrated hierarchical to dynamic dissipative structures. In addition to reviewing molecular design for the hierarchical structures, the pattern propagation in a smectic phase is discussed based on the rotation of smectic blocks through Rayleigh–Bénard convection.

Since the discovery of the first ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) in the chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase, ferroelectricity in liquid crystals has attracted much attention due to not only the fundamental interest but also the applications. This review focuses on the evolution of the design concept for ferroelectric smectic liquid crystals. It progresses from considering macroscopic phase symmetry to designing intermolecular interactions. For the purpose of understanding the molecular organization in smectic phases, we propose a dynamic model of constituent molecules in the smectic A (SmA) and SmC* phases based on 13C NMR studies. Then, we follow the structure–property relationship in ferroelectric SmC* liquid crystals for FLC displays. We reconsider de Vries-like materials that can provide defect-free alignment. We pay attention to the electro-optical switching in the chiral de Vries smectic A phase. Finally, we show several liquid crystals exhibiting polar smectic A phases and discuss how the polar order occurs in the highest symmetric smectic A phase.

Blue phases (BPs) have a frustrated structure stabilized by chirality-dependent defects. They are classified into three categories: blue phase I (BPI), blue phase II (BPII), and blue phase III (BPIII). Among them, BPIII has recently attracted much attention due to its elusive amorphous structure and high-contrast electro-optical response. However, its structure has remained unelucidated, and the molecular design for stabilizing BPIII is still unclear. We present the following findings in this review. (1) BPIII is a spaghetti-like tangled arrangement of double-twist cylinders with characteristic dynamics. (2) Molecular biaxiality and flexibility contribute to stabilize BPIII. (3) BPIII exhibits submillisecond response, high contrast, and wide-viewing angle at room temperature without surface treatment or an optical compensation film. It was free from both hysteresis and residual transmittance. The electro-optical effects are explained in relation to the revealed structure of BPIII. Finally, we discuss the memory effect of a polymer network derived from the defects of BPIII.

Recently, the formation of chiral materials by the self-organization of achiral small molecules has attracted much attention. How can we obtain chirality without a chiral source? Interesting approaches, such as mechanical rotation, circularly polarized light, and asymmetric reaction fields, have been used. We describe recent research developments in supramolecular chirality in liquid crystals, focusing primarily on our group’s experimental results. We present the following concepts in this review. Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking in self-assembled achiral trimers induces supramolecular chirality in the soft crystalline phase. Two kinds of domains with opposite handedness exist in non-equal populations. The dominant domain is amplified to produce a homochiral state. Chirality is transferred to a polymer film during the polymerization of achiral monomers by using the homochiral state as a template. Finally, we discuss how the concepts obtained from this liquid crystal research relate to the origin of homochirality in life.

Abstract Background There are long-standing controversies about the transplant indications for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), because of the recognition that ALD is fundamentally self-inflicted. However, it is unclear whether psychosocial characteristics of ALD are different from that of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD) in the selection of liver transplantation (LT) recipients. We aimed to clarify the psychosocial characteristics of ALD recipients (ALD-R)/ALD recipient candidates (ALD-RC) and NALD recipients (NALD-R)/ NALD recipient candidates (NALD-RC). Methods From 2011 to 2019, 75 patients were enrolled in this prospective observational study (ALD-RC, n = 19; NALD-RC, n = 56), LT were carried out as follow; ALD-R, n = 6; NALD-R, n = 52. We evaluated psychosocial characteristics in the preoperative period and 3, 12 months after LT (ALD-R, n = 3/3; NALD-R, n = 28/25). The following scales were used to evaluate psychosocial characteristics: Visual Analogue Scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Evaluation of Medication Influences and Beliefs, Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), Temperament and Character Inventory, Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results When evaluating on the basis of abstinence rule, a comparison of ALD-RC and NALD-RC in the preoperative period identified similar patterns of psychosocial characteristics, except that the NALD-RC scored higher on the PBI item “overprotection from mother” (P

In this study, we examined machine extraction of polymer data from tables in scientific articles. The extraction system consists of five processes: table extraction, data formatting, polymer name recognition, property specifier identification, and data extraction. Tables were first extracted in plain text. XML versions of scientific articles were used, and the tabular forms were accurately extracted, even for complicated tables, such as multi-column, multi-row, and merged tables. Polymer name recognition was performed using a named entity recognizer created by deep neural network learning of polymer names. The preparation cost of the training data was reduced using a rule-based algorithm. The target polymer properties in this study were glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and decomposition temperature (Td), and the specifiers were identified using partial string matching. Through these five processes, 2,181 data points for Tg, 1,526 for Tm, and 2,316 for Td were extracted from approximately 18,000 scientific articles published by Elsevier. Nearly half of them were extracted from complicated tables. The F-scores for the extraction were 0.871, 0.870, and 0.841, respectively. These results indicate that the extraction system created in this study can rapidly and accurately collect large amounts of polymer data from tables in scientific literature.

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a refractory rejection after donor-specific antibody-positive or ABO blood-type incompatible (ABOi) organ transplantation. Rituximab dramatically improved the outcome of ABOi living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT); however, an effective treatment for posttransplant AMR, once occurred, is yet to be established. A 44-year-old woman with biliary cirrhosis underwent ABOi-LDLT from her sister (AB-to-A). Pretransplant rituximab diminished CD19/20-positive B lymphocytes to 0.6%/0.0%; however, AMR occurred on posttransplant day-6 with marked increase in both CD19/20 cells (17.1%/5.8%) and anti-B IgM/G-titers (1024/512). Despite rituximab readministration, steroid-pulse, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis, AMR was uncontrollable, with further increasing CD19/20 cells (23.0%/0.0%) and antibody-titers (2048/512). Bortezomib (1.0 mg/m2) was thus administered on posttransplant day-9, immediately ameliorating CD19/20 cells (1.3%/0.0%) and antibody-titers (

Background. The ABO blood-type barrier in kidney and liver transplantation has been overcome by aggressive treatments such as B cell depletion using rituximab. However, the long-term effects of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABO-I LTx) on immunological status have not previously been studied. Here, we assessed whether long-term immune hyporesponsiveness against ABO blood-group antigens was retained. Methods. We recruited 81 patients, 75 patients who had survived ABO-I LTx without retransplantation and 6 patients who had survived after retransplantation using blood type-compatible grafts. The time between ABO-I LTx and outpatient visits for blood sampling for this study ranged from 1.1 to 16.8 years. We also evaluated patients' backgrounds and postoperative therapies. Results. Overall, antidonor ABO antibody titers in the 75 patients without retransplantation decreased during long-term follow-up. In the subset of 40 patients with blood type O, anti-nondonor ABO antibody titers did not decrease and were significantly higher than antidonor ABO antibody titers. In addition, long-term antidonor ABO antibody titers were significantly lower in pediatric patients than in adult patients. In the 6 patients who were retransplanted with blood type–compatible grafts, antidonor ABO antibody immunoglobulin G titers remained low, but IgM titers increased slightly long after removal of the ABO-incompatible graft. Conclusions. These findings suggest that donor-specific hyporesponsiveness remains after ABO-I LTx, particularly in pediatric patients. Long-term persistence of blood antigens may contribute to this donor-specific hyporesponsiveness.

Background. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive cholestatic liver disease, with liver transplantation being the sole life-saving treatment for end-stage PSC-related liver disease. However, recurrence of PSC after liver transplantation is a common complication, with the risk factors for recurrence being controversial. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 45 patients who had undergone liver transplantation for PSC at our institute. The risk factors for PSC recurrence and graft failure after liver transplantation were analyzed. Results. The graft survival rates were 55.4% at 5 years and 32.8% at 10 years after liver transplantation for PSC. PSC recurrence was diagnosed in 16 (40%) of 40 patients, at a median 30 months (range, 9-70 months) after liver transplantation. The cumulative incidence rate of PSC recurrence was 24.5% at 3 years, 39.3% at 5 years, and 45.8% at 6 years. Among the 16 patients diagnosed with PSC recurrence, the graft survival rate was 56.3% at 5 years, and 21.9% at 10 years after the recurrence. Active inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation was identified as an independent risk factor for PSC recurrence. Age younger than 30 years at the time of PSC diagnosis and bacteremia were factors significantly associated with graft failure after liver transplantation on multivariate analysis. Conclusions. PSC frequently recurred and progressed to graft failure after liver transplantation for PSC. Maintaining an inactive status of inflammatory bowel disease might offer protection against PSC recurrence.

BackgroundGiven the limited efficacy and high adverse event rate associated with treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation, an individualized treatment strategy should be considered. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of response to antiviral therapy for hepatitis C after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to study the associated adverse events.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on 125 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive LDLT recipients who received interferon plus ribavirin and/or peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy at Kyoto University between January 2001 and June 2011.ResultsSerum HCV RNA reached undetectable levels within 48 weeks in 77 (62%) of 125 patients, and these patients were defined as showing virological response (VR). Of 117 patients, 50 (43%) achieved sustained VR (SVR). Predictive factors associated with both VR and SVR by univariate analysis included low pretransplant serum HCV RNA levels, a non-1 HCV genotype, and low pretreatment serum HCV RNA levels. In addition, LDLT from ABO-mismatched donors was significantly associated with VR, and white cell and neutrophil counts before interferon therapy were associated with SVR. Multivariate analysis showed that 2 variables-pretransplant serum HCV RNA level less than 500 kIU/mL and a non-1 HCV genotype-remained in models of both VR and SVR and that an ABO mismatch was associated with VR. No variables with a significant effect on treatment withdrawal were found.ConclusionsVirological response to antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis C recurring after LDLT can be predicted prior to transplant, based on pretransplant serum HCV-RNA levels and HCV genotype. LDLT from ABO-mismatched donors may contribute to more efficacious interferon therapy.Trial registrationUMIN-CTR UMIN000003286.

Aim. To analyze the risks of preoperatively produced donor-specific antibody (DSA) in liver transplantation. Methods. DSA was assessed using direct complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and anti-human globulin- (AHG-) CDC tests, as well as the Luminex Single Antigen assay. Among 616 patients undergoing blood type identical or compatible living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), 21 patients were positive for CDC or AHG-CDC tests, and the preserved serum from 18 patients was examined to determine targeted Class I and II antigens. The relationships between the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of DSA and the clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the MFI of anti-Class I DSA: high (11 patients with MFI > 10,000), low (2 patients with MFI < 10,000), and negative (5 patients) MFI groups. Six of 11 patients with high Class-I DSA showed positive Class-II DSA. Hospital death occurred in 7 patients of the high MFI group. High MFI was a significant risk factor for mortality (). Univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between MFI strength and C4d deposition (). Conclusions. HLA Class I DSA with MFI > 10,000 had a significant negative effect on the clinical outcome of patients with preformed DSA in LDLT.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative respiratory complications are a major cause of mortality following liver transplantation (LT). Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) appears to be effective for respiratory complications in patients undergoing solid organ transplantation; however, mortality has been high in patients who experienced reintubation in spite of NIV therapy. The predictors of reintubation following NIV therapy after LT are not exactly known. METHODS: Of 511 adult patients who received living-donor LT, data on the 179 who were treated by NIV were retrospectively examined. RESULTS: Forty-three (24%) of the 179 patients who received NIV treatment required reintubation. Independent factors associated with reintubation by multivariate logistic regression analysis were controlled preoperative infections (odds ratio [OR] 8.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64 to 48.11; p = 0.01), ABO-incompatibility (OR 4.49; 95% CI, 1.50 to 13.38; p = 0.007), and presence of postoperative pneumonia at the time of starting NIV (OR 3.28; 95% CI, 1.02 to 11.01; p = 0.04). The reintubated patients had a significant higher rate of postoperative infectious complications and a significantly longer intensive care unit stay than those in whom NIV was successful (p

Objective: To investigate the influence of donor age on recipient outcome after living-donor partial liver transplantation (LDLT). Background: Donor age is a well-known prognostic factor in deceased donor liver transplantation; however, its role in LDLT remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 315 consecutive cases of primary adult-to-adult LDLT in our center between April 2006 and March 2014. Recipients were divided into 5 groups according to the donor age: D-20s (n = 60); D-30s (n = 72); D-40s (n = 57); D-50s (n = 94); and D-60s (n = 32). The recipient survival and the association with various clinical factors were investigated. Results: Recipient survival proportions were significantly higher in D-20s compared with all the other groups (P = 0.008, < 0.001, < 0.001, and = 0.006, vs D-30s, -40s, -50s, and -60s, respectively), whereas there was no association between recipient survival and their own age. There are 3 typical relationships between donors and recipients in adult-to-adult LDLT: from child-to-parent, between spouses/siblings, and from parent-to-child. The overall survival in child-to-parent was significantly higher than in spouses/siblings (P = 0.002) and in parent-to-child (P = 0.005), despite significantly higher recipient age in child-to-parent [59 (42–69) years, P < 0.001]. Contrastingly, parent-to-child exhibited the lowest survival, despite the youngest recipient age [26 (20–43) years, P < 0.001]. In addition, younger donor age exhibited significantly better recipient survival both in hepatitis C virus-related and in non-hepatitis C virus diseases. Univariate and multivariate analyses both demonstrated that donor age and graft-type (right-sided livers) are independent prognostic factors for recipient survival. Conclusions: Donor age is an independent, strong prognostic factor in adult-to-adult LDLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We recently demonstrated the cytotoxicity of liquid crystal precursors (hereafter referred to as "mesogenic compounds") in the human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 which carry wild-type p53. p53 mutations are observed in 50 % of NSCLC and contribute to their resistance to chemotherapy. To develop more effective and cancer-specific agents, in this study, we investigated the structure-activity relationships of mesogenic compounds with cytotoxic effects against multiple NSCLC cells.Methods: The pharmacological effects of mesogenic compounds were examined in human NSCLC cells (A549, LU99, EBC-1, and H1299) and normal WI-38 human fibroblast. Analyses of the cell cycle, cell-death induction, and capsases expression were performed.Results: The 3-ring compounds possessing terminal alkyl and hydroxyl groups (compounds C1-C5) showed cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells regardless of the p53 status. The compounds C1 and C3, which possess a pyrimidine at the center of the core, induced G2/M arrest, while the compounds without a pyrimidine (C2, C4, and C5) caused G1 arrest; all compounds produced caspase-mediated cell death. These events occurred in a p53-independent manner. Furthermore, it was suggested that compounds induced cell death through p53-independent DNA damage-signaling pathway. Compounds C2, C4, and C5 did not show strong cytotoxicity in WI-38 cells, whereas C1 and C3 did. However, the cytotoxicity of compound C1 against WI-38 cells was improved by modulating the terminal alkyl chain lengths of the compound.Conclusions: We showed the p53-indepdent structure-activity relationships of mesogenic compounds related to the cytotoxic effects. These structure-activity relationships will be helpful in the development of more effective and cancer-specific agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulation of highly emissive alkynylpyrenes with permethylated α-cyclodextrin (PM-α-CD) followed by capping reaction yielded alkynylpyrene-based [3]rotaxanes. The [3]rotaxane emitted only blue light of monomeric pyrene under various circumstances such as lipophilic, hydrophilic, and even condensed states and exhibited extremely high stability for UV irradiation. These properties would result because PM-α-CD, like bulletproof glass, protected the alkynylpyrene core from the attack of another excited alkynylpyrene and singlet oxygen generated by the energy transfer from the excited alkynylpyrene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After preparing a biphenyl derivative possessing two 2,3-difluoro-1,4-diphenylbenzene units, we investigated its phase transition behaviour. It showed a phase sequence of isotropic liquid–nematic phase–anticlinic smectic C phase. A mixture with a chiral additive with a high twisting power exhibited a cubic blue phase and/or an amorphous blue phase III (BPIII). The compound doped with 10 wt% of the chiral additive showed a phase sequence of Iso 85.4 °C BPIII 70.6 °C cubic BP 47.3 °C chiral nematic 37.3 °C unidentified smectic phase. We investigated electro-optical switching in BPIII and in the cubic BP of the mixture. Transmittance without an applied electric field in the BPIII was 0%, whereas that in the cubic BP was 4.6%. Threshold and driving voltages in the BPIII are lower than in the cubic BP. Furthermore, the BPIII exhibits no voltage-induced hysteresis effects on transmittance. Amorphous BPIII has superior potential for use in next-generation displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared a rod-like molecule, 4-[4-(7-hydroxyheptyloxy)phenyl]-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-2,3-difluorobenzene, and investigated its physical properties using polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The compound was found to exhibit nematic, smectic A, and smectic C phases. A smectic-like layer ordering was detected using XRD at low temperatures of the nematic phase. The nematic phase changed to a smectic A phase when cooled, with no accompanying enthalpy change. Analyses using XRD and POM revealed that the smectic C phase consists of three states: conventional SmC with a monolayered structure, monolayered SmC′ possessing an additional weak bilayered character, and SmC′′ possessing both monolayered and bilayered structures. Furthermore, a discontinuous increase in birefringence of a homeotropically aligned sample of the compound was observed in the SmC′′ phase. Interlayer interactions organized by hydrophobic−hydrophilic amphiphilicity and orthogonal−tilt amphiphilicity are discussed to explain the appearance of the unusual liquid-crystalline phases with a hierarchical structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supermolecules composed of pre-organized mesogenic units have attracted much attention because they can form secondary and tertiary structures with unique physical properties. This Feature Article reviews recent progress in thermotropic supermolecular liquid-crystalline materials with a hierarchical structure. We take the concepts of molecular dynamics, electrostatic core–core interactions, hydrocarbon–fluorocarbon amphiphilicity and intramolecular chirality transfer, and apply them to the creation of new materials. The liquid crystal oligomers in which conventional mesogenic units are pre-organized in a classical shape can produce unusual phase structures and unique physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dichiral compound possessing both an asymmetric axis and a chiral centre induces opposite twist senses and distinct helical pitches in different host nematic liquid crystals; the host–guest effect on chirality transfer is discussed in terms of molecular recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]