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The article addresses the main problem of accounting and taxation of intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies in the Republic of Moldova. In particular, the aspects aimed at determining the basis for calculating dividends, perfecting documents, reflecting in the accounting accounts the distribution and payment of dividends, and presenting related information in the financial statements are being investigated. Furthermore, issues of accounting for dividends paid in excess, the calculation of incentive payments assimilated to dividends, the settlement of debts related to dividends with an expired statute of limitations, and the fiscal aspects of dividend operations are examined. Scientific research methods are used in the study, such as the analysis of legal, accounting, and fiscal aspects related to intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies from the Republic of Moldova and the accounting treatment of operations with dividends depending on the period of calculation and payment, synthesis of related information, comparison to identify the correct way of accounting and financial reporting, inductive method to identify solutions. The results of the research present suggestions regarding improving the accounting and taxation of dividends that will ensure a higher level of truthfulness, transparency, and comparability of information related to dividends, as well as the correctness of the calculation of tax obligations.

The article addresses the main problem of accounting and taxation of intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies in the Republic of Moldova. In particular, the aspects aimed at determining the basis for calculating dividends, perfecting documents, reflecting in the accounting accounts the distribution and payment of dividends, and presenting related information in the financial statements are being investigated. Furthermore, issues of accounting for dividends paid in excess, the calculation of incentive payments assimilated to dividends, the settlement of debts related to dividends with an expired statute of limitations, and the fiscal aspects of dividend operations are examined. Scientific research methods are used in the study, such as the analysis of legal, accounting, and fiscal aspects related to intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies from the Republic of Moldova and the accounting treatment of operations with dividends depending on the period of calculation and payment, synthesis of related information, comparison to identify the correct way of accounting and financial reporting, inductive method to identify solutions. The results of the research present suggestions regarding improving the accounting and taxation of dividends that will ensure a higher level of truthfulness, transparency, and comparability of information related to dividends, as well as the correctness of the calculation of tax obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of diffusion of labeled copper atoms in p-CdTe coarse-block films with a columnar grain structure has been studied. The CdTe film is a p-type semiconductor, where an increase in the Pb concentration in the composition of the CdTe films increases the resistivity ρ of the structure. When the Pb concentration in CdTe changes from 1018 to 5·1019 cm-3, the hole concentration decreases by more than 3 orders of magnitude at a constant operating level depth of EV + (0.4 ± 0.02) eV. This may indicate that the concentration of acceptor defects, which are formed in the films due to self-compensation upon doping with a PbCd donor, exceeds the number of the latter. Electrical measurements by the Hall method were carried out at a direct current and a temperature of 300 K. As a result, an increase in the temperature of films on a Mo-p-CdTe substrate during annealing affects the electrical parameter of charge carrier mobility µ, it decreases significantly. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that on the diffraction patterns of samples of p-CdTe films, all available reflections correspond to the CdTe phase and up to х = 0.08 do not contain reflections of impurity phases and have a cubic modification. Based on the results of the calculation, it was established that the low values of the diffusion coefficient of Cu atoms are due to the formation of associates of the A type , which are directly dependent on the concentration of atoms. Diffusion length Ln and lifetime τn of minority current carriers in large-block p-type cadmium telluride films, which can also be controlled by introducing lead atoms into cadmium telluride.

We examine consequences of climate-induced range expansion on community composition and diversity within trees attacked by the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann). At the northernmost limit of the southern pine beetle range where populations have persisted for multiple years (currently Long Island, NY), we collected and reared bark samples and placed emergence traps on southern pine beetle-attacked pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill. (Pinales: Pinaceae). From these samples, we quantified southern pine beetle gallery length and emergence as well as the diversity and abundance of all associated insects including known and suspected competitors, predators, and parasitoids. We compared our results to that of historic sampling data (1975–1997) in the core of southern pine beetle's range in the southern United States. Key community members were present in both the northern and southern regions; composition and relative abundances differed markedly. A key predator, the clerid beetle Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), was present in similar densities in both regions. Southern pine beetle infested a greater proportion of the length of the tree bole in the North. This increased tree utilization may be a consequence of a lack of resource competition by Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) engraver beetles, which we found only in very low abundance in the northern sites. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of southern pine beetle range expansion. Continued study of the southern pine beetle community and temporal southern pine beetle dynamics in the North will add to our current knowledge base and aid preservation of rare and ecologically valuable pine barrens of New England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General issues and problems of assessing the number of losses among associates of domestic state security agencies are discussed. Errors contained in published materials have been identified, the causes of discrepancies in calculating the number of losses in state security agencies have been found and explained, proposals have been formulated to specify the losses and establish the fate of state security associates who were captured or missing, and potential directions to search for relevant information have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In the last decade, nursing education has begun to reform to competency-based education worldwide, including in low-and middle-income countries. Case-Based Learning (CBL), an approach to delivering competency-based education, contributes to acquiring critical thinking competency, problem-solving, higher knowledge, professional value and attitude. However, it needs to be taught in a culturally appropriate manner. In Cambodia, CBL was initiated in a classroom and clinical practicum by faculty and preceptors who graduated from the upgrading course. This study examined the factors associated with the competency level of nursing students, explored the practice and perceptions of teaching–learning activities among students, faculty members and preceptors and assessed the coherence of qualitative and quantitative findings. Methods This was a convergent, mixed methods study. Data were collected from eight educational institutions for quantitative and qualitative studies and seven hospitals for qualitative studies. From June to September 2019, a cross-sectional survey of nursing students in the third year of the three-year programme (n = 719), eight focus group discussions (FGDs; n = 55) with 6–8 members and 15 FGDs with faculty (n = 38) and clinical preceptors (n = 37) with 4–7 members were conducted to elicit the teaching–learning experience and perceptions. Multiple linear regression was performed to investigate the factors associated with student competency. Moreover, the study conducted thematic content analysis on the qualitative data. The integrated analysis was presented as side-by-side joint displays. Results First, the quantitative and qualitative findings confirmed each other ’s CBL learning experiences. Students had higher levels of nursing competencies if they had CBL experiences, both in the classroom and clinical practicum, both in a group manner. Next, the quantitative and qualitative findings complemented students’ academic satisfaction with the teaching by faculty members and preceptors. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative findings were expanded to explain students’ academic satisfaction with the programme. Conclusions The finding of CBL experiences in a group and students’ satisfaction with faculty members’ and preceptors’ teaching improved nursing students’ competency development. Meanwhile, students’ satisfaction with the design and delivery of the educational programme provides implications for policy level to narrow the theory and practice gaps in low- and middle-income countries.

The temperature dependence of the mobility in chromium silicides in the temperature range of 80 ÷ 780 K was studied. The mobility gradually increases to a temperature of 350 K, then it saturates in the temperature range of 350 ÷ 450K, then gradually decreases. It is shown that the mobility depends on the scatter of charge of carriers on a crystal lattice, impurity ions, dislocations, and silicide inclusions. The frequency of collisions is proportional to T3/2, and the mobility varies with temperature as T-3/2. At high temperatures, phonons may be considered as “frozen” defects and collision frequency with its will proportional to T. The temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity in this temperature range were also studied. Areas with negative and positive temperature coefficients are revealed.

Background: In the last decade, nursing education has begun to reform to competency-based education worldwide, including in low-and middle-income countries. Case-Based Learning (CBL), an approach to delivering competency-based education, contributes to acquiring critical thinking competency, problem-solving, higher knowledge, professional value and attitude. However, it needs to be taught in a culturally appropriate manner. In Cambodia, CBL was initiated in a classroom and clinical practicum by faculty and preceptors who graduated from the upgrading course. This study examined the factors associated with the competency level of nursing students, explored the practice and perceptions of teaching–learning activities among students, faculty members and preceptors and assessed the coherence of qualitative and quantitative findings. Methods: This was a convergent, mixed methods study. Data were collected from eight educational institutions for quantitative and qualitative studies and seven hospitals for qualitative studies. From June to September 2019, a cross-sectional survey of nursing students in the third year of the three-year programme (n = 719), eight focus group discussions (FGDs; n = 55) with 6–8 members and 15 FGDs with faculty (n = 38) and clinical preceptors (n = 37) with 4–7 members were conducted to elicit the teaching–learning experience and perceptions. Multiple linear regression was performed to investigate the factors associated with student competency. Moreover, the study conducted thematic content analysis on the qualitative data. The integrated analysis was presented as side-by-side joint displays. Results: First, the quantitative and qualitative findings confirmed each other 's CBL learning experiences. Students had higher levels of nursing competencies if they had CBL experiences, both in the classroom and clinical practicum, both in a group manner. Next, the quantitative and qualitative findings complemented students' academic satisfaction with the teaching by faculty members and preceptors. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative findings were expanded to explain students' academic satisfaction with the programme. Conclusions: The finding of CBL experiences in a group and students' satisfaction with faculty members' and preceptors' teaching improved nursing students' competency development. Meanwhile, students' satisfaction with the design and delivery of the educational programme provides implications for policy level to narrow the theory and practice gaps in low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives: to interpret the perception of graduates from the nursing technician program on the learning process developed during their education. Methods: a qualitative study was conducted from March to September 2021, based on interviews with 20 graduates from a nursing technician program at a school in the Midwest of São Paulo, using thematic analysis and the NVivo tool. Results: the following themes were identified: traditional teaching methods, active learning strategies, valuing proactivity and experiences in professional practice. Final Considerations: according to the graduates, the teaching process is essentially based on traditional methods, although there are initiatives to implement active strategies and recognition of the importance of advancing student proactivity and practical experience.

This study examines the roles played by clergies and traditional service providers as auxiliary social workers in Obio-Akpor Local Government area in Rivers State, Nigeria. The rationale for this study was built on the logic that the clergies and traditional service providers play the roles of associate or auxiliary social workers wherever they are found. Hence, this study is designed to answer two research questions that highlight the indicators of measuring who an associate social worker is especially based on the impacts at the community levels. The system theory of Von Bertalanffy was adopted to aid the analysis. The mixed methods research design was adopted, with a mixed technique for data collection which are a self- designed questionnaire and the key person's interview (KPI). The population of the study was drawn from the city population's report of 2016, and the sample size is 400 using the Taro Yamane statistical formula and 15 key persons targeted purposively for interviews. In addition, a mixed method analytical approach comprising percentages and thematic analysis was deployed for the data analysis. The findings from the study showed among others that the clergies and the traditional service providers assist, play their role and function as associate or auxiliary social workers in the communities of study. Based on this, this study recommends that the traditional service providers and clergies should be supported and encouraged to keep helping, and also more social workers should be employed to fill in the gap that the absence of social workers create in the communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society must constantly adapt to face all the challenges of the business environment, under the influence of the changing economic and legal context. Whenever the measures taken to adapt the company to new economic conditions concern elements of the company provided for in the memorandum of association, the memorandum of association must be amended in accordance with the formalities laid down by law. In the light of developments in information technology, members may also be able to attend general meetings remotely, subject to certain conditions, in particular in order to ensure that participants can be identified using video equipment (videoconferencing via websites dedicated exclusively to this purpose). In this way, the resolutions adopted by remotely organised general meetings retain their character as collective legal acts, an expression of the company's will subsumed under the social interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Üniversite öğrenimi, kişilerin gelecekte yapacakları mesleğin temel belirleyicileri arasında yer alır. Bu süreç içerisinde kişi geleceğine ve mesleğine yönelik olarak çeşitli kaygılar duyabilmektedir. Bu kaygıların hissedilme dereceleri sosyal hayatını ve öğrenim hayatını belli aşamalarda olumsuz bir şekilde etkileyerek umutsuzluğa neden olmaktadır. Bu kaygılar içerisinde özellikle mezun olduktan sonra iş bulamama ve iş bulduğunda mesleki yeterlilik noktasındaki kaygılar önemli bir yer tutar. Ülkemizde özellikle gençler ve üniversite mezunları arasında işsizliğin yaygın olması bu kaygı ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin daha da artmasına neden olabilmektedir. Konunun yukarıda ifade edilen öneminden dolayı, ön lisans ve lisans düzeyinde halkla ilişkiler öğrenimi gören öğrencilerin mesleki kaygı düzeylerini bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi amacı taşıyan bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma betimsel araştırma türünde ve ilişkisel tarama yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yöntem içerisinde birincil verileri elde etme aracı olarak anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Anketler anketörler aracılığıyla yüz yüze uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Selçuk Üniversitesinde 2021-2022 eğitim- öğretim yılında ön lisans ve lisans düzeyinde halkla ilişkiler öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Bu evren içerisinden araştırmacıların zaman ve maliyet kısıtları dikkate alınarak tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış ve 300 örnek belirlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 21 istatistik paket programı kullanılmıştır. Cevaplayanların frekans dağılımları, demografik özellikleri incelenmiş, güvenilirlik testleri ve regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır.

Abstract Background: NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), which is highly expressed in the colon, is thought to play a potential role in host defense as a physical and innate immune barrier against commensal or pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Diabetes can be caused by several biological factors, including insulin resistance is one of them. Alloxan is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes in experimental animals. Alloxan increases the generation of reactive oxygen species as a result of metabolic reactions in the body, along with a massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration. Methods Using a universal method, a superoxide radical (О2 −)-thermostable associate between NADPH-containing lipoprotein (NLP) and NADPH oxidase (Nox)- NLP-Nox was isolated and purified from the small intestine (SI) of control (C) and alloxan-induced diabetic (AD) albino rats. Results In comparison to the C indices, in AD in the SI, an increase in the specific content of NLP-Nox associate and a decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2 − in liquid phase (in solution) and gas phase (during blowing by oxygen of the NLP-Nox solution) were observed. The NLP-Nox of SI associate in C and AD rats produced О2 − by an immediate mechanism, using NLP as a substrate. The phenomenon of the hiding of the optical absorption maxima of the Nox in oxidized states at pH10,5 was observed in the composition of these SI associates of the C and AD rat groups. The characteristic absorption maxima of the «hidden» Nox were observed under these conditions after reduction by potassium dithionite. Conclusion Thus, at AD, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2 − in the solution and gas phase was compensated for by an increase in the specific amount of associate. In addition, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2 − by NLP-Nox associates at AD can be linked to a decrease in the level of NADPH in NLP-Nox composition. This could be used as a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis.

The influence of sodium hexadecyl sulfate on the nature of the fluorescence spectra of rhodamine 6G in an aqueous solution and a solution of nonionic Triton X-100 was investigated. The change in the nature of the emission spectra is explained by the formation of hydrophobic stoichiometric and sub-stoichiometric reagent-surfactant associates. Stabilization of the colloid-chemical state and reduction of the total turbidity of rhodamine 6G–anionic surfactant associate solutions with the addition of nonionic surfactant as a modifier were registered. The method of modification of the rhodamine 6G–sodium hexadecyl sulfate system with a nonionic surfactant was used in the development of conditions for the fluorescence determination of protein substances in physiological solutions. The concentration conditions for the use of the modified reagent system rhodamine 6G–anionic surfactant–nonionic surfactant for the fluorescence determination of albumin in urine were optimized. Graphical Abstract This is a visual representation of the abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A CALPHAD viscosity model for multicomponent melts with associates was proposed. • Strategy to the non-experimental determination of viscosity was developed. • The viscosity description in Mg-Al-Zn-Sn-Bi melts was established. • Viscosities in AZ91 melts with Bi and Sn additions were predicted. A viscosity model based on CALPHAD principles, considering the influences of associates in multicomponent melts, was developed. A strategy for determining CALPHAD-type viscosity parameters in systems lacking experimental data was proposed, which combines the Kozlov-Romanov-Petrov model and thermodynamic descriptions. This model and strategy were applied to analyze viscosities in Mg-Al-Zn-Sn-Bi melts. The viscosity expressions of pure melts were initially assessed based on the available experimental data. Subsequently, the Arrhenius viscosities of Mg 3 Bi 2 , Mg 2 Sn, and MgZn 2 associates were determined by integrating thermal-physical properties into Kaptay equation. Viscosity parameters for 10 sub-binary and sub-ternary systems within Mg-Al-Zn-Sn-Bi system were examined. A comparison between predicted and measured viscosities confirmed the accuracy of the model. Isothermal viscosities in all sub-ternary melts were calculated to assess the impact of alloying elements on viscosity. Additionally, viscosities in AZ91 alloys with Bi and Sn additions were predicted, demonstrating an increase in viscosity with higher Bi or Sn content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to analyze nursing technicians' training in patient safety. Method: a convergent parallel mixed-methods study, where qualitative and quantitative elements were concomitantly implemented and equally prioritized, carried out in three technical colleges linked to a federal public institution in the Brazilian Northeast region. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 professors and thematic analysis was applied. In the quantitative study, of the survey type, an instrument was used to screen terms about patient safety with 84 students. The results were combined during the general data interpretation, which was based on the Patient Safety Curricular Guide. Results: two thematic categories emerged: The professors' understanding about the theme of patient safety in nursing technicians' training; and Application and projection of the teaching of patient safety in nursing technicians' training. In the quantitative study, among the 46 screening terms, their identification in the theoretical-practical context predominated in Courses A and C, totaling 36 (78.3%) and 25 (54.3%), respectively. Theoretical teaching stood out in Course B, with 26 terms (56.5%). Conclusion: professional training of Nursing Technician students has a technical focus and does not fully contemplate patient safety issues in the teaching-learning process and, thus, constitutes a challenge for training institutions and professors alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Education Law no. 1/2011 has undergone more than one hundred (100) amendments and/or additions since its adoption. However, the norms contained in it still allow for numerous discussions, including criticism. The legal provisions regarding the status of academic and research staff do not make a special note either. In this regard, we relied on the provisions of art. 289 of the National Education Law which establish, in addition to the retirement age of teaching and research staff, the ways in which they can carry out specific activities within higher education institutions after retirement, an opportunity that allowed us to reach the conclusion that they may give rise to different interpretations or, moreover, that they do not fall within the requirements of 'precision, predictability and foreseeability' of the legislative activity. Thus, we tried to answer some questions related to the exceptions to the rule according to which academic and research staff retire at the age of 65, with the necessary legal regime differentiations, depending on the applicable norm, respectively para. (3), (6) or (7) of art. 289 of the National Education Law. We also ruled on the limits established by a lower-level normative act regarding the possibility of cumulating up to three didactic norms, for the 'retirees' who 'continue' teaching, who are 'maintaining' their status as holders or are 're-employed' by the higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of advanced practice providers, including nurse practitioners and physician assistants, who provide care related to burns in the United States from 2013 to 2022 using national claims data. Our analysis was a retrospective, large cohort study evaluating debridement, wound care, and office-based services provided by advanced practice providers from 2013 to 2022 using the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use Files from the CMS. The reported provider type and billing codes were used to identify healthcare professionals providing burn care. Trends over the study period and available data about care provided were analyzed. From 2013 to 2022, burn care providers included 6918 (43.3%) surgeons, 4264 (26.7%) other physicians, and 4783 (30.0%) advanced practice providers. Overall, the number of advanced practice providers who billed for burn care increased by 250.4% from 714 in 2013 to 2502 in 2022. Compared with physicians, advanced practice providers were more likely to be female and provide care in micropolitan areas with less than 50,000 people. Based on these trends, we project that the number of advanced practice providers providing services related to burns will increase by 56.7% from 2502 in 2022 to 3921 (95% CI, 3541-4303; R2 = 0.97) in 2030. With a growing need for burn care and predicted shortages in the surgeon workforce, the scope of practice and integration of advanced practice providers merits further discussion and evaluation., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Burn Association.)

Background: NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), which is highly expressed in the colon, is thought to play a potential role in host defense as a physical and innate immune barrier against commensal or pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Diabetes can be caused by several biological factors, including insulin resistance is one of them. Alloxan is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes in experimental animals. Alloxan increases the generation of reactive oxygen species as a result of metabolic reactions in the body, along with a massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration. Methods: Using a universal method, a superoxide radical (О2−)-thermostable associate between NADPH-containing lipoprotein (NLP) and NADPH oxidase (Nox)- NLP-Nox was isolated and purified from the small intestine (SI) of control (C) and alloxan-induced diabetic (AD) albino rats. Results: In comparison to the C indices, in AD in the SI, an increase in the specific content of NLP-Nox associate and a decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2− in liquid phase (in solution) and gas phase (during blowing by oxygen of the NLP-Nox solution) were observed. The NLP-Nox of SI associate in C and AD rats produced О2− by an immediate mechanism, using NLP as a substrate. The phenomenon of the hiding of the optical absorption maxima of the Nox in oxidized states at pH10,5 was observed in the composition of these SI associates of the C and AD rat groups. The characteristic absorption maxima of the «hidden» Nox were observed under these conditions after reduction by potassium dithionite. Conclusion: Thus, at AD, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2− in the solution and gas phase was compensated for by an increase in the specific amount of associate. In addition, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2− by NLP-Nox associates at AD can be linked to a decrease in the level of NADPH in NLP-Nox composition. This could be used as a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfite lignin or lignosulfonate is a large-scale by product of pulp and paper mills. Features of the chemical structure of lignosulfonates in combination with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental safety, and an unlimitedly reproducible raw material base open up wide opportunities for the practical application of materials based thereon. Of particular interest is the production of nanoparticles and other lignosulfonate-containing nanostructures. Compared to the original lignosulfonates, they acquire additional valuable properties due to their small size, increased surface area, and quantum size effects. In this work, water dispersions of nanoparticles and air-dry nanopowders of various morphologies (nanoparticles, nanovesicles, and nanorods) were prepared on the basis of lignosulfonates. It has been established that the formation of lignosulfonate-containing nanostructures proceeds through various noncovalent interactions in aqueous and mixed water–organic media. A special role is played by electrostatic effects caused by the polyelectrolyte nature of lignosulfonates. The size, charge (ζ-potential), and morphology of the obtained nanostructures depend on and are controlled by the composition of lignosulfonates (Mw 9250–46,300 Da), type (EtOH/Ac) and concentration (φEtOH/Ac = 0.60–73.0 vol %) of the organic phase, as well as the method of formation (on the surface of an organic liquid/in the bulk of a lignosulfonate solution) of nanostructures. The growth-stimulating activity of the nanoparticles obtained is shown, which makes it possible to recommend our lignosulfonate-containing nanomaterials as biologically active growth stimulators of agricultural crops (by the example of radish (Raphanus sativus) and watercress (Lepidium sativum)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactant solutions on the nature of the fluorescence spectra of reagents of different charges and hydrophobicity in aqueous solutions has been studied. The increase in the surfactant analytical signal with increasing contribution of the role of electrostatic interactions between the reagent particle and ionic surfactant has been shown. The observed effect is explained by the implementation of charge matching in the interaction of surfactants with the reagents. Hydrophobic binding of oppositely charged reagent particles and surfactants further enhances the effect of charge matching. The elimination of the detected effect for reagents that exhibit weak solvatochromic properties has been shown. The conditions for detecting the content of hydrophobic organic substances of cationic nature by reaction with eosin Y have been proposed. An increase in the surfactant analytical signal with an increased charge of the counter ion reagent, manifestation of the charge matching effect, development of the method for detecting hydrophobic organic substance of cationic nature by reaction with the fluorescent reagent is shared in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of cationic and anionic surfactant solutions on the character of the fluorescence spectra of reagents of different charge and hydrophobicity in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 has been studied. An increase in the fluorescence intensity and a shift in the position of the fluorescence maximum with increasing hydrophobicity of reagents and ionic surfactants have been shown. The analytical signal of the surfactant is further amplified in the proximity of the charge values of the reagent and the counterion of the surfactant. The non-monotonic nature of the hydrophobicity effect of cationic surfactants on their analytical signal in the system has been shown. The observed effects are explained by the realization of charge and hydrophobic matching in the interaction of surfactants with the fluorescent reagents. The obtained effects are significant in the design of fluorescent systems for the determination and study of surfactant micelles. Conditions for detecting the content of cetylpyridinium chloride by reaction with eosin Y and sodium tetradecyl sulfate by reaction with rhodamine 6G in the presence of Triton X-100 were proposed. The methods have been tested in detecting the content of the ionic surfactants in pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associative experiments uncover people’s active attitude to the world represented by language means that determines their relevant strategies of verbal activity and mediates the specifics of their world conceptualization. A word’s associative field modeled on the basis of experimental data is a psychological structure of a word’s content that is relevant for native speakers. Associative meaning distinguished via the analysis of distribution of reactions to a stimulus word proves to be an effective method of discovering emerging trends in the change of word meanings. The author researches the issue of data interpretation in associative experiments. Despite the long history of usage, the notion “associative field” and the correlation of stimulus and reaction are often interpreted in different ways because, firstly, they model the most complex processes of speech activity; secondly, most of suggested typologies of associates do not have a common systematization criterion, which hinders the usage of such classifications in research practice and sometimes leads to an ambiguous interpretation of associative data. Therefore, the author argues that classifications of associates should be developed depending on: (1) characteristics of psycholinguistic/linguistic object researched through an associative experiment; (2) isomorphism of speech and the activity it accompanies; (3) characteristics of mental supports in the cognitive process; (4) the way of representation of these supports. Such criteria of classification require an analysis of the correlation between stimulus and reaction as a unit of association. This correlation is a separate speech act where the stimulus is a motive producing the reaction and the associate expresses the author’s communicative intention. This helps to establish motives of associating and thus acquire a more veracious database for modelling different components of speech activity and its overall production/ comprehension processes. Besides, this approach justifies the principles of worldview modelling. The author presents theoretical and methodological grounds for an effective analysis of associates on the basis of a psycholinguistic object defined by several parameters: strategy of association, dominant psychological function of a language sign that realizes the strategy and the motive of activity explicated in associates.

The author offers an associative experiment as an effective means for identifying the psychologically relevant content of the word and its specificity in various languages. The comparative study of lexical units is usually based on explanatory dictionaries, which cannot fix the dynamics of language units connected to the oral activity of individuals. The author theoretically justifies the identification of a set of features of association, which make it possible to effectively compare the structure and content of associative fields of different words and languages. It is highlighted in the article that it is important to interpret the relation between stimulus and reaction, rather than the content of a particular associate. It allows us to offer fundamentally different parameters for creating associative fields of compared languages. The field is based now only on frequency of associates. The “stimulus – reaction” relation that is regarded as a verbal action makes it possible to actualize the motive of the verbal action in the semantics of associates. This allows us to clarify methods of identifying the personal meaning represented by the associate and to find out dominant features of the association that may become the basis for determining the semantic difference between meanings. The author sets parameters by which one can estimate how the meaning of a word of the compared languages changes. The parameters help to define: a decrease in the number of actualized semantic signs in different zones of the associative field; reduction of the diversity of reactions and the number of single reactions in the associative fields; the prevalence of the number of conceptual and operational reactions over emotionally evaluative reactions and reactions- conceptions; a decrease in the number of metaphorical and nationally specific or culturally significant reactions; changing of the positive connotation of a lexeme to neutral and negative; the number of rejections (in percentage correlation with the total set of associates).

This article presents the description of color designations with national and cultural content in the Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian languages, the speakers of which have long inhabited the multi-ethnic region of Danube. For this purpose associations of Ukrainians, Russian Moldovans, Bulgarians for main colors were analyzed. The perception of color and its choice by different ethnic groups depends not only on the language of the individual, but on cultural and historical features. Color designations in different languages have both international semantics and various connotations. Knowledge of such information contributes to the mutual enrichment of the linguistic and cultural experience of speakers and the preservation of the ethnic characteristics of the peoples of our region.

Statutory and extra-statutory conventions are contracts, plurilateral (thus, typically, voting unions), or corresponding services (typically blockades): a common feature is that they remain foreign both to society and to associations and third parties who are not part of it. The rules laid down in the Italian Civil Code to Articles 2341-bis and 2341-ter only deal with conventions aimed at stabilizing the joint stock company which is the subject of such agreements: these provisions provide for lasting limits (when stipulated for a specified period, can not exceed three years, whereas for an indefinite period, each party may give up an ad with a notice of one hundred and eighty days) and, by limiting ourselves to the so-called open societies, advertising obligations (communication to the company and declaration at the opening of the assembly). There is no restriction, however, on the form that the parties may adopt for the purpose of that stipulation.

The influence of charge, hydrophobicity, and spatial characteristics on the analytical signal of cationic and anionic surfactants in their association with fluorescent reagents in aqueous solutions is studied. The increase in the analytical signal of the surfactant and the shift in the position of the fluorescence wavelengths maximum with increasing contribution of the role of electrostatic interactions between the reagent particle and the ionic surfactant have been shown. The presence of extrema under conditions of hydrophobic matching in the study of the effect of hydrophobicity of the reagent and ionic surfactants on the surfactant analytical signal has been shown. The manifestation of the spatial matching between the interacting particles in the study of the influence of the spatial characteristics of the reagents and surfactants has also been shown. The influence of colloidal aggregation of associates formed in the reagent-surfactant system on the value of measurement of the analytical signal of the ionic surfactants in the methods of fluorescence and spectrophotometry has been investigated. The obtained effects made it possible to design an analytical system for the determination of sodium dodecyl sulfate with a fluorescent reagent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to find the temperature dependence of the dynamic viscosity for sodium fluoride. The relevance of the research is associated with insufficient knowledge of the nature of viscous state and fluid flow, the variety of the temperature dependences of viscosity, the fragmentary and narrow experimental determination of this characteristic, and the inability to display it in the full temperature range of the liquid state (especially for melts). The scientific novelty of the work consists in displaying the temperature dependence of viscosity by a cluster–associate probabilistic mathematical model, the hierarchical structure of which is adequate to the physical nature of the aggregation of particles without taking into account their specific structure but with allowance for the change in the degree of their association with increasing temperature. Calculations are performed using a new cluster–associate equation derived in terms of the concept of chaotic particles. The calculations are carried out in the temperature range from the melting to the boiling temperature. The degree of cluster association is shown to decrease with increasing temperature; on average, an associate consists of 3–4 clusters. The cluster–associate model is compared with the Frenkel equation in logarithmic coordinates. The approximation is carried out by two linear dependences intersecting at 1500 K. A high coefficient of correlation between the Frenkel and cluster–associate models indicates a functional character of the relation and mutual correspondence and complementarity of these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explains that in order to secure the mobile sands (MSa) and (MSo) soil, it is necessary to individually study their compositions and properties, as well as the possibility of their regulation through the use of effective chemical reagents and industrial waste. The study of the thickness of the crusts formed in mobile soils and sands shows that their thickness is one of the important characteristics in determining their mechanical strength and water resistance. It was revealed that structure formation in the crusts is a complex mechanochemical process for the regulation of which it is advisable to use experimentally selected compositions of fixing agents, taking into account their physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regularities of the influence of the colloid-chemical state on the analytical signal of cationic surfactants in solutions of associates with the counterion have been investigated. These studies have carried out to create rational conditions for the determination of organic cations using analytical systems with reduced influence of colloidal aggregation of analytical forms. The significant influence of turbidity of solutions on the magnitude of the fluorescence and spectrophotometry analytical signal of cationic surfactants in the association reaction with eosin Y and the accuracy of its measurement has been shown. Herewith, the maximum value of turbidity corresponds to the formation of the reagent–cationic surfactant electroneutral associate and the minimum value of turbidity coincides with the formation of the charged associate. It has been shown that the minimal turbidity of aqueous solutions of reagent–cationic surfactant associates of different hydrophobicity corresponds to the formation of associates of the smallest size. The influence of the colloid-chemical state on the analytical signal of cationic surfactants in solutions of associates with the reagent in the presence of Triton X-100 has been investigated to eliminate the negative effects of colloidal aggregation. The non-ionic surfactant concentration dependences made it possible to trace the largest changes of the scattering factor when adding Triton X-100 to the solution in the field of stoichiometric molar ratios of the associate's components. It has been found that non-ionic surfactants of the Triton X-100 type eliminate the influence of turbidity and scattering factor on the analytical signal of cationic surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the reference data on the dynamic viscosity of the melts of halides of the elements of Groups 1 and 11, the approximating dependences in the form of cluster-associate and Frenkel's models were constructed at various temperatures. In the framework of the cluster-associate viscosity model, which is being developed by the authors, entities in the form of virtual clusters and associates determine the melt viscosity and serve as the flow units to that the energy of fluid motion is applied. The Frenkel's model allows us to estimate the activation energy of fluidity. Calculations show that there is a linear correlation between this energy and the cluster association degree obtained in the framework of the cluster-associate model, and the proportionality coefficient has the meaning of the activation energy per a cluster. This energy does not exceed the van der Waals energy of an unsaturated intermolecular bond characterizing the interaction of particles in a liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statutory and extra-statutory conventions are contracts, plurilateral (thus, typically, voting unions), or corresponding services (typically blockades): a common feature is that they remain foreign both to society and to associations and third parties who are not part of it. The rules laid down in the Italian Civil Code to Articles 2341-bis and 2341-ter only deal with conventions aimed at stabilizing the joint stock company which is the subject of such agreements: these provisions provide for lasting limits (when stipulated for a specified period, can not exceed three years, whereas for an indefinite period, each party may give up an ad with a notice of one hundred and eighty days) and, by limiting ourselves to the so-called open societies, advertising obligations (communication to the company and declaration at the opening of the assembly). There is no restriction, however, on the form that the parties may adopt for the purpose of that stipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular association processes of the dye eosin in AOT reverse micelles of various sizes are investigated. The degree of association of dye molecules is shown to increase as the hydrodynamic radius Rh of the micelles increases. The structure of the resulting associates (eosin dimers) is determined. An increase of Rh is shown to be accompanied by an increase of angle α and decrease of the distance between dye molecules in the dimer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of formation of ionic associates of the spherical porous nanocluster polyoxometalate [MoFeO(CHCOO){MoO(HO)}{HMoO(HO)}(HO)] ~ 150HO with biologically active substances, in particular, thiamine chloride using the methods of UV/Vis spectroscopy, pH-metry, laser light scattering (the measurement of Zeta potential and particle size distribution), Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy has been studied. The location of thiamine molecules on POM's surface is given. The solubility product of associate was estimated. The formation of molecular associates of polyoxometalate with insulin, albumin has been shown. Using the meglumine acridonacetate the influence of complexing agents on the possibility of obtaining associates on the basis of [MoFeO(CHCOO){MoO(HO)}{HMoO(HO)}(HO)] ~ 150HO has been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of L-aspartic acid with and without addition of chitosan have been studied by conductometry, potentiometry, refractometry, tensiometry, and viscosimetry. It has been shown that aspartic acid molecules take a cyclic configuration stabilized by hydrogen bonds in aqueous solution at c > 0.04 g/dL (298 K). The interaction of chitosan with aspartic acid results in the formation of the polymeric salt that dissociates in aqueous solution to give chitosan polycation [~(NH)] and aspartate counterions. The addition of chitosan to solutions of L-aspartic acid results in progressive increase in the surface tension, absorbance, and refractive index as well as the change in hydrodynamic properties of the macromolecules. The polymeric salt exhibits polyelectrolyte properties in dilute aqueous solutions. The increase in temperature impairs the thermodynamic quality of the solvent for chitosan leading to the shrinkage of the polymer coils and, hence, to the decrease in the intrinsic viscosity of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During time, the association has evolved as a form of socio-economic organisation in order to perform non-professional or, by case, professional activities. The legislative sources have emphasized, in time, the variety of the ways of manifestation of the association among different law subjects – physical and/or legal persons. The new Civil Code (2009), republished in 2011, in force since the 1st October 2011, fundamented on the monist approach of regulation, as the common-law norm for all the domains that the letter and the spirit of its provisions refer to, regulates the contract of association, in chapter VII of the 5thBook; apart from the general norms applicable to all such contracts of association, the present code replaces the former civil society without legal personality with the present simple society and, also as a novelty element, transposes the regulation of the silent partnership from the former framework of the Commercial Code (1887, abrogated almost in totality) in the section 3 of the same chapter VII, the 5th Book of the code. The elements that are similar with the former regulation outline the continuity aspects in the conception of these juridical institutions in a modern approach that transposes aspects which were clarified by the jurisprudence or the legal doctrine.

The activity of the Yugoslav Security Service due to its importance for the preservation of the newly established social set up, and evident controversies accompanying its work, attracts the attention of professional public opinion. Without any ambition to suggest eventual conclusions on the justification of the Administration of State Security working method from ideological aspect, this paper treats the case of the bodies of the Administration of State Security from Tutin for the outlaw Smako Skrijelj, which lasted almost two decades after the Second World War. Bearing in mind the fact this paper was written pursuant to the original archive material from the fund of Security-informative Agency, which is to be found in the Archive of Serbia, the versatility of method and way of working of the Yugoslav security service in our areas, being described following the case of Smako Skrijelj are raising numerous issues out of which some answers and conclusions will impose themselves.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como dirigentes e cooperados percebem os fatores que contribuem na construção de relações de lealdade com a cooperativa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com tipologia seccional. O meio de investigação utilizado foi pesquisa de campo por meio de um questionário aplicado a 12 dirigentes e 25 associados de cooperativas. A definição constitutiva que orientou a seleção das categorias de análise foi baseada em Oliver (1999). O estudo demonstrou que a deslealdade e o oportunismo estão presentes tanto nos dirigentes quanto nos cooperados, visto que a lealdade está condicionada à manutenção do status quo de cada um, relegando os valores cooperativistas de igualdade, coletividade e solidariedade a um segundo plano. Isso não é decorrente unicamente de um desvio comportamental dos associados, mas também é fruto das demandas que o ambiente institucional provoca nas organizações cooperativas que não conseguem responder adequadamente a tal contexto.This paper aims to analyze how factors that contribute for loyalty relations in a cooperative are felt by managers and associates. Oliver (1999) was used as theoretical reference, and a questionnaire was applied to 12 managers and 25 associates. The study showed that disloyalty and opportunism are present both in managers and associates, considering that loyalty is linked to keep status quo of each one, relegating cooperativist values, such as equality, collectivity and solidarity. This is not a result atlributed exclusively to associates 'behavior, but also a consequence of demande that the institutional environment cause in cooperative organizations, which is unable to answer adequately to these context.

From the early days of Islam on, the Muslims and the Islamic Community had a very close relation with other groups and religions in various forms and each has affected the others. being the representative of the guiding role of religion in all affairs of life and the answer to all the fundamental human desires in individual and social life in all ages and decades, the Holy Quran has dealt with the issue of religious minorities, Jews and Christians in particular, and the proper way of communicating with them. Today, considering the particular circumstances of the world which is the result of fundamental changes in various fields, including that of the governments' relations and the correlation of cultures, the way to treat and communicate with religious minorities in Islamic Countries has doubled in significance. Being very effective in the present era to get familiarized with the Islamic Instructions concerning interaction with religious minorities,particuiarly Jews and Christians, this articles has focused on this issue. with a short introductory on Islam and its effective role regarding the rights of religions and reserving the nobility of humankind, this study examins the relative terminology, Quran's stance concerning the Jews and Christians and its instructions regarding the way to communicate with Them.

The objective was to describing the ludic representations of nursing technicians about the Systematization of Nursing Care. This is a clipping of a phenomenological investigation results. The data were collected from a focus group with thirteen nursing technicians, using the construction of projective technique, based on the principles of Experiential Humanescent Pedagogy. The data analysis was carried out from guiding principles based on the work of Alfred Schutz. The ludic representation of nursing technical architects perpassed four thematic axes: Systematization of Nursing Care concept; benefits; problems experienced; and needs for improvement. It is concluded that nursing technicians represent positively the Systematization of Nursing Care, and believe in its consolidation. It is stressed that the use of the construction of billboards as projective technique constitutes an element qualifier of the study by stimulating the expression of subjectivities of the subjects surveyed.

This study proposes its principal objective the analysis of the company contract, one of the most updated and used in the present, both regulated by the Civil Code and the Law no.31 / 1990. The general conditions of validity and the specific elements of the contract are presented and analyzed as well as the effects and changes made to the contract and the legal consequences concerning the constitution of the society. The desire to reform the Civil Code is not enough, a unitary conception of matter has to be promoted in the sphere of civil law, to avoid a chain reaction that will include amendments to other laws in force and to determine the development of others. The present study provides an overview of trying to create a new perspective and a more complete analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article is focused on study of the secondary macro-urban names on quasi-standard basis. A quasi-standard is an official name of the city, in which the associative qualities are shown in their most distinct form of expression. Thus, they may be used as constituents of the unofficial names of other cities. The main task of this paper is the complex description of structural and notional distinctive features of macro-urban unofficial names, based on quasi-standards. The main results of the investigation may be reduced to the following: a great number of unofficial urban names are based on quasi-standards, that is official names of other cities are used as the constituents providing the corresponding associative support; Jerusalem and Babylon are considered to be absolute standards having two contradictory images. The first personifies virginity and purity, the second - vice and depravity; the names of some cities (Paris, Venice, Rome, Florence, Athens, etc.) are frequently used as constituents of the secondary unofficial names of other cities because of their steady associative force; due to the connotative potential of the quasi-standard names on which they are based, some secondary names can acquire negative or positive colouring, which helps to complete the image of a city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]