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The increasing interest in plant-based diets due to health concerns, sustainability, and allergenicity of animal proteins has led to a surge in the use of plant proteins. However, their low functionality has made it challenging to use them in developing drugs and digesting new foods. The Maillard reaction which occurs naturally between proteins and polysaccharides presents a potential solution to this problem. However, its sensitivity to temperature, pH levels, and ionic strength makes its use in the food and pharmaceutical sectors problematic. This review explores different Maillard conjugation strategies using plant proteins and polysaccharides to provide a better understanding of their potential for generating protein functions in the food industry. The review highlights the importance of this technique in creating new and functional food products that are safe and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite structures with a pure glass composite facesheet and an aluminum honeycomb core are widely used in aircraft interiors. Because impact-related problems are related to structural integrity and safety performance, the behavior of these structures under impact loading is critical. Due to their promising performance, lower cost, and low environmental impact, hybrid composites have recently become one of the most widely researched composite materials in the research field. This paper aims to investigate the impact behavior of nonhybrid glass and the glass partially replaced with a flax and kenaf hybrid composite facesheet caused by a low-velocity impact. The specimens were impacted with different impacted energies, such as 10, 20, and 30 J. All nonimpacted and impacted samples were tested and compared for postimpact flexural (three-point bending) behavior to analyze the residual strength of sandwich structures after impact. The results revealed that the hybrid composite face sheet outperformed the glass composite sandwich structure. The hybrid composite face sheet allowed the impactor to penetrate deeper, resulting in better energy absorption than the glass composite. Compared to nonimpacted specimens, the glass and hybrid face sheet combinations demonstrated comparable residual bending performance. Highlights • Experimental analysis shows the impact resistance (low-velocity impact test) and residual load-carrying capacity (three-point bending test) of glass and hybrid composite face sheets. • Hybrid face sheets show excellent energy-absorbing capability compared to glass one. • The residual flexural strength of the glass and hybrid composites was comparable to that of nonimpacted samples. • The peel strength achieved in this study using the pre-cure fabrication process was significantly higher than the peel strength achieved using prepreg face sheets. • Reinforcing the composite face sheet of the sandwich structure by partially replacing the glass with flax and kenaf fiber exhibited comparable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non-pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. The suggested mechanisms by which probiotics exert their action include; competitive exclusion of pathogens for adhesion sites, improvement of the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut immunomodulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. This review emphasizes the recent advances in the health benefits of probiotics and the emerging applications of probiotics in the food industry. Due to their capability to modulate gut microbiota and attenuate the immune system, probiotics could be used as an adjuvant in hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. After developing the latest techniques by researchers, probiotics can now survive within harsh processing conditions and withstand GI stresses quite effectively. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non-pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. The suggested mechanisms by which probiotics exert their action include; competitive exclusion of pathogens for adhesion sites, improvement of the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut immunomodulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. This review emphasizes the recent advances in the health benefits of probiotics and the emerging applications of probiotics in the food industry. Due to their capability to modulate gut microbiota and attenuate the immune system, probiotics could be used as an adjuvant in hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. After developing the latest techniques by researchers, probiotics can now survive within harsh processing conditions and withstand GI stresses quite effectively. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant invasions can have long-lasting impacts on soil nitrification, which plays a critical role in nutrient cycling and plant growth. This review examines the legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification, focusing on the underlying mechanisms, context dependence, and implications for management. We synthesize literature on the positive, negative and neutral legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification, highlighting the complexity of these effects and the need for further research to fully understand them. Positive legacy effects include increased soil microbial biomass or activity, potentially enhancing nutrient availability for plants. However, negative legacy effects, like reduced nitrifier abundance, can result in decreased soil nitrification rates and nutrient availability. In some cases, changes to nitrification during active invasion appear transitory after the removal of invasive plants, indicating neutral short-term legacies. We discuss the context dependence of legacy effects considering factors, including location, specific invasive plant species, and other environmental conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these legacy effects for management and restoration strategies, such as the removal or control of invasive plants, and potential approaches for restoring ecosystems with legacy effects on soil nitrification. Finally, we highlight future research directions, including further investigation into the mechanisms and context dependence of legacy effects, and the role of plant–microbe interactions. Overall, this review provides insights into the legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification and their implications for ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar amendment has been known as a promising strategy that improves crop productivity and physio-chemical properties of soil. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three biochars: wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk at different levels 2%, 3%, and 5% (w/w) on soil properties and growth of tomato cv. "Money Maker." Results revealed that rice husk at 3% concentration showed significant improvement (+37.4–68.6%) in plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight and root length compared to control. The physiological parameters like stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency were also enhanced (+38–62%) in 3% RH-treated plants while chlorophyll contents were highest in 5% WS, whereas cell membrane stability was maximum in 3% WS-treated plants compared with control. Moreover, 3% RH caused a significant increase (+22.4–81.7%) in electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Conclusively, 3% RH was found to be the best treatment that improved the soil properties and plant physiological traits that led to enhance overall plant growth. Therefore, RH biochar amendment of soil can be potentially utilized for improving soil properties and plant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a new heat transfer model for ternary nanofluid (Al2O3- CuO)/C2H6O2 inside slippery converging/diverging channel is reported with innovative effects of dissipation function. This flow situation described by a coupled set of PDEs which reduced to ODEs via similarity and effective ternary nanofluid properties. Then, LSM is successfully coded for the model and achieved the desired results influenced by α, Re, γ1 and Ec. It is examined that the fluid movement increases for Re in the physical range of 30-180 and it drops for diverging channel (α > 0) when the slippery wall approaches to α = 60°. The fluid movement is very slow for increasing concentration factor φi for i = 1,2,3 up to 10%. Further, ternary nanofluid temperature boosts rapidly due to inclusion of trinanoparticles thermal conductivity and dissipation factor (Ec = 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.6) also contributes significantly. Moreover, the temperature is maximum about the center of the channel (η = 0) and slip effects (γ1 = 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6) on the channel walls lead to decrement in the temperature β(η). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop that is grown worldwide to supply the world's expanding food demand. In the current study, the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil fertility and rice growth were explored. Rice plants were inoculated to evaluate how AMF fungi and PGPR affect various aspects of soil and plants, implicating abiotic stress tolerances. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replicates under the controlled conditions. Results depicted that the plants that were inoculated with a mixture of AMF and PGPR had better yields and nutritional concentrations, while both AMF and PGPR lowered soil pH and organic matter differently. Similarly, AMF and PGPR treatments significantly increased the amount of N, P, K, and B in the post-harvest soil. The PGPR-inoculated plants had a 10–40% higher buildup of N in their tissues. Similarly, when they were compared with non-infected plants, AMF-inoculated treatments demonstrated a greater N accumulation in the rice tissue. The maximum P content in plant tissues was 0.149% in PGPR5-infected plants, either alone or in combination with AMF. In T12, AMF + PGPR5 inoculated rice plants, the maximum K uptake was 1.98%, which was 54% higher than the control treatment. The sole application of AMF raised K buildup in rice tissues by 38% compared with the control treatment. The improved productivity of plants with AMF and PGPR (especially with PGPR5) was attributed to the increased availability of nutrients in the soil. As a result, rice plant growth, yield, and essential element uptakes were boosted significantly. The present study's results suggested using the combined application of AMF + PGPR5 for improving the rice yield and for sustaining the soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia is the largest producer of shrimp, accounting for 70% of the global cultured production. The market for shrimp has a high demand and the by-products from shrimp processing make up 40–60% of the whole shrimp. The main by-products include the head, viscera, shell, pelopods, tail, cephalothorax, and exoskeleton. The trends of the future and hurdles of shrimp by-product utilization have been outlined. These by-products are a good source of protein and have anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant properties. They also enhance the immune system and have bioactive compounds that encourage their use for anti-cancerous, anti-hypertensive, and various other diseases. The waste produced can yield valuable by-products, including astaxanthin, oil, carotenoids, fortified products, nutrient-enriched chitin, protein, flavor enhancers, and composite flour. The yield of astaxanthin is 59.97 µg/g along with carotenoid is 68.26 µg/ml dw, chitosan (87%), protein (47.8%), oil extracted (88.9%) from shrimp by-products, and shrimp head is a rich source of protein (66%) and chitin (6%). These by-products can help meet the growing demand of an increasing population. The abundance of healthy ingredients found in shrimp makes it a valuable resource for scientists, entrepreneurs, and industrialists to develop new products. Additionally, utilizing shrimp waste can help reduce the burden on the earth and decrease environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, fish processing industries are much concerned to produce fish proteins for the fulfilment of the nutritive requirements of human being. More than 60% fish by-products, including liver, head, skin, roes, viscera, and bones that the richest source of proteins, and these are processed to obtain valuable food products in different industries. Numerous studies have proved that fish proteins have a great potential to reduce the risks of cancer, aging, diabetics, and cardiovascular diseases. Their functional properties such as water and oil holding, film-forming, emulsification, solubility, and gelling capacities, which have increased their importance for the development of functional foods. So, this review is focused on different kinds of sources, extraction methods, and functional properties of fish proteins, also their utilization as functional bioactive compounds in the production of fish protein-enriched food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene belongs to carotenoid group having lipophilic nature with strong antioxidant potential against numerous diseases. Hence, it has been used extensively in functional foods and pharmaceutical industries to harvest as many benefits from this unique gift from nature as possible. The history, chemistry, extraction techniques, isomers of lycopene and their technological and biological significance from stability to bioaccessibility point of view have been discussed in detail. Most recent advances and methodologies to solve the challenges being faced during extraction, isomerization and within human body, i.e., processing, environmental and gastrointestinal stresses of lycopene, have been highlighted in this review. The most successful extraction technique was found to be green extraction techniques. Heat-induced isomerization by conventional heating has been studied most widely by researchers; while less data are available on catalyst and microwave treated isomerization suggesting heat treated isomerization to be more reliable for research and processing point of view. Also, special compounds produced from normal food materials may stimulate the isomerization of all-trans lycopene to cis-isomers. At the end, it was found that after successfully extracting and isomerizing lycopene we can perform encapsulation by using different nanocarriers and method to enhance the stability, solubility and bioaccessibility of lycopene and its isomers. Abbreviations: GIT: Gastrointestinal tract; GRAS: Generally regarded as safe; EAE: Enzyme assisted extraction; UAE: Ultrasound assisted extraction; SFE: Super-critical fluid extraction; SC-CO2: Super critical carbon dioxide; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; NLCs: Lipid-based nanocarriers; SLNs: Solid lipid nanocarriers; OSA: Octenyl succinic anhydride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herein reported studies were conducted to investigate the insecticidal effect of seven insect growth regulators, viz., lufenuron 50 EC, flufenoxuron 10 DC, pyriproxyfen 10.8 EC, tebufenozide 20 SC, methoxyfenozide 240 SC, triflumuron 20 SC, and buprofezin 25% WP against pupal and adult suppression of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The results about the effect of IGRs on subsequent stages after larvae indicated that all the treatments had significant impact on pupation, which escalated with an increase in concentration and exposure period. Results revealed that adult suppression was highest due to the flufenoxuron and lowest in triflumuron. Results revealed that after 7 days the lowest pupation suppression (38.18%) was observed at 2.5 ppm followed by 44.92% at 5 ppm concentrations and the pupation inhibition was highest 55.88% at 10 ppm against T. granarium. The pupation inhibition percentage in T. castaneum was highest 65.70% at 10 ppm and lowest at 2.5 ppm with value 47.85% after 7 days of treatment application. Results revealed that after 7 days the lowest adult suppression (44.63%) was observed at 2.5ppm followed by 51.42% at 5 ppm concentrations and the adult suppression was highest 62.42% at 10 ppm against T. granarium. The adult suppression percentage in T. castaneum was highest 75.61 % at 10 ppm and lowest at 2.5 ppm with value 57.91%after7 days of treatment application. Bioactivities of all the tested IGRs were found to be dose and exposure period dependent. All the IGRs are more persistence and effective when applied on wheat, than on rice and maize. From these results, it is concluded that the applications of IGRs have proved to be very effective against both species examined in the present study. These compounds particularly CSis (flufenoxuron, lufenuron and triflumuron) should be considered as potential components in IPM of stored grains insects pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of nanofluid by considering the role of imposed Lorentz forces, thermal radiations and velocity slip effects over a vertically convectively heated surface is a topic of huge interest. Therefore, the said study is conducted for Al2O3-H2O nanofluid. Mathematical modelling of the problem is done via nanofluid effective correlations comprising the influences of freezing temperature, molecular diameter and similarity transformations. The results for multiple parameters are plotted and provide comprehensive discussion. From the analysis, it is examined that Al2O3-H2O nanofluid motion drops by strengthening Lorentz forces. The temperature in the nanofluid (Al2O3-H2O) is improved by inducing viscous dissipation effects (Ec number), surface convection (Biot number) and thermal radiations (Rd). Moreover, the shear stresses at the surface decreased due to higher magnetic field effects and rises due to velocity slip. A significant rise in Local Nusselt number is observed due to thermal radiations and Biot effects. Finally, enhanced heat transport mechanism in Al2O3-H2O is examined than a conventional liquid. Therefore, nanofluids are better for industrial applications and the uses of conventional liquids are limited due to low thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of nanofluid dynamics in a bounded domain attained much attention of the researchers, engineers, and industrialists. These fluids became much popular in the researcher's community due to their broad uses regarding the heat transfer in various industries and fluid flowing in engine and in aerodynamics as well. Therefore, the analysis of Cu-kerosene oil and Cu-water is organized between two Riga plates with the novel effects of thermal radiations and surface convection. The problem reduced in the form of dimensionless system and then solved by employing variational iteration and variation of parameter methods. For the sake of validity, the results checked with numerical scheme and found to be excellent. Further, it is examined that the nanofluids move slowly by strengthen Cu fraction factor. The temperature of Cu-kerosene oil and Cu-water significantly rises due to inducing thermal radiations and surface convection. The behaviour of shear stresses is in reverse proportion with the primitive parameters, and local Nusselt number increases due to varying thermal radiations, Biot number, and fraction factor, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a very economical and productive horticultural crop extensively cultivated worldwide. It is grown commercially throughout the country and contributes significantly to the economy of Pakistan. Onion is susceptible to many foliar, bulb and root fungal pathogens that badly destroy onion crops, greatly reducing its yield and quality. Fusarium oxysporum is a very common soil-borne fungus that causes basal rot onion and it has the ability to survive in the soil for many years without having a host. Many fungicides are available in the market to control the basal rot of onion which contain hazardous material that continuously destroys the environment and human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fungicidal efficacy of desert plant extracts against basal rot of onion in the laboratory, greenhouse and field. Completely randomized design (CRD) was used for in-vitro study and randomized complete block design (RCBD) for greenhouse and field experiments. Three desert plants i.e. Gossypium thurberi, Calotropis procera and Suaeda fruticose were used at 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm concentrations. Maximum basal rot disease reduction (78.6%) was recorded at 150 ppm concentration of wild cotton (G. thurberi) under in-vitro conditions. Whereas, wild cotton also gave the highest disease reduction under greenhouse (62.93%) and field conditions (52.56%) as compared with other two plant extracts and control. It is concluded that aqueous extract of wild cotton gave the best control of onion basal rot under lab, greenhouse and field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the influence of wastewater used for irrigation purposes on anatomical characters of four wild plants with the help of light microscopy (LM). The plant selected were Trianthema portulacastrum L., Amaranthes viridis L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Persicaria barbata L. This wastewater comprises of municipal, industrial, and dairy waste containing organic matter, Ca++, Mg++, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It was found that T. portulacastrum L. and P. oleracea L. were directly affected and the size of vascular tissues and cortex reduced many times as compared to control, while on the other hand A. viridis L. and Persicaria berbata L. showed high growth than control these characters were clear using LM technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-vitro experimentation consisting of crude extracts of different plants and fungicides were performed for determination of antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum, a plant pathogenic fungi responsible for ginger soft rot. Petri dish were used to conduct bioassay through poisoned food technique with triplicates. The crude extract of all the plants showed a better inhibitory effects on the pathogen's (P. digitatum) mycelial growth rather than fungicides. Among all the plant extracts, the best result was showed by garlic extract with 87% of mycelial growth inhibition followed by moringa with 82%, the best concentration is 100mg/mL. Besides, Ridomil gold showed the most effective control against ginger soft rot with 84% of mycelial inhibition growth among all the tested fungicides. And found that protective treatment had a best effect than curative treatment. These results revealed that plants are rich source of metabolites with a wide range of antifungal activity against ginger soft rot. Crude extracts of these plants have potential to become effective biopesticides upon purified fractions with no hazardous effects on environment as well as humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of thermal mechanisms in traditional as well as advanced fluid phases grabbed huge attention of the engineers around the globe. These fluids have a bright future in numerous fields including but not restricted to chemical, applied thermal, and heat transfer applications. Therefore, the present analysis emphasized on the development and investigation of a new nanofluid model under physical constraints like viscous dissipation, squeezing, and nanoparticle concentration effects. The fourth‐order heat transfer model is formulated using new thermophysical properties of tetra nanofluids and similar transformative functions. Then, the model was analyzed numerically and a deep discussion of the results was provided. It is noticed that the motion reduced near the bottom wall rapidly when the tetra nanoparticles concentration is taken from 0.01$0.01$ to 0.04$0.04$ and inward the sheet movement enhanced it. The fluid motion can be augmented by accelerating the top sheet in an outward direction by keeping S=1.0,2.0,3.0,and4.0$S = 1.0,\ 2.0,\ 3.0,\ {\mathrm{and}}\ 4.0$. Moreover, the shear drag increased in the range of 2.63952$2.63952$ to 2.74291$2.74291$ and the heat transfer rate enhanced from 1.461390$1.461390$ to 3.653470$3.653470$ and 1.475600$1.475600$ to 1.504010$1.504010$ when Ec${{E}_c}$ and ℘$\wp $ increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]