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Abstract In recent years, regulatory agencies have raised concerns about the presence of potentially carcinogenic substances in certain formulations of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs). Specifically, nitrosamines and azido compounds have been identified in some ARB products. Nitrosamines are known to have carcinogenic properties and are associated with an increased risk of neoplasms. Spontaneous safety reports from the EudraVigilance Data Analysis System (EVDAS) database were analyzed to investigate cases of neoplasms associated with ARBs. A disproportionality analysis was conducted, calculating the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a case/non-case approach for each ARB drug. The EVDAS database contained 68,522 safety reports related to ARBs (including Azilsartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Olmesartan, Losartan, Valsartan, and Telmisartan), among which 3,396 (5%) cases were associated with neoplasms. The majority of these cases were reported in Germany (11.9%), followed by France (9.7%). Approximately 70% of the reports were submitted by healthcare professionals such as physicians and nurses. Among the ARBs, valsartan had the highest ROR for neoplasm (ROR 1.949, 95% CI 1.857–2.046). This association remained significant when comparing ARBs with other classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Our study identifies a possible signal of an association between ARBs, particularly valsartan, and the risk of neoplasms. However, further observational and analytical studies are necessary to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Abstract Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) is a propitious semiconductor for active absorber material in thin-film solar cells (SCs). Here, SC architecture comprising FTO/ZnS/CZTS/variable HTLs/Au is discussed. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and gold (Au) are used as front and back contacts, respectively. Zinc sulphide (ZnS) is used as an active electron transport layer (ETL), while different Cu-based materials (Cu2O, CuO, CuI, and CuSCN) are used as hole transport layers (HTL). A one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) is utilized to simulate the SC structure. Among different Cu-based HTLs, Cu2O is preferred as a potential candidate for high cell performance of CZTS-based SC. The effects of various layer parameters such as thickness, doping density, and carrier concentrations, electron affinity of HTL and absorber, respectively, are also discussed. After optimization of the device, variation of operating temperature and the effect of series and shunt resistance are also taken into consideration. The optimized results of thickness and acceptor concentration (NA) of absorber material are 1.5 µm and approx. 1.0 × 1019 cm−3, respectively. In addition, the function of HTL (with and without) in the designed SC structure is also studied. Capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics are also discussed to get an insight of built-in potential. We have achieved cell performances viz. efficiency = 31.86%, short circuit current density = 32.05 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage = 1.19 V, and fill factor = 83.37%.

This study was designed to assess both the quality and cost aspects of various branded and generic formulations of angiotensin receptor blockers, specifically Irbesartan, Losartan Potassium, Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Valsartan. The collected samples underwent distinct quality evaluations using the methods outlined in different global Pharmacopoeias (British Pharmacopoeia/European Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia and United States Pharmacopoeia). These drugs were characterized using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques, while their quality and concentration were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The release profile of the drugs was examined through dissolution testing. Additionally, a cost comparison analysis was carried out by determining the prevailing market prices of the drugs. The evaluated branded and generic angiotensin receptor blockers were found to meet the established standards for impurities, active drug content, and dissolution as set by these Pharmacopoeias, indicating their optimal quality. Notably, the generic drugs exhibited significantly lower costs compared to their branded counterparts. This study confirms that the quality of generic angiotensin receptor blockers is equivalent to that of their branded counterparts. Consequently, these findings support the practicality of utilizing generic drugs as a more economically sustainable and cost-effective approach to managing diseases, especially those of chronic nature.

A efficient and concise synthesis of izenamides A and B is reported. We have followed a more convergent approach while avoiding costly and harmful chemicals. Major attraction of this synthesis is the first ever report of highly asymmetric reduction of N-Boc γ-amino β-ketoester using 2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine catalysts to generate the key intermediate. Further, this reaction can be of immense significance as γ-amino β-ketoesters constitutes an important motif in drug discovery.

Objective The objective of this subanalysis of data from centres across urban areas in India of the Global Asthma Network (GAN) was to study 1) the prevalence of symptoms of asthma in children and adults, 2) the change in prevalence of asthma and its trigger factors since the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), and 3) current asthma treatment practice. Methods In this cross-sectional, multicentre, school-based and self-administered questionnaire, responses from children aged 6–7 years and 13–14 years, and their respective parents, were analysed. Results The GAN Phase I study included 20 084 children in the 6–7-year age group, 25 887 children in the 13–14-year age group and 81 296 parents. The prevalence of wheeze in the previous 12 months was 3.16%, 3.63% and 3.30% in the three groups, respectively. In comparison to the ISAAC studies, there was a significant reduction in the prevalence of current wheeze (p

BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease data suggest that respiratory diseases contribute to high morbidity in India. However, the factors responsible for high morbidity are not quite clear. Therefore, the Seasonal Waves Of Respiratory Disorders (SWORD) study was planned to estimate the point prevalence due to respiratory diseases in Indian OPD services and its association with risk factors and change in seasons.MethodsIn this point prevalence observational multicenter study conducted during 2017-18, participating physicians recorded information of consecutive patients in response to a questionnaire. The study was conducted on four predetermined days representing transition of Indian seasons i.e., February (winter), May (summer), August (monsoon), and November (autumn).ResultsThe eligible number of patients from across 302 sites in India was 25,177. The mean age of study population was 46.1±18.1 years, 14102(56.0%) were males and 11075(44.0%) females. The common diagnoses were: asthma(29.8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),15.6%, respiratory tract infections (RTIs),11.3%, and tuberculosis(8.7%). All these conditions showed significant seasonal trends (Asthma 31.4% autumn vs. 26.5% summer, COPD 21.1% winter vs. 8.1% summer, RTIs 13.3% winter vs. 4.3% summer, and tuberculosis 12.5% autumn vs. 4.1% summer, pConclusionsThe SWORD study showed wide seasonal variations in outpatient attendance of patients with common respiratory conditions. Novel risk-factors associated with respiratory diseases were also identified.

Fifteen clinically healthy mongrel dogs of either sex of about one year of age were randomly divided in to three groups containing five dogs in each. The ketamine hydrochloride was administered epidurally at lumbosacral space in group I, whereas pentazocine and meperidine hydrochloride were given epidurally in combination with ketamine hydrochloride in group II and III, respectively. AST, ALT, glucose and creatinine showed a significant variation within normal physiological limits; whereas, GGT, BUN and total protein did not showed a significant variation (P>0.05) at respective intervals of observation. It may be concluded that epidural administration of ketamine in combination of opioids are safe and did not produce deleterious effect on vital organs.

With increasing penetration of wind energy into the power grid, researchers have started focusing more on control and coordination of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with the other components at system level, especially during fault. It is important to implement a suitable fault ride through control strategy to avoid tripping of the generators when the power system is subjected to voltage dips normally below 90% of nominal voltage. The dips below 90% may lead to a significant loss of generation and frequency collapse, followed by a blackout. This article implements and assesses the methodologies to deal with such situations for squirrel cage induction generator-based wind energy conversion systems employing fully rated power electronic converters. Three distinct control techniques—namely, balanced positive sequence control, positive negative sequence control, and dual current control—have been simulated and applied to grid side converter of SCIG-based WECS. The performance of all the three control strategies has been compared and presented in this work. During this study, the system is subjected to the most common unsymmetrical line to ground (LG) fault and most severe symmetrical LLL fault on grid for the purpose of anaysis.

Background: Stunting is one of key factor of chronic under- nutrition is a major health problem in South Asia. It consequences increased morbidity & mortality during childhood. Objectives: This study aims to explore the socio-economic deter- minants of stunting among under-five children of rural tribal In- dia. Methodology: It was cross sectional study and carried out in rural community in Jhalawar District in children’s aged 6-59 months of age during period of February 2014 to April 2014 in 570 study samples. Results: There were almost equal numbers of male and females participated and it was observed that stunting was positively asso- ciated with birth weight, birth order, ANC visit at health care fa- cilities & family monthly income while inversely associated with age of baby, birth interval, EBF, PNC visit at health care facilities, & family size. Logistic regression analysis showed association with gender, working status of mother, history of TB in family member, ANC care, illiteracy of parents, mass media, overcrowding, and type of water supply. Conclusion: Our analysis confirms the multifactorial nature of child stunting. It emphasizes the programmes should specifically target higher-risk groups such as young children, residents of ru- ral community, less educated fathers, poor family social life, low- quality household environment, various morbidity and low birth weight.

Background: Hepatitis B (HB) is a serious global public health problem that causes chronic liver disease and accelerates high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Present study aims to evaluate Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) towards HB among Clinicians & students of Jhalawar Medical College, Ra- jasthan. Methods: A cross sectional, descriptive study was undertaken. 500 Clinicians & Medical students were approached for the study. KAP towards HB was assessed by using a pre validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for elaborating participants’ demo- graphic characteristics while Pearson’s correlation was used to identify association between the study variables. Results: Out of 500 distributed questionnaires, 354 were returned with a response rate of 70.80%. Majority of them were Medical stu- dents (60.2%) & rest were Clinicians. Mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 15.66 ± 1.9, 7.17 ± 1.15 and 6.8 ± 1.13 re- spectively. Significant and positive linear correlations between des- ignation vs. knowledge (r = 49.18, p < 0.00); vaccination status vs. knowledge (r = 28.88, p < 0.001); duration of experience vs. knowledge (r = 23.51, p < 0.001) and attitude vs. vaccination status (r =3 0.14, p < 0.05) were observed. Conclusion: Clinicians & Medical students reflected fairly moder- ate level of KAP regarding HB infection and vaccination with im- portant gaps.

Acacia nilotica is a plant species that is almost ubiquitously found in different parts of the world. Various preparations of it have been advocated in folk medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy, smallpox, dysentery, cough, ophthalmia, toothache, skin cancer as astringent, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac since immemorial times. The present study investigates the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory potential of hot aqueous extract (HAE) of Acacia nilotica leaves. On dry matter basis, the filtered HAE had a good extraction ratio (33.46%) and was found to have carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids as major constituents. HAE produced dose dependent zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus uberis and fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigates; however, no antiviral activity was recorded against IBR virus. HAE of A. nilotica revealed both proliferative and inhibitory effects on the rat splenocytes and IL-10 release depending on the dose. Detailed studies involving wide spectrum of bacterial, fungal, and viral species are required to prove or know the exact status of each constituents of the plant extract.