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This study models the frequency use of wood, charcoal, liquid gas, electricity, and kerosene in urban households in Ghana and supplements the literature on cooking fuel choices. The modeling is based on survey data collected in several major Ghanaian cities. Survey results indicate that charcoal and liquid gas are frequently used in meal preparation, while the frequency use of firewood, kerosene, and electricity is limited. Frequency use is estimated using the ordered probit technique. Five cooking fuel use equations identify income, socio-demographic characteristics, and location of urban residents as influencing the frequency use. Statistically significant effects measure probability changes in each of the four fuel categories. Income and education increase the probability of often or very often of using liquid gas or electricity to cook. The effect of being employed by the government is similar but less consistent. Age, household size, and marital status are linked to frequency use, but differently affect specific fuels. As the number of children or adults increases in a household, so does the probability of using firewood or charcoal, but this also increases the probability that such households never use liquid gas or electricity for cooking. Regional differences indicate Tamale residents heavily rely on wood and charcoal, and infrequently use liquid gas or electricity. Multiple cooking fuel use behavior may reflect risk aversion to fuel shortages. Increasing incomes and improving education will drive the probability of an increased use of cleaner cooking fuels and decreased use of fuel mixes, benefiting meal preparers’ health and the environment.

This study focuses on the intake of vitamin A from staple foods that are or could be fortified using a survey conducted in three major cities in Ghana. The study distinguishes among consumption frequencies, i.e., daily, weekly, and monthly, of five staples (wheat and maize flour, groundnut oil, palm oil, and vegetable oil). A multivariate probit technique estimates three sets of five equations accounting for the consumption of five staples in three time periods (daily, weekly monthly). The correlations across equations were tested indicating the suitability of the selected estimation approach. The results suggest that per capita income, geographic location, employment status, education, and market access are important in determining consumption frequency. The results also reveal that the existing source of vitamin A from the food fortification program is insufficient for Ghanaian women to reach the WHO daily standard. Fortifying maize flour (in addition to already fortified vegetable oils and wheat flour), a staple, will largely alleviate the inadequate vitamin A intake among urban households.