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La Palma, Canary Islands, had its largest historical eruption in 2021. From January 2022 to May 2023 there were >2,100 seismic events, primarily at depths ≤20 km, prompting us to update the deformation and modeling study, using interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations and a last generation interpretation tool. We detect the evolution of the remaining magmatic body in the SW portion of the island, with arrival of new magma moving into the oceanic crust out to sea, and a pressurized zone in the central‐eastern area, at regions of structural weakness. The current source characteristics have some similarities to the early stage dynamics prior to the 2021 eruption. Operational and multidisciplinary studies must continue to monitor either their stabilization or growth and destabilization. The ability to identify magma ascent using only deformation data over short time periods allows us to characterize unrest patterns and provide new insights into volcanic processes. Plain Language Summary: Following the 2021 eruption at La Palma, Canary Islands, seismic activity has persisted that may be a precursor to future volcanic activity. Here we perform an updated deformation and modeling study that characterizes the evolution of the remaining magma in the SW area of the island. A fresh injection of magma occurs in the oceanic crust off the coast, along with a pressurized region in the central‐eastern area of the island where crustal weakness exists close to recent volcanic eruptions. The 2022–2023.4 process has similar characteristics to the evolution prior to the 2021 eruption. Ongoing studies should focus on monitoring the increase or decrease in this activity. Improved characterization of changing volcanic activity over short time periods can provide new insights into ongoing volcanic processes. Key Points: We determine the current unrest is similar to that prior to the 2021 eruption warranting attention by hazard response decision makersWe detect a shallow magmatic intrusion in the SW of the island migrating W into the submarine crust of the islandWe also detect a shallow pressurized zone located in the central eastern region of the island [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern alignment of Cape Verde Archipelago contains three small islands in its central sector: Santa Luzia, Branco and Raso on which there is very scarce geological, petrological or geochronological information available. The three islands along with the island of São Vicente arise on a continuous underwater relief less than 50 m deep and about 70 km long that formed from separate volcanic edifices. The southernmost island, Raso is formed by accumulation of several tens of lava flows and some remaining strombolian cones. An erosion surface covered by sediments allows the separation of two different episodes of growth: the lower one older than 2 Ma, and the upper one between 0.9 and 1.2 Ma. The smaller island of Branco is the remnant of a large stratovolcano about 6 km in radius, 1000 m of altitude and between 5 and 6 Ma in age. Santa Luzia, the northernmost and largest island of this particular group is essentially a remaining rift zone between 4 and 7 Ma old, at least 600 m high, about 10 km long and 7 km wide. The SE extreme of the island is occupied by rocks of an older partially submarine stage of growth which, also include gabbroic intrusions crossed by a dense network of dikes whose age may be estimated in 8 Ma or more. On the contrary, the NW end shows the only remains of late post-erosion activity that is of much less volumetric importance and it has been dated between 0.8 and 1.4 Ma. The three islands as a whole are formed by moderately or strongly alkaline, basic and ultrabasic rocks similar to those found in the neighboring island of São Vicente. Ultraalkaline rocks only appear in Raso and differentiate types as trachyandesites and phonolites are exclusively found in Santa Luzia. The similar age found for the main stages of growth recorded in the mentioned four islands and, even more, in the other two islands: Santo Antão and São Nicolau situated at the end of the Barlovento alignment, are not easily comprehensible with evolution models implying a simple spatial progression of the volcanic activity from east to west in this array of the archipelago. On the other hand, the temporal coincidence in periods of quiescence observed in the different islands seems to point to the existence of a cyclical activity for the ensemble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on understanding the drivers of volcanic eruptions and their impact on eruption style using rapid, high-resolution matrix geochemical analysis. It mentions by analyzing samples from the 2021 La Palma eruption, the study reveals distinct pulses of basanite melt driving the onset, restart, and evolution of the eruption.

The island of Boa Vista is one of the oceanic islands with the largest amount of felsic rocks reported in the world (50% of the total outcropping igneous rocks of Boa Vista). The felsic rocks are trachytes and phonolites generated within the second main stage of the volcanic activity that lasted about four million years. Three consecutive felsic episodes are distinguished: the first occurred between 14.5Ma and 13.5Ma, the second between 13.6Ma and 12.0Ma, and the third and last between 12.0Ma and 10.4Ma. Their geochemical composition reveals the presence of crystal fractionation processes with participation of feldspars and amphibole as well as different accessory phases involved in each episode. The Boa Vista felsic cone-sheet swarm, the youngest third episode, is formed by several hundreds of peralkaline ne-phonolitic sheets distributed within a circular surface about 11km in radius. The cone-sheets conform a single general pattern characterized by a decreasing dip outward the structure, together with a constant dip of each individual sheet. The average inclination of sheets is around 40° in the sectors next to the centre of the structure whereas it is only about 30° next to its periphery. The magmatic focus of the sheets is located over 3km deep almost coinciding with the convergence centre of a contemporary basic radial dike swarm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A basic radial dike swarm unrelated to other basic units of Boa Vista (Cape Verde Archipelago) has been localized and characterized in the central sector of the island. According to new radiometric data three main stages in the evolution of Boa Vista are distinguished: the earlier (the Old Volcanic Complex: 17–16Ma) is equivalent to the shield building stage of Hawaii and the later (the Recent Volcanics (8–4Ma) is in some aspects comparable to the post-erosional stage. An important intermediate essentially felsic stage (the Trachytic–Phonolitic Complex: 14.3–12.8Ma) followed the basaltic shield stage. This felsic stage has equivalents in some other oceanic islands as the Canary Islands, specially Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Gomera. The central sector of Boa Vista is also occupied by the Felsic Subvolcanic Complex, a unit consisting of phonolitic breccias, syenites and monzonites that represent the Trachytic–Phonolitic Complex hypabyssal roots. The felsic rocks as a whole constitute half of the total amount of igneous rocks on the island making up Boa Vista, the island with the highest percentage of felsic rocks in the Central Atlantic Ocean. More than 200 dikes of the basic radial swarm intruding the Felsic Subvolcanic Complex have been measured. The intensity of the multiple dike injection is sometimes rather high, roughly a dike every 5m. The individual dikes have an observable mean length of about 300m. The composition of these dikes is always foiditic (nephelinites, melilitites, and limburgites), slightly different in composition (more alkaline and richer in incompatible elements) to the other basic units of the island (the Old Volcanic Complex and the Recent Volcanics). The radial dikes converge in an area located NW of the geometrical center of Boa Vista, a zone where the hypothetical center of the Old Volcanic Complex and the Trachytic–Phonolitic Complex edifices must also have been situated. The ages obtained from the dikes (between 14.8 and 11.5Ma) indicate that the radial injections are contemporary with the phonolites and the trachytes of the Trachytic–Phonolitic Complex and yet are part of the intermediate evolutionary stage of Boa Vista. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

La Palma is one of the youngest of the Canary Islands, and historically the most active. The recent activity and unrest in the archipelago, the moderate seismicity observed in 2017 and 2018 and the possibility of catastrophic landslides related to the Cumbre Vieja volcano have made it strongly advisable to ensure a realistic knowledge of the background surface deformation on the island. This will then allow any anomalous deformation related to potential volcanic unrest on the island to be detected by monitoring the surface deformation. We describe here the observation results obtained during the 2006–2010 period using geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Advanced Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (A-DInSAR) and microgravimetry. These results show that, although there are no significant associated variations in gravity, there is a clear surface deformation that is spatially and temporally variable. Our results are discussed from the point of view of the unrest and its implications for the definition of an operational geodetic monitoring system for the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The deep roots of oceanic island volcanoes are poorly known and geophysical models can help to constrain processes such as magma storage and transport before and during eruptions. Lanzarote, Canary Islands, is a volcanic island in post-erosional phase where, in the 18th century, one of the most important historical eruptions, considering duration and volume, of the Canary Islands took place in the Timanfaya area. To improve the knowledge on the structure of Lanzarote and in Timanfaya area, we carry out a gravity determination of the subsurface anomalous 3D density structure, using an improved quasi-automatic inversion methodology. The obtained model presents a 3D morphology of anomalous density bodies. We describe the improvements of the inversion methodology, the adjusted model and interpretative conclusions corresponding to the structure and the long-term cumulative magmatic plumbing system of the island. Three high-density sources are described as resulting in the inference of three main volcanic complexes: a large central complex (San Bartolomé) and two smaller complexes, one in the NE and a third smaller one located in the SW close to the Timanfaya area. The outcrops of Miocene lava flows from the center of the Island can be attributed to the top of the central intrusive model. We infer the local plumbing system for Timanfaya volcano area by means of strongly tilted successive branches of magma departing from the SW intrusive body. The structural results show no evidence of any magma chamber below Timanfaya as proposed by previous works. We also present a comparison of the gravity results and geological observations, showing different cases of correlation in the Island. They go from a good match between the gravity anomaly and the position of the central volcanic structure, to no anomaly associated to the fissural Quaternary volcanic activity. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • We use published and new gravity data with an improved inversion methodology. • 3D density structure is determined solving the inverse gravity problem. • Three high-density sources are described as resulting of main volcanic complexes. • Timanfaya's plumbing system is inferred as branches of magma from SW intrusive body. • Comparison of gravity results and geology gives different cases of correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhenium-depletion model ages (TRD) of sulfides in peridotite xenoliths from the subcontinental mantle beneath central Spain (the Calatrava volcanic field) reveal that episodes of mantle magmatism and/or metasomatism in the Iberia microplate were linked to crustal growth events, mainly during supercontinent assembly and/or breakup at ca. 1.8, 1.1, 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3 Ga. A synthesis of available in situ and whole-rock Os-isotope data on mantle-derived peridotites shows that this type of mantle (maximum TRD of ca. 1.8 Ga) is widespread in the subcontinental mantle of Europe and Africa outboard from the Betics-Maghrebides-Appenines front. In contrast, the mantle enclosed within the Alpine domain records TRD as old as 2.6 Ga, revealing a previously unrecognized Archean domain or domains in the central and western Mediterranean. Our observations indicate that ancient fragments of subcontinental lithospheric mantle have played an important role in the development of the present architecture of the Mediterranean lithosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catastrophic flank collapses are common on oceanic islands of volcanic origin and often recognizable from the resulting morphology as large U-shaped embayments. However, post-collapse volcanic activity can infill such features, thereby obscuring them. This study takes advantage of a dense network of long sub-horizontal galleries for groundwater extraction in the flank collapse structure of the Orotava Valley (Tenerife, Canary Islands). This impressive landform is located in the overlapping zone of the NE Rift and the Cañadas Edifice of this volcanic island. Three debris avalanche deposits (DADs) have been identified inside the waterworks bored into the valley's western sector. The deeper layer, the Lower-DAD (L-DAD) was previously described under the local name of mortalón. This deposit lies unconformably over older volcanic rocks, where a prominent shear-zone is developed, here interpreted as the detachment plane of a massive rockslide. The L-DAD was therefore produced during the large failure event, the Orotava Landslide (OL), which carved the depression. Two younger DADs, much smaller in volume and not previously described, were also identified in the underground strata: the Intermediate- (I-DAD) and Upper-DAD (U-DAD). Both correlate well with the thick breccia deposits cropping out at the base of the marine cliff along the western coast of the valley. The I-DAD and U-DAD are conformably intercalated between the lava flows and other volcanics infilling the depression, and their bases are erosive/depositional features without structural deformation zones below them. Their stratigraphic setting and geometrical reconstruction indicate that both deposits were emplaced after the valley was formed by the OL event, in two successive failures here called Western Orotava Landslides (WOLs). The younger, called WOL-2, was dated at 494 ± 22 ka using the 40Ar/39Ar method. These two subaerial failures affected the upper eastern flank of the Cañadas III Edifice, previously destabilized when the OL failure event carved a steep wall at its foot, the western lateral escarpment of the Orotava Valley. Unlabelled Image • Study of W Orotava Valley infilling at water galleries and coastal outcrops. • Three debris avalanche deposits from different landslides have been identified. • Two smaller secondary landslides occurred after the main Orotava Landslide. • The geometry of the minor landslides locates their source at Cañadas III Edifice. • 40Ar/39Ar ages obtained show that the three failure events occurred in just 0.1 My. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]