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Mecoptera is a primitive and minor order of insects with nine families, including Panorpidae. Research on Panorpidae in Indonesia is lacking, especially regarding its habitat. Thus, the purpose of this study was to observe the diversity and habitat characteristics of Panorpidae. The study was conducted at Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda Bandung from March to April 2023. The survey method was conducted at plots in three area blocks: the utilization block, the protection block, and the collection block. Panorpidae were collected by hand and sweeping net and then identified based on morphological characteristics. Temperature, humidity, light intensity, and vegetation where Mecoptera are found are identified and recorded. This study collected one genus (Neopanorpa) and five species found in the protection block (there were five species) and the utilization block (there were three species) while none in the collection block. The Penorpidae population was higher at the Protection block than at the Utilization block. Generally, Panorpidae was found in broad-leaf vegetation such as Clidemia sp. and Datura sp., with a canopy that is not too dense. The level of diversity and evenness of both areas was medium. Humidity positively affects the diversity and abundance of Panorpidae, while temperature and light intensity have negative effects. This research shows that Panorpidae likes damp places protected by bush vegetation and under not too dense canopy.

The essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra L. leaves has been widely used as a perfume and traditional remedy, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products ingredient since many years ago. The common technology to recover the oil is hydro-distillation and steam-distillation. However, all oil can not be fully extracted from the leaves by this method due to the recalcitrant structure of leaves that hindrance the access of the solvent. Adding a submerged fermentation as a pre-treatment step prior to the extraction process helped to loosen the lignocellulose structure and enhance oil release in the extraction process. In this study, the raw materials were collected from the natural forest in Buru Island, Maluku, Indonesia. The biological agents applied in these processes were Phanerochaete chrysosporium ITBCC136 and Trichoderma viride ITBCC143. The oil extraction process was conducted by method of steam-distillation, the oil was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the lignocellulose content in the biomass was measured by the fractionation method. The treatment using T.viride provided the highest increase in yield percentage up to 3.47% as compared with control of 1.45%, with the lowest percentages of the remained cellulose, while the fermentation with the presence of P.chrysosporium did not affect the oil yield even the lignin content was decrease as much as 21%. The percentages of 1,8-cineole in the oil were almost unchanged, which was about 20% of the oil.

Surili (Presbytis comata) is one of endemic primates of West Java whose existence is protected. The purpose of the research was to determine the estimated home range and the preferences of food plant of P. comata at Situ Patengan Nature Reserve, West Java. The home range was determined by the minimum convex polygon method by connecting the coordinates of the outermost entire outer area groups. Focal animal sampling and Ad-libitum methods were applied to obtain data of food preferences in details. The result showed that home range of several P. comata groupsat Situ Patengan Nature Reserve were varied. The home range of group A, B, C, and D were covering 3.52 Ha, 4.43 Ha, 3.76 Ha, and 3.14 Ha respectively, while the solitary individual has a home range covering 2.64 Ha. There were 27 species from 16 families of plants that was directly consumed by P. comata. P. comata more often consumed Castanopsis javanica (10.07%), C. argentea (9.35%), C. tungurut (7.91%), Sloneasigun (7.91%), and Quercus sp (7.19%). This data can be useful as a reference in P. Comata population and habitat management especially in the area of Situ Patengan.

Abstrak Surili (Presbytis comata) merupakan primata endemik Jawa dengan status konservasi Endangered (terancam punah). Perubahan yang terjadi pada habitat surili seperti konversi lahan meningkatkan keterancaman terhadap populasi dan persebaran surili di habitatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat area persebaran dan estimasi populasi surili di kawasan Kamojang, Kabupaten Garut sebagai salah satu habitat surili yang cukup besar. Survey persebaran surili dilakukan dengan cara eksplorasi yaitu menyusuri lokasi keberadaan surili berdasarkan informasi petugas BKSDA dan masyarakat sekitar. Titik koordinat tempat perjumpaan dengan surili diambil dengan menggunakan GPS dan diaplikasikan ke dalam Peta Kawasan Kamojang dengan menggunakan Software Quantum GIS Wien 2.8.3. Estimasi/ perkiraan jumlah surili dilakukan dengan Metode Direct census, yaitu menghitung lansung jumlah surili yang ditemui. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan terdapat satu titik perjumpaan dengan surili berjumlah empat individu di CA Blok Ciharus. Di TWA Blok Kawah Kamojang, surili ditemukan di tujuh titik dengan jumlah total 21 individu, dan di TWA Blok Cibeureum yang ditemukan di tiga titik dengan total tujuh individu. Surili masih banyak ditemukan dan tersebar di kawasan yang tingkat gangguan manusianya masih rendah sehingga untuk dapat mempertahankan populasi maupun persebaran surili di suatu kawasan perlu ditingkatkan pengaturan aktivitas manusia di dalamnya. Abstract Surili (Presbytis comata) is the Javan endemic primate with conservation state of Endangered. Habitat changes of surili due to land conversion was increased the threatening the distribution and population of surili in their habitat. This study aimed to know the distribution area and population estimates of surili at Region Kamojang, Garut. Survey the distribution of surili conducted by exploration method and took the coordinates of surili found by GPS and applied to the region map of Kamojang using Software Quantum GIS Wien 2.8.3. Estimation the number of surili, conducted by the direct census method by counting the number of surili directly. The study showed that there was a point area of surili consists of four individuals in Block Ciharus, Kamojang Nature Reserve. At Block Kawah Kamojang Nature Park, surili were found at seven points area by the total number of 21 individuals and at Block Cibeureum found at three points with a total of nine individuals. Surili is still widely found and spread in areas where the level of human disturbance is still low so as to be able to maintain the population and distribution of surili in an area, it is necessary to increase the regulation of human activities in it.

Abstrak. Lutung Jawa (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) merupakan salah satu bagian dari total keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia yang terdegradasi secara terus menerus disebabkan oleh kehilangan habitat dan perburuan liar. Taman Buru Gunung Masigit Kareumbi merupakan salah satu kawasan yang banyak dihuni oleh primata, yang salah satunya adalah Lutung Jawa. Primata-primata yang berada di kawasan ini khususnya Lutung Jawa selalu di buru oleh pemburu liar yang diperuntukan untuk dijual belikan bahkan digunakan untuk obat-obatan oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap keberadaan jenis primata ini. Taman Buru Gunung Masigit Kareumbi terletak di Kabupaten Garut, Sumedang dan Bandung dengan luas 12,420,70 ha. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas harian Lutung Jawa di Kawasan Taman Buru Gunung Masigit Kareumbi Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengamatan ini adalah menggunakan metode Adlibitum untuk mencatat setiap perilaku yang dikerjakan atau teramati selama penelitian dan metode scan sampling yaitu pencatatan aktivitas satwa seluruh individu dalam kelompok dengan menggunakan interval waktu, Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian aktivitas harian Lutung Jawa yang berada di Taman Buru Masigit Kareumbi yang memiliki titik koordinat 06°94’36’’LS dan 107°93’95’’BT dan berada pada ketinggian 1,259 mdpl ini menunjukan bahwa aktivitas harian yang sering dilakukan adalah aktivitas lokomosi yaitu dengan persentase keseluruhan sebesar 25,20%, sedangkan untuk aktivitas terendahnya adalah aktivitas urinasi dengan persentase sebesar 1,94%. Kata Kunci : Lutung Jawa (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus), Gunung Masigit Kareumbi Jawa Barat, metode adlibitum dan scan sampling, aktivitas. Abstract. Java langur (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) is one part of the total biodiversity of Indonesia is continuously degraded due to loss of habitat and poaching. Hunting Park Mount Masigit Kareumbi is one area that was inhabited by primates, one of which is a Java monkey. Primates are in the region especially Java monkey is always in hurry by poachers who intended to dijualbelikan even used for medicine by parties who are not responsible for the existence of this primate species. Hunting Park Mount Masigit Kareumbi located in Garut, Sumedang and Bandung with extensive 12.420.70 ha. The study objective was to determine the daily activities in the Java monkey Hunting Park area of Mount Masigit Kareumbi West Java. The method used in this observation is adlibitum method to record any behavior that done or observed during the study and scan sampling methods that record all activity of individual animals within a group by using a time interval, Analysis of the data in this study using descriptive methods. The results Javanese monkey daily activities that are in Hunting Park Masigit Kareumbi which has the coordinates 06°94'36 ‘’LS and 107°93'95’’BT and an altitude of 1,259 m above sea level shows that daily activity is often done with the locomotion activity overall percentage of 25.20%, while the lowest activity was urinary activity with a percentage of 1.94%. Keywords: Java monkey (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus), Mount Masigit Kareumbi West Java, adlibitum and scan sampling methods, activities.

The main problem encountered in producing larvae is the larvae that got low due to high mortality. One attempt to overcome this problem is the use of phytoplankton as natural feed. The purpose of this study is to determine phytoplankton community structure and potential as a resource phytoplankton feed on larval rearing carp. The research was conducted in April 2012. The results showed that the phytoplankton found in the larval rearing pond goldfish are Class Bacillariophyceae (1 genera), Chlorophyceae (13 genera), and Cyanophyceae (7 genera). Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae group is a group that has the highest abundance of larval rearing carp pond. Diversity index of phytoplankton in pond carp larvae ranged from 0.65 to 1.64 (Low Diversity). Based on the preponderance index carp larvae utilize phytoplankton as natural feed by selecting the class Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceaea in early growth until the time nursery a preponderance index value respectively 87.76% and 12.23%.