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In this research study, we delve into the analysis of two-dimensional boundary layer incompressible viscous flow of blood based nanofluids, incorporating a couple stress model. This investigation encompasses considerations of heat transmission and viscous dissipation effects. Specifically, focus on a particular type of nanoparticle, Magnesium oxide (MgO), dispersed in blood, the base fluid. By employing suitable similarity transformations, transform a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To leverage the Homotopy Analysis Approach (HAM) to solve this system of equations. This study discerns the impacts of various factors on temperature and velocity distributions. Visualization through graphs depicting nanoparticle volume concentration, magnetic field strength, couple stress parameter, Eckert number, and Prandtl number aids in presenting our findings. These insights illuminate the intricate interplay among different parameters and offer insights for enhancing heat transfer in blood-based nanofluids. Additionally, scrutinize the thermal performance of the blood-based nanofluid, assessing the Nusselt number and local skin friction coefficient. Such analysis holds significance for ensuring patient safety and treatment efficacy, particularly in medical procedures involving blood circulation, where mixed convection plays a pivotal role. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for the design and optimization of various medical devices and therapies, ensuring optimal temperature maintenance during blood circulation-related operations.

Background: CCHFV is well recognized as a major public health threat and its prevalence and epidemiological distribution in Pakistan and specifically in KP province is not well documented. Methods: We used a gold-standard PCR-based diagnostic assay for confirmation of CCHFV among suspected patients. A total of 150 patients were enrolled from June 2022 to September 2022 and their blood samples were collected for PCR confirmation. Results: The overall positivity rate for CCHFV was 26.67 %, with the virus mostly prevalent in the middle-aged group (21–40 years). In the July of 2022, a significant spike in the prevalence of CCHFV was observed in provincial capital Peshawar with the highest burden (31.57 %). Conclusion: Our findings indicate the necessity of strengthening CCHFV monitoring programs and intensifying efforts to identify hotspot regions for effective surveillance and control of CCHFV. The months before the Eid-ul-Adha are crucial in the context of CCHFV control.

Losses in irrigation canals occur during the process of water transportation. In irrigation conveyance water losses, seepage loss is the main contributor to total water loss. The most problematic factors are cracks and settlement of the lined canal in canal lining structures. Water loss occurs in earth channels, mainly due to erosion and the permeability of the material. The concrete, as it does not present cracks, will have a less impermeable layer. Usually, seepage loss comprises 20–30% of the total water loss, and it can be reduced to 15–20% with canal linings. By enhancing the flexure and split tensile strength of concrete, the rate of cracking in the canal lining can be controlled. Concrete’s split tensile strength is one of the most important factors in crack control. The behavior (compressive, flexural, and split tensile properties, water absorption, linear shrinkage mass loss, etc.) of hybrid polypropylene and jute fiber-reinforced concrete (HPJF-RC) for the application of canal linings was studied. In this experimental work, a total of nine mixes were made with different lengths and contents of hybrid polypropylene and jute fiber-reinforced concrete (HPJF-RC) and a control mix. The SEM analysis was performed to explore the hybrid fiber cracking mechanism and the bonding of fibers with the concrete. The crack arresting mechanism of the HPJF-RC will help to reduce water losses in concrete canal linings. With this modern material, the water losses in canal linings can be minimized. The results of this experimental work would be helpful as a reference for both industry experts and academic researchers interested in the advancement of HPJF-RC composites.

Soil erodibility (K) is an essential component in estimating soil loss indicating the soil's susceptibility to detach and transport. Data Computing and processing methods, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple linear regression (MLR), have proven to be helpful in the development of predictive models for natural hazards. The present case study aims to assess the efficiency of MLR and ANN models to forecast soil erodibility in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 103 samples were collected from various sites and K values were calculated using the Tew equation developed for Malaysian soil. From several extracted parameters, the outcomes of correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the influencing factors to be used in the development of ANN and MLR models. Based on the correlation and PCA results, two sets of influencing factors were employed to develop predictive models. Two MLR (MLR-1 and MLR-2) models and four neural networks (NN-1, NN-2, NN-3, and NN-4) optimized using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) were developed and evaluated. The model performance validation was conducted using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE). The analysis showed that ANN models outperformed MLR models. The R2 values of 0.446 (MLR-1), 0.430 (MLR-2), 0.894 (NN-1), 0.855 (NN-2), 0.940 (NN-3), and 0.826 (NN-4); MSE values of 0.0000306 (MLR-1), 0.0000315 (MLR-2), 0.0000158 (NN-1), 0.0000261 (NN-2), 0.0000318 (NN-3), and 0.0000216 (NN-4) suggested the higher accuracy and lower modelling error of ANN models as compared with MLR. This study could provide an empirical basis and methodological support for K factor estimation in the region.

The insights of this study are implemented in a mathematical model with practical applications in industry, where they improve heat transport and minimize energy usage. The influence of the form factor on the radiative characteristics of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pair stress hybrid nanofluid on a contracting surface is analyzed, along with the stability of the system as a whole. Enhancing the heat transfer ratio is the primary objective of this research because of its importance in the engineering and industrial fields. Nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are formulated as a means of approaching the issue by taking into account the conservation principles of momentum and energy. Using a similarity transformation and thermophysical features, these PDEs are converted into ODEs. The resultant ODEs are solved using the approximate analytical approach known as Homotopy Analysis approach (HAM). The consequence of the relevant parameters, including couple stress parameter, magnetic field parameter, velocity ratio parameter, Prandtl number and Eckert number, on temperature distribution, Nusselt's number, velocity profile, and the skin friction are interrogated with the help of graphical representation. The velocity filed decreases with the increasing value of couple stress parameter, magnetic field parameter, and velocity ratio parameter. The temperature filed is increasing with the increasing value of Eckert number. The authors examine the convergence and stability of the problem using tables, graphs, and a dual solution strategy. In light of the significant difficulty encountered in heat transfer applications for cooling equipment and devices across a wide range of industries including automotive, microelectronics, defense, and manufacturing, this theoretical approach aims to positively contribute towards improving the heat transfer ratio to meet the demands of these sectors.

Disease surveillance, a key epidemiological approach, involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of an enormous volume of data to identify disease trends and patterns, any change in pattern possibly the outbreaks, their etiologies’ along with their monitoring and control.1 Like other LMICs Pakistan has a wide spectrum of disease reporting systems like vertical programs, dashboards, disease registries HMIS and DHIS with Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response System IDSRS being the most recent approach.2 The major limitation of IDSRS currently is its focus on communicable diseases as only 33 “notifiable diseases” which are all communicable ones; are being tracked in this system at public sector primary and secondary health care facilities.2 It explains the limited scope in terms of its geographical span, generalizability and representativeness. Thus forth, indicating a long way to go for a reporting system of a country with 230 million inhabitants primarily using private healthcare services.3,4 Other challenges of DHIS or IDSRS include lack of coordination between different disease reporting systems particularly the vertical programs and disease registries using different reporting forms and different interfaces at all levels.5 Challenges with utility of health information system are multifold and disintegration and isolated data systems is only one of these. 6 It is simplistic to assume that there exists a straight relationship between information generating evidence and thus paving the way to policy for improving the health. However, in real situations such simple linear relationships are hardly existent.7,8 It is particularly important for utilizing this information at the higher levels of health system where data and decision-making are linked in a more extremely complex manner and many externalities come into play while embarking upon strategic decision making. More so when competing interests are there between available resources and infrastructure and different stakeholders interact. In order to strengthen the country’s health information systems, it is essential to undertake context specific system strengthening integrated approaches.8 Through various reporting systems, undoubtedly our country is in possession of tons of data none the less what needs to be emphasized is its mere availability alone does not guarantee that it will be used for improved decision-making. 4 Once the health information system has started converting data into information, the information produced needs to be used regularly at all levels. This conversion of making sense out of the primary data to information and then to evidence requires an appropriate and simple toolkit of targeted methods aimed at providing relevant feedback. One of such approach to enhance data sharing across multiple reporting systems is “Minimal Data Set” (MDS) in public health surveillance. This refers to a standardized data collection of essential and minimal elements necessary to monitor and analyze the trends within a population.6 It's a carefully drafted set of variables that are considered fundamental for effective surveillance without unnecessary redundancy. It not only delineates what data is to be collected but also about how that data is analyzed, and used for public health policies and interventions at national level. MDS can be one of the effective ways to start with, extemporize and expand with the expansion in country’s capacity to cater the whole data at a central place.7 MDS is aimed at identifying and developing targeted sets of data for use through its guiding principles such as leveraging upon already existing reporting systems the first one.7,8 Reducing the amount of information is its second guiding principle hence termed as “minimum dataset”. 6,7 This reduces the burden of data collection and thus improves data quality. Thirdly it should principally be establishing a consensual information architecture as a shared resource at national and subnational levels in view of devolution and respect for provincial autonomy for an enhanced participation and improving information practices and enabling the data sharing at all levels.8 Fourth guiding principle shall be building broad-based consensus and stakeholder involvement essentially underscoring the importance of building upon existing initiatives as strengthening should not take place in a vacuum.7 Furthermore, it requires a realistic target- oriented approach in a way that takes into consideration that data integration across various systems is designed in realistic manner with targets that can be achieved within available resources and capacities-the fifth guiding principal. Last but not the least the sixth principal entails that MDS shall be aimed at gradual and incremental expansion and not entail total overhaul of the existing system with a long-term vision.

The main goal of this research is to present the concept of enhancing heat transfer within emerging technology. To achieve this, tiny metal and nonmetal particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size are introduced into base liquids. These nanoscale particles are utilized to improve the thermal performance of the liquids, leading to what are termed nanofluids. The utilization of these fluids and the examination of the flow of thin films have valuable implications across various sectors such as engineering, technology, and industries. This research focuses on analyzing the convective flow behavior of nanofluids, specifically, graphene oxide-ethylene glycol (GO−EG) and graphene oxide-water (GO−W) on a moving surface. The study investigates the impacts of magnetic fields and varying viscosity. By making use of the thermophysical characteristics of the base fluid and the nanofluid, as well as implementing a similarity transformation within the fundamental equations that govern energy and momentum, we formulate a 5th order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NODE) to describe the velocity profile. This is combined with a second-order NODE that describes the distribution of temperature. To solve this derived NODE, we employ a method known as the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) for analytical solution. The impact of the relevant factors, Prandtl number, including magnetic field parameter, thickness of the liquid, couple stress parameter, temperature distribution, dynamic viscosity, and Eckert number, on the skin friction, velocity profile, and Nusselt's number are interrogated through graphical representation. The velocity field exhibits a decline as the couple stress parameter, magnetic field parameter, liquid thickness, and dynamic viscosity experience an increase. Conversely, the temperature field displays a rise as the Eckert number and dynamic viscosity experience an increase. To ensure the convergence of the issue, dual solutions of the problem are employed, and this is verified through the utilization graphs and tables. Due to the considerable challenge encountered in heat transfer applications for cooling diverse equipment and devices across industries like automotive, microelectronics, defense, and manufacturing, there is a strong expectation that this theoretical methodology could make a favorable contribution towards enhancing heat transfer efficiency. This improvement is sought to meet the requirements of the manufacturing and engineering sectors.

This study examines Marangoni convection in blood-based carbon nanotubes nanofluid's stagnation point flow over a time-dependent stretching surface. This study is inspired by the emerging importance of nanofluids in a variety of scientific and technical fields due to their unique and varied uses and effective thermal activities. Some examples of potential applications of these fluids include cancer treatment, magnetic refrigeration, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging. Two types of nanoparticles are considered name is single wall carbon nanotube and multi wall carbon nanotube blood is takin as base fluid. Nonlinear partial differential equations are used to simulate the specified flow issue using momentum and energy conservation principles. Using a similarity transformation, the resultant is transformed into nonlinear with reduced dimensions. The relations for velocity profile and temperature distribution are calculated from the developed nonlinear ordinary differential equation by using an approximate analytical technique called the homotopy asymptotic method. Subsequently, these equations are implemented and executed within Mathematica software. The investigation focuses on significant outcomes such as momentum filed, energy filed, Skin friction coefficients, and Nusselt number. Graphs are used to interpret the effects of several factors, including the Marangoni parameter, nanoparticle volume friction, stretching parameter, slip parameter, and Prandtl number. The behavior of Nusselt's number and skin friction coefficient was also checked with the help of graphs and tables. The convergence of the solutions is checked with the help of auxiliary functions as well.

Due to its significant applications in magnetic devices for cell separation, magnetic drugs for cancer tumor treatment, blood flow adjustment during surgery, magnetic endoscopy, and fluid pumping in industrial and engineering processes, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) has a wide range of applications. Therefore, the aim of this study to investigate the Relative Magnetic Field and slipping effect on Casson dusty fluid of two-phase fluctuating flow over inclined parallel plate. More exactly, the relative magnetic phenomena are fixed relatively to the plate (MFFRP) or fixed relatively to the fluid (MFFRF). The mathematical modeling was established as the set of partial differential equations for dusty Casson fluid. Buckingham's pi theorem is used to find out the dimensionless variables, to make our system dimensionless. The solution in perturb form is to find out by incorporating Poincare–Lighthill perturbation technique (PLPT). To know in-depth different parameters the graphical results for both velocities are plotted with the help of software Mathcad- 15. It is clearly detected that the relative magnetic field performs a vital part in the fluid as well as particle motion. Moreover, the relative magnetic field play a vital role in the decreasing of skin friction of both plates.

In the aviation sector, supply chain management is critical for reducing operating costs. The performance of a corporation is determined by how successfully it implements the supply chain strategy. This research aims to propose the improvement in the field of business process improvement (BPI) and supply chain management (SCM) processes in the international airline industry. Improvisation of efficient SCM has dramatically changed the way organizations conduct business by implementing procedures that can improve process efficiency, reduce costs, and improve the organization's performance. This paper leads to formulating the concept of an effective model of the SCM process for Pakistan Int. Airlines (PIA) taken as an example and obtained results can be implemented on any international airline as well. BPI provides competent strategies for the target organization keeping in view the implementation of the proposed SCM model. Simulation analysis is executed using the ARENA software tool to analyze the performance of the proposed model. T-test has been taken into account to demonstrate the competency of the proposed SCM model. It is observed that the implementation of effective business techniques in the SCM process can lead to enhancing the efficiency of a target organization.

This paper aims to determine the relationships between supply chain agility (SCA) in different directions and the operations of the firms operating in emerging nations. An additional objective of this paper is to establish the mediating role of innovative climate in the specific domain. The quantitative field study was conducted on a sample of different SME's managers in Pakistan; 200 surveys were distributed, and the search engine marketing (SEM) technique was utilized to analyze the outcome. Several factors of SCA in the supply chain have been taken into consideration to determine the links of supply chain performance (SCP) and to ascertain the effects of SCP and SCA. SCA factors like swiftness (FAWC) and alertness (FASC) were utilized to establish those linkages towards SCP along with mediating the role of innovative climate. On the basis of calculations, it was observed that there is a positive linkage between FASC and SCP. The linkage of FSWC was also found positive on SCP. Therefore, this study ascertains the fact that FAWC and FASC contain positive connections with the SCP having a positive mediating influence on the innovative climate in the domain of Pakistan. This paper contributed to establishing the fact that innovative climate positively mediates the relationships between FAWC and SCP of the organizations as well as between FASC and SCP, respectively. Such findings confirm the significance of an innovative climate in the organizations, which further support achieving the organization SCP. The findings of this study have implications for sales managers, policymakers, and practitioners who may be interested in considering the impact of personality from a sales perspective.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of Acetazolamide in refractory epilepsy management. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient Neurology Department, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan, from Sep 2020 to Feb 2021. Methodology: Using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique, 260 patients of either gender aged 18 to 60 years who met the criteria of refractory epilepsy were included in the study. Group-A (n=130) received oral Acetazolamide (250 mg twice a day) plus standard antiepileptic drugs, and Group-B (n=130) received a placebo plus standard antiepileptic drugs. Patients were assessed every four weeks for a six-month response to treatment. The outcome was assessed in terms of control of refractory epilepsy. Results: Acetazolamide was effective in 88(68.2%) patients compared to Placebo Group, which showed efficacy in 41(31.8%) patients (p-value was

The aim of this research paper is to study two-dimension flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid along with magnetic field, heat generation and absorption, and viscous dissipation on a nonlinear extending surface. The primary goal of this study is to improve the heat transfer relationship, which is in high demand in the manufacturing and engineering industries. The outputs of this study will be used to reduce the energy consumption in industry and other engineering fields,for example, the achievement of energy is not enough, but also to adjust the consumptions of energy and this is possible only to approve the development heat transmission liquids to mechanism the expenditures of energy and to improvement. The described similarity transformation is used to convert the non-dimensionless form of the nonlinear partial differential equation to the dimensionless form of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation. An approximate analytical method is used to solve the derived dimensionless form of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, one for velocity and the other for temperature. Graphs are used to highlight the most relevant results acquired from velocity and temperature. Tables are used to describe the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number.

Malaria is an intraerythrocytic parasitic disease caused by the genus Plasmodium of which Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the major species. The high cost and associated side effects of antimalarial drugs triggered research about medicinal plants to develop alternative and low-cost drugs with lesser side effects. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the antiplasmodial activity of the Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér. leaf extract against P. vivax and its phytochemicals in in vitro. The methanolic extract of E. obliqua was prepared and different concentrations of the crude extract and phytochemicals were used against P. vivax. The methanolic extract of E. obliqua showed profound antiplasmodial activity (LD50 0.084 mg/mL; 80.04%) at 0.1 mg/mL concentration after 24 h. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were found in the E. obliqua methanolic extract. Only alkaloids at the concentration (0.1 mg/mL) exhibited 60.93% inhibition of P. vivax. The methanolic extract of E. obliqua exhibits antiplasmodial activity in vitro. However, in vivo efficacy is an important aspect in the testing of medicinal plants against parasitic infections and should be evaluated in future.

The heat transfer ratio plays an important role in the industrial and engineering sectors; in this model, the authors used the hybrid nanofluid because the heat transfer ratio of the hybrid nanofluid is more than that of the base fluid. The key objective of this research work is to boost up the heat transfer ratio, for example, not only the accomplishment of energy is enough but is also expected to regulate the feeding of energy, and this is possible only to approve the development of heat transmission liquids to the mechanism of the expenditures of energy and improvement. The current research study investigates the influence of Marangoni convection, solar radiation, and viscous dissipation on the bioconvection couple stress flow of the hybrid nanofluid over a shrinking surface. This type of flow has some important application in the industrial and engineering sectors for the purpose of cooling and heating effect. To transform the non-dimensionless form of the differential equation to the dimensionless form, the authors used the defined similarity transformation. The transformed dimensionless form of the differential equation is solved by the homotopic analysis method. The obtained important result is determined with the help of graphs which is obtained from velocity and temperature equations. The impression of different parameters such as couple stress parameter, Marangoni convection parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, solar radiation parameter, magnetic field parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Eckert number, and Prandtl number is taken over graphs. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are described in the form of tables.

This study aims to examine the impact of fraud risk assessment (FRA) and internal audit activity (IA) on sustainable corporate governance (SCG) in publicly listed companies in Oman, through the lenses of Fraud Triangle Theory, Institutional Theory, and Agency Theory. The study also investigates the mediating role of IA between FRA and SCG. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, targeting members of the board of directors, senior management, and internal audit departments. Data was collected using a web-based application and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that IA has a significant direct impact on SCG and also mediates the relationship between FRA and SCG. However, FRA alone does not show a significant direct effect on SCG. The study concludes that while FRA is essential, its effectiveness in achieving sustainable corporate governance is realized primarily through the activities of internal audit. This research has important implications for regulators and policymakers, suggesting the need for revised corporate governance codes that emphasize the critical role of internal audit in fraud prevention and sustainable governance. Additionally, it highlights the potential for further studies in other Gulf countries and within private companies to validate and extend these findings.

In geotechnical engineering, soil stabilization provides practical and cost-effective solutions related to problematic soils. With the growing necessity for environmentally friendly and sustainable materials, researchers have been exploring alternative methods such as biological approaches for soil stabilization. Biopolymers are produced from living organisms and are considered to be environmentally friendly soil stabilizers. A detailed study on stabilization of soil using Guar Gum biopolymer was carried out through intensive laboratory testing. For this purpose, low plastic (CL) and high plastic (CH) clays were treated with varying contents of Guar Gum biopolymer (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) by the weight of dry soil. The experimental program mainly focused on compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and swell potential tests. All the samples were prepared on dry mix basis. The UCS of cured and soaked samples was tested after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days of curing and soaking. Strengthening effect of Guar Gum biopolymer was observed with the increasing biopolymer content and curing period. An increase of 182.64% and 243.30% was observed in the UCS of CL and CH respectively at the end of curing period using 2% biopolymer content. The results indicated a significant increase in the CBR of both CL and CH under soaked and unsoaked conditions. The incorporation of Guar Gum biopolymer has shown significant improvement in geotechnical properties of low plastic and high plastic clays and can be adopted as a potentially sustainable soil stabilizer.

The heat transfer ratio has some important applications in industries and the engineering sector. In this model, the authors used the hybrid nanofluid because the heat transfer ratio of hybrid nanofluid is more as compared to the base fluid; the key objective of this research work is to boost up the heat transfer ratio, for example, to regulate the energy is possible only by adding the heat transmission mechanism in the flow model. The current research paper investigates the steady 3D MHD mixed convection couple stress flow of hybrid nanofluid with hall and ion slip effect. The objective of the current research work is to increase the heat consignment ratio, which is the demand of the manufacturing and engineering sector, this type of flow has some important applications in the industries sector and engineering sector for the purpose of cooling and hotness effect, also hotness and cooling play some important role in daily life. To transform the nonlinear partial differential equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation we used the defined similarity transformation. The transform nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved by an approximate analytical method. The important obtained results are presented in the graphs. The influence of different parameters such as couple stress parameter, mixed convection parameter, nanoparticle volume friction, Hall parameter, magnetic field parameter, thermophores parameter, Eckert number, and prandtl number are taken over graphs. The Cf(skin friction coefficient), Nu(nusselt number), convergence control parameter, and comparison of the present work with the published work are described in the form of tables.

The heat transfer ratio plays an important role in the production sector, and hybrid nanofluid has more heat transfer as compared to the base fluid. Two sorts of hybrid nanofluids have been used for heat enhancement applications. The present research paper is aimed at investigating an approximate analytical study of time-dependent MHD Casson hybrid nanofluid on an extending surface along with thermal radiation. The novelty of present research is that the first time-dependent Casson MHD flow of hybrid is addressed analytically in the form of a series solution along with flexible properties on an extending surface. Transforming the nonlinear partial differential equation to nonlinear ordinary differential equation, we used the defined similarity transformation. The governing nonlinear equations are solved with help of the approximate analytical method presented by Liao. The impact of different parameters like Casson parameter, unsteady parameter, magnetic field parameter, porosity parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, radiation parameter, and Grashof number is presumed in the form figures for velocity and temperature profile. The current research article has a good comparison with the previously published work.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the Effects of physical activity on bone mineral density in young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study was used in the study and data was collected through leading government, private, semi private Hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad from September 2018 to February 2019. A cross sectional study was conducted on 387 young adults of age ranging 18-35 years from different private and public sector hospitals of twin cities of Pakistan. Consent taken from every subject and self-structured questionnaire was filled by all the participants that include demographics information and physical activity questions. The inclusion criteria were the healthy adults and adults with any developmental disorder like neurological or musculoskeletal and adults with any comorbidity were excluded. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 23. RESULTS: The total n= 229 subjects had normal body mass index; (18.5-24.9Kg/m2), 65 subjects are over-weighted (25-29.9Kg/m2). The major frequency of young adults has similar BMD level compared to WHO classification for BMD. Lower physical activity levels attribute an adverse influence on bone health. There is positive correlation between physical activity and bone mineral density (r=0.015) CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that physical activity during growth plays positive role in increasing BMD. In young athletes the physical activity and nutritional factors influence the BMD. KEY WORDS: Adults, Bone Density, Physical activity

Introduction: Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a blood-feeding nematode causing infectious disease haemonchosis in small ruminants of tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and phylogeny of H. contortus in small ruminants using the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) gene. In addition, a comprehensive review of the available literature on the status of H. contortus in Pakistan was conducted. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from sheep and goats (n = 180). Microscopically positive samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR using species-specific primers. Results: The overall prevalence of H. contortus was 25.55% in small ruminants. The prevalence of H. contortus was significantly associated with months and area. The highest occurrence of haemonchosis was documented in July (38.70%), whereas the lowest occurred in December (11.11%), with significant difference. The prevalence was highest in the Ghamkol camp (29.4%) and lowest in the arid zone of the Small Ruminant Research Institute (17.5%) (p = 0.01). The results of the systematic review revealed the highest prevalence of haemonchosis (34.4%) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (p = 0.001). Discussion: Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between H. contortus and isolates from Asia (China, India, Iran, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Mongolia) and European countries (Italy and the United Kingdom). It has been concluded that H. contortus is prevalent in small ruminants of Kohat district and all over Pakistan, which could be a potential threat to food-producing animals, farmers, dairy, and the meat industry. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that H. contortus isolates share close phylogenetic relationships with species from Asia and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) peel and peel extract and their use as functional foods, food additives, or physiologically active constituents in nutraceutical formulations. The pomegranate peel extract is a good source of bioactive substances needed for the biological activity of the fruit, including phenolic acids, minerals, flavonoids (anthocyanins), and hydrolyzable tannins (gallic acid). The macromolecules found in pomegranate peel and peel extract have been recommended as substitutes for synthetic nutraceuticals, food additives, and chemo‐preventive agents because of their well‐known ethno‐medical significance and chemical properties. Moreover, considering the promises for both their health‐promoting activities and chemical properties, the dietary and nutraceutical significance of pomegranate peel and pomegranate peel extract appears to be underestimated. The present review article details their nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, food applications, nutraceutical action, and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the behavior of hybrid nanofluid flow toward a stagnation point on a stretching surface. Copper and aluminum are considered as the hybrid nanoparticles. The Casson (non-Newtonian) fluid model is considered for hybrid nanofluids applying magnetic effects perpendicular to the surface. The governing equations are reduced to the ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The resulting equations are programmed in the Mathematica software using the OHAM-BVPh 2.0 package. The most important results of this investigation are the effects of different physical parameters such as β, M, S, and Pr on the velocity profile, temperature profile, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. With the escalation of the magnitude of the Prandtl number Pr, the temperature profile slashes down, while with the variation of the Eckert number, the temperature field improves. The key outcomes specify that the hybrid Casson nanofluid has a larger thermal conductivity when equated with traditional fluids. Therefore, the hybrid fluid plays an important role in the enhancement of the heat phenomena. The ratification of our findings is also addressed via tables and attained noteworthy results.

The heat transfer ratio has an important role in industry and the engineering sector; the heat transfer ratios of CNT nanofluids are high compared to other nanofluids. This paper examines the analytical investigation of the time-dependent stagnation point flow of a CNT nanofluid over a stretching surface. For the investigation of the various physical restrictions, single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, MWCNTs) were used and compared. The defined similarity transformation was used, to reduce the given nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The model nonlinear ordinary differential equations were solved, with an approximate analytical (OHAM) optimal homotopy asymptotic method being used for the model problem. The impact of different parameters such as magnetic field parameter, unsteady parameter, dimensionless nanoparticles volume friction, Prandtl number, and Eckert number are interpreted using graphs, in the form of the velocity and temperature profile.

This research paper explains the impact of dynamics viscosity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) water base nanofluid for different parameter for both velocity and temperature profile. Similarity transformation is used to convert the partial differential equation to nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The solution of the problem is obtained using the optimal homotopy analysis method. The stability of the problems is also obtained up to the 30th order approximation using the BVPh 2.0 package. The outputs are displayed and discussed. The effects of various parameters on the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number coefficient of single and multi-walled CNTs are displayed and discussed.

The present research paper explains the influence of Marangoni convection on magnetohydrodynamic viscous dissipation and heat transfer on hybrid nanofluids in a rotating system among two surfaces. Then, the properties of heat and mass transfer are analysed. With the similarity transformation, the governing equations of the defined flow problem are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These compact equations are solved approximately and analytically using the optimal homotopy analysis method. The impact of different parameters is interpreted through graphs in the form of velocity and temperature profiles. The influence of the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are presented in the form of tables. The comparison of the present research paper and published works is also presented table.

The study was undertaken in order to determine heavy metal content in fifteen (n = 15) cosmetics products both imported and locally manufactured by unauthorized company marketed at district Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. An analytical test was performed for eight metals in cosmetics products using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The overall mean (n = 15) concentration for each heavy metal was analyzed i.e. Pb, Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn were 141.6 ± 0.016, 0.238 ± 0.001, 26.62 ± 0.012, 0.527 ± 0.002, 860.8 ± 0.061, 0.074 ± 0.002, 0.674 ± 0.002 and 268.6 ± 0.086 μg/g, respectively. The results of our study revealed that the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Pb and Cu in the samples within each class under investigation were higher. It also emphasize that the spurious nature of these products cannot be ignored because most of the developing and under developed countries are facing the problems to manufacture good cosmetics products. Hence, are selling these products under the brand name of well reputed national and international companies. Since no safe limit relating to cosmetic products is available in Pakistan, it is therefore difficult to ascertain if the values of metals obtained in this study are too high or low. Prolonged use of such products containing these elements may pose threat to human health and could curb the beauty of the environment.

Background: Hand hygiene is a general term referring to any action of hand cleansing by using water and detergent and for the removal of transient microorganisms from hands. Hand hygiene is recognized as the leading measure to prevent cross-transmission of microorganisms and to reduce the incidence of healthcare associated infections. There are many experiences that the lack of knowledge, attitude and poor practice in hand hygiene in healthcare workers transmit infection in patients and in other healthcare workers. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted in Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. I had taken 100 healthcare workers to complete my research. The sampling technique of my research was cross-sectional sampling technique, use to collect the data. Results: In this research knowledge was not good in all HCWs, Overall knowledge of hand hygiene by all HCWs was less than 50%. The attitude in nurses and medical student in this research was moderate doctors and technologists have poor attitude in hand hygiene. The practices among HCWs in Gulab Devi Chest Hospital were also poor which was less than 50%. Conclusion: The HCWs in Gulab Devi Hospital had poor knowledge, practices on hand hygiene. However, attitudes of medical student and nursing had satisfactory.

Abstract: Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting are common and distressing postsurgical symptoms. These symptoms are of particular concern in outpatient surgery because they may require additional direct resources, such as supplies and antiemetic drugs, and may delay discharge. The objective of this study was to measure the frequency of factors which can cause nausea and vomiting under general anaesthesia after chest surgery. Methodology: This descriptive case series evaluated frequency of predisposing factor of nausea and vomiting in patients of anaesthesia department of Gulab Devi Hospital Lahore. Questionnaire is made and patients were asked about their age, fever, previous surgery, NPO status, smoking history and hospital stay. This study included 140 patients with post-operative nausea and vomiting. Results: In this study, 140 patients were taken in which 65 (46.43%) were female and 75 (53.57%) were male. In 140 patient 134 (95.7%) were NPO and 6 (4.3%) were not NPO, 25 (17.9%) were obese and 115 (82.1%) were not obese, 88 (62.9%) patients were suffering fever and 52 (37.1%) were not suffering fever, 80 (57.1%) were infected and 59 (42.1%) were not infected, 53 (37.9%) patients had previous surgery and 87 (62.1%) had no previous surgery, 94 (67.1%) patients had received nitrous oxide and 46 (32.9%) didn’t, 97 (69.3%) received volatile gases and 43 (30.7%) not received, 29 (20.7%) received ketamine and 111 (79.3%) not received, 87 (62.1%) received suxamethonium and 53 (37.9%) not received, 119 (85.0%) received propofol and 21 (15.0%) not received, 110 (78.6%) received naluphine and 28 (20.0%) not received. Out of 140 patients, there were 122 (87.1%) who were suffering from pain and 18 (12.9%) were not. 91 (65.0%) patients had gastric distention and 49 (35.0%) patients didn’t. Opioids were given to 34 (24.3%) patients and not given to 106 (75.7%) patient. Conclusion: It is concluded that the nausea and vomiting after surgey under genral anesthesia is due to patient related factors in which most frequent is NPO. Drug related factors include propofol and nalbupin administration. Post operative factors include pain. In whole study of 140 patients, the most frequent is patient related factor (NPO) other than drug related factors and post-operative factors.

This paper analyses the two-dimensional unsteady and incompressible flow of a non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface. The nanofluid formulated in the present study is TiO2 + Ag + blood, and TiO2 + blood, where in this combination TiO2 + blood is the base fluid and TiO2 + Ag + blood represents the hybrid nanofluid. The aim of the present research work is to improve the heat transfer ratio because the heat transfer ratio of the hybrid nanofluid is higher than that of the base fluid. The novelty of the recent work is the approximate analytical analysis of the magnetohydrodynamics mixed non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface. This type of combination, where TiO2+blood is the base fluid and TiO2 + Ag + blood is the hybrid nanofluid, is studied for the first time in the literature. The fundamental partial differential equations are transformed to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the guide of some appropriate similarity transformations. The analytical approximate method, namely the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM), is used for the approximate analytical solution. The convergence of the OHAM for particular problems is also discussed. The impact of the magnetic parameter, dynamic viscosity parameter, stretching surface parameter and Prandtl number is interpreted through graphs. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are explained in table form. The present work is found to be in very good agreement with those published earlier.

The nitrogen (N2) expander and single mixed refrigerant (SMR) liquefaction processes are recognized as the most favorable options to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG) at small-scale and offshore sites. These processes have a simple and compact design that make them efficient with respect to their capital costs. Nevertheless, huge operating costs, mainly due to their lower energy efficiency, remains an ongoing issue. Utilization of design variables having non-optimal values is the primary cause for the lower energy efficiency; which, in turn, leads to exergy destruction (i.e., entropy generation), and ultimately the overall energy consumption is increased. The optimal execution of the design variables of LNG processes can be obtained through effective design optimization. However, the complex and highly non-linear interactions between design variables (refrigerant flowrates and operating pressures) and objective function (overall energy consumption) make the design optimization a difficult and challenging task. In this context, this study examines a new optimization algorithm, named “Jaya”, to reduce the operating costs of nitrogen dual expander and SMR LNG processes. The Jaya approach is an algorithm-specific parameter-less optimization methodology. It was found that by using the Jaya algorithm, the energy efficiency of the SMR process and nitrogen dual expander natural gas (NG) liquefaction process can be enhanced up to 14.3% and 11.6%, respectively, as compared to their respective base cases. Using the Jaya approach, significant improved results were observed even compared to other previously used optimization approaches for design optimization. Results of conventional exergy analysis revealed that the exergy destruction of SMR and N2 dual expander process can be reduced by 17.4% and 14%, respectively. Moreover, economic analysis identified the 13.3% and 11.6% relative operating costs savings for SMR and N2 dual expander LNG processes, respectively.

Abstract: Background: To compare between opioids and wound infiltration to reduce post-operative pain in abdominal surgery in first 6 hours, in appropriate treatment, contraindications of treatment and increase mortality of patients. This article presents novel approach to surgical site infiltration techniques and intravenous opioids for abdominal surgery to reduce pain. The main aim of this study is optimal patient comfort rather than reduce pain intensity, reduction offside effects is also an important goal in pain management. Methodology: Data was collected from surgical department of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. During abdominal surgery bupivacaine was given to some patients while other were managed by postoperative opioids and by using designed performa it is concluded that which one of them is better method for post-operative pain management. Results: This is the descriptive study conducted in Gulab Devi Hospital Lahore.in this study, in this study minimum age of the patients was 14 and maximum age of the patients was 80. The mean age was 32.16+12.32 years. In this study out of total 100 patients, 18(18.00%) were male patients and 82(82.00%) were females. Female gender predominated in this study. in this study, p-value is 0.00 (

Background: A facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in a sterile environment is an operating theatre also known as an operating suite, operation theatre or operation suite. In past, the operation theatre was a place where there was an educational setting have had raised tables or chairs at the centre for performing operations surrounded by several rows of seats for students and other spectators to observe the case in progress. The objective of this research is that to better the efficacy of sterilization of operation theatre to reduce the surgical site infection and contamination at highest level. Methodology: Data was collected from surgical department of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. Carbolization was employed to disinfect operating room and fumigation to sterilize. After neutralization with ammonia, culture swabs were collected from OT table, OT light, OT floor, OT wall, anaesthesia machine and OT trolley. Efficacy of fumigation was concluded using statistical tools. Results: There were no positive results prior and even after the fumigation. Conclusion: There was no organism growth in OT. There was no evidence of Escherichia coli, Proteus Mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. faecalis, Coagulase negative staph and Salmonella choleraesius.

Background: There are many experiences in the operation theatre professionals to get Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and Human immunodeficiency virus during their profession in operating room due to accidental needle pricks or through cut by any sharp. The objective of this study is to find out the Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevelence of HBV, HCV and HIV among operating room personnel. Methodology: Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among operating room personnel was found using ICT method. Results: All 108 (100 %) operating room personnel were HBV, HCV and HIV negative, none of them showed positive results. Among these 108 operating room personnel to complete my research, among these 58 (53.7%) were male and 50 (46.3%) were female. Conclusion: It is concluded by the study that there are no positive cases of HBV, HCV and HIV among operating room personnel in Gulab devi hospital and Masood hospital.

Abstract: Background: Lymph node are located throughout the lymphatic system, they are concentrated in certain areas of the body including head and neck. Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. Of the 800 lymph nodes in the human body, 300 are in the neck. Cervical lymph nodes are subject to several different pathological conditions including tumours, infection and inflammation. Methodology: The Povidine-iodine and chlorhexidine for preoperative skin preparation in cervical lymph node biopsy procedure were used in this study and patients were asked for follow up after a week. On follow up day their wounds were checked, assessed and withdraw all stiches and complications were recorded accordingly and analysed them. It was discussed and showed that which one of Povidine-iodine and chlorhexidine is best to use for preoperative skin preparation in cervical lymph node biopsy procedures to reduce surgical site infection and economical one. Results: Out of 150 patients, 46% (69) were males and 54% (81) were females that had cervical lymphadenopathy after skin preparation by chlorhexidine antiseptic solution showed frequency of infection in total of 150 patients 16.67% (25) were infected while the other 83.33%(125) were not infected. Out of 150 patients who were underwent cervical lymphadenopathy after using povidine iodine skin preparatory antiseptic solution, 42% (63) were males and 58% (87) were females and among those frequency of infection showed 44.67% (67) were infected while the others 55.33% (83) were not. Conclusion: Preoperative scrubbing of the patient’s skin with chlorhexidine–alcohol is better than scrubbing with povidone–iodine for preventing surgical-site infection after cervical lymph node biopsy.

Background: Diabetic foot disease (DFD) is a major challenge for the healthcare system, with enormous economic consequences for people living with diabetes, their families and society and it affects both quality of life and quality of care in the diabetic patients. This study was conducted to know about the knowledge, attitude and practices about diabetic foot disease in diabetic patients. Methodology: The study of knowledge, attitude and practices about DFD was done at the different areas in Lahore and at Bhutta Clinical Lab, Multan. Duration of this study was about 6 months. Questionnaire was designed and filled. Sample size of this study was 380. Data was collected and analysed by using SPSS. Results: In this study, 67.9% diabetic patients had poor knowledge, 30% had satisfactory knowledge whereas only 2.1% patients had good knowledge. Regarding attitude towards the DFD, 98.7% patients had good attitude, 1.3% patients had satisfactory attitude and poor attitude had not showed by any patient. In practices score, 47.4% were doing satisfactory practices, 42.9% patients were doing good practices and 9.7% patients were doing poor practices regarding DFD. Conclusion: In this study, awareness of the diabetic foot disease in diabetic patients was poor that may cause increase in the frequency of the diabetic foot disease that may ultimately cause amputation of the lower limb and even cause death due to sepsis. But attitude towards the disease was good in majority of the diabetic patients and practices regarding disease were also satisfactory therefore by increasing the knowledge regarding disease and knowledge of the good practices, reduction of the severe cases of disease and prevention of the disease should be done.

Despite significant advances in pathogen survival and food cleaning measures, foodborne diseases continue to be the main reason for hospitalization or other fatality globally. Conventional antibacterial techniques including pasteurization, pressurized preparation, radioactivity, as well as synthetic antiseptics could indeed decrease bacterial activity in nutrition to variable levels, despite their serious downsides like an elevated upfront outlay, the possibility of accessing malfunctions due to one corrosiveness, as well as an adverse effect upon those the foodstuffs' organoleptic properties and maybe their nutritional significance. Greatest significantly, these cleansing methods eliminate all contaminants, including numerous (often beneficial) bacteria found naturally in food. A huge amount of scientific publication that discussed the application of virus bioremediation to treat a multitude of pathogenic bacteria in meals spanning between prepared raw food to fresh fruit and vegetables although since initial idea through using retroviruses on meals. Furthermore, the quantity of widely viable bacteriophage‐containing medicines licensed for use in health and safety purposes has continuously expanded. Bacteriophage bio‐control, a leafy and ordinary technique that employs lytic bacteriophages extracted from the atmosphere to selectively target pathogenic bacteria and remove meaningfully decrease their stages meals, is one potential remedy that solves some of these difficulties. It has been suggested that applying bacteriophages to food is a unique method for avoiding bacterial development in vegetables. Because of their selectivity, security, stability, and use, bacteriophages are desirable. Phages have been utilized in post‐harvest activities, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs, since they are effective, strain‐specific, informal to split and manipulate. In this review to ensure food safety, it may be viable to use retroviruses as a spontaneous treatment in the thread pollution of fresh picked fruits and vegetables, dairy, and convenience foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsteady flow of nanoliquid film over a flexible surface has been inspected. Water and ethylene glycol are used as the base liquids for the graphene oxide platelets. The comparison of two sorts of nanoliquids has been used for heat transfer enhancement applications. The thickness of the nanoliquid film is kept as a variable. The governing equations for the flow problem have been altered into the set of nonlinear differential equations. The BVP 2.0 package has been used for the solution of the problem. The sum of the square residual error has been calculated up to the 10th order approximations. It has been observed that the graphene oxide ethylene glycol based nanofluid (GO-EG) is more efficient for heat transfer enhancement as compared to the graphene oxide water based nanofluid (GO-W). The impact of the physical parameters has been plotted and discussed.

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "A cross-sectional survey of hard ticks and molecular characterization of Rhipicephalus microplus parasitizing domestic animals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." The correction states that there were errors in Table 3, specifically regarding the months for the Autumn and Summer seasons. The correct months for Autumn are "Mar, Apr, and May," and for Summer are "Jun, July, and Aug." The table provides information on the prevalence of hard ticks in District Bannu among different domestic animals. The correction is authored by Muhammad Rooman, Yasir Assad, Sadia Tabassum, Samia Sultan, Sultan Ayaz, Muhammad Fiaz Khan, Shahid Niaz Khan, and Rehman Ali. [Extracted from the article]