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This article traces the coffee bean trade from its spread in central Arabia, focusing particularly on two groups of merchants in al-Qasim. The first group includes those who migrated and settled in countries of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq, India, or elsewhere and engaged in the trade in food, including in coffee. They amassed wealth and established large trading networks in the Hijaz, the Gulf coasts, Iraq, and India. The second group comprises traders who traveled from al-Qasim to the ports of the Arabian Gulf to purchase foodstuffs and export them to al-Qasim and other regions of central Arabia. The article emphasizes the strong relationships among these traders, how they were linked by the coffee trade, and how this trade also symbolized the connection between Najd and the wider world, contributing to its integration into the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the important fruit enriched with an impressive list of essential nutrients and a wide range of phenolic compounds with high antibacterial compounds. In order to provide further detailed information on phenolic compounds and antibacterial activities of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), the current study was devoted to investigate and compare three different highly consumable varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cultivars, namely Ajwa, Khalas Alkharj, and Al-Qasim for their broad spectrum antibacterial effect and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial properties of their methanolic extracts were evaluated against Streptococcus pnuemoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. All of the three cultivars displayed a broad spectrum of inhibitory effect against these pathogenic bacteria. Moverover, the LC- Linear Ion Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Analysis (LC-MS and LC-MS/MS Tandem Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid, 7-Methoxyquercetin-O-hexose isomers, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, isomers of quercentin-rutinoside, kaempferol methylether, p hydroxybenzoic acid, phytol, punicalagin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) were in Ajwa, 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid isomers, 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid, caffeic acid derivative, cafeic acid, caffeoyl glucose, caffeoylshikimic acid, ferulic acid, guaiacyl(8–5)ferulic acid hexoside isomer, isorhamnetin-3-Ohexoside, oxooctadecanoic acid, punicalagin and quercetin derivativein Al-Qasim extracts while 2(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-benzene propanoic acid isomer, 2(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-benzene propanoic acid, decanoic acid derivative, diosmetin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, linolenic acid, oxooctadecanoic acid conjugate and punicalagin in the extract of Khalas date. The findings of the current study may increase our knowledge about the importance of dates in diet and can be utilized as natural antimicrobial agents in the foods industry.

Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the important fruit enriched with an impressive list of essential nutrients and a wide range of phenolic compounds with high antibacterial compounds. In order to provide further detailed information on phenolic compounds and antibacterial activities of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), the current study was devoted to investigate and compare three different highly consumable varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cultivars, namely Ajwa, Khalas Alkharj, and Al-Qasim for their broad spectrum antibacterial effect and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial properties of their methanolic extracts were evaluated against Streptococcus pnuemoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. All of the three cultivars displayed a broad spectrum of inhibitory effect against these pathogenic bacteria. Moverover, the LC-Linear Ion Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Analysis (LC-MS and LC-MS/MS Tandem Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid, 7-Methoxyquercetin-O-hexose isomers, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, isomers of quercentin-rutinoside, kaempferol methylether, p hydroxybenzoic acid, phytol, punicalagin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) were in Ajwa, 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid isomers, 3,30-di-O-methyl ellagic acid, caffeic acid derivative, cafeic acid, caffeoyl glucose, caffeoylshikimic acid, ferulic acid, guaiacyl(8-5)ferulic acid hexoside isomer, isorhamnetin-3-Ohexoside, oxooctadecanoic acid, punicalagin and quercetin derivativein Al-Qasim extracts while 2(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-benzene propanoic acid isomer, 2 (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-benzene propanoic acid, decanoic acid derivative, diosmetin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, linolenic acid, oxooctadecanoic acid conjugate and punicalagin in the extract of Khalas date. The findings of the current study may increase our knowledge about the importance of dates in diet and can be utilized as natural antimicrobial agents in the foods industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an important viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes that causes severe economic losses. This study sought to detect BEF virus in Babylon Province by using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) during the period from May- September 2012. During the BEF outbreak, 150 blood samples were collected from cross breed cattle of different ages, from 4 different locations in Babylon Province. Only 37 cases (24.44%) showed positive result for BEF in RT-PCR, with significant result (P< 0.05) between positive and negative cases. It was proven that 6 blood samples were positive by using RT-PCR at age of less than 1 year, while the higher percentage 37.83% of positive cases was reported at the age of >1 year - 3 years. The results showed significant differences of (P