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The article is devoted to studying the history of formation and development of higher theological education in the Ekaterinburg eparchy for the last hundred years. It shows that Ekaterinburg’s path to academic theology has been slow and thorny. The first attempts to create its own theological educational institutions (though without any claim to the highest level of education) date back to 1917–1919, when the system of traditional theological education actually ceased to function and the search for new forms of existence of theology as a science and practice began. In 1917, a never-implemented project was proposed for Ekaterinburg: to reform theological schools and the seminary and create an Orthodox gymnasium on their basis, and also to organize a Theological-Pastoral Institute with a three-year duration of study based on the subjects of the 5th-6th grades of the seminary. Moreover, under the conditions of Decree on Separation of Church from State and School from Church, the Ekaterinburg People’s Theological Institute was opened in autumn 1918, to provide extracurricular religious education and the widest possible dissemination of theological education, which existed until the second half of 1919. The project of the Theological-Pastoral and successfully functioning People’s Theological Institutes had strong potential, and under favorable conditions, with proper support, they could have grown into higher educational institutions. With the fall of the atheist regime and the attainment of religious freedoms in the 1990s, it became possible to organize higher theological education in Ekaterinburg. The author reveals that in 1994–2008 Ekaterinburg had a Centre for Distance Education of the Orthodox Saint Tikhon’s Humanitarian University, which carried out its activities in two areas: pastoral-theological and catechetical-pedagogical. In 2001–2012, the Social Institute of the Russian State Professional and Pedagogical University, supported by the Ekaterinburg Diocese, had the Department of Theology, where students were trained in the specialty ‘Orthodox Theology’ and after graduation, for the first time in the history of the Urals region, graduates were given state diplomas. In 2009 there was an unsuccessful attempt to enroll students on the Theology Course at the Urals Institute of Business. Currently, there are several educational institutions in Ekaterinburg that implement the Federal State Educational Standard in Theology under the Bachelor’s program: Missionary Institute, Ekaterinburg Theological Seminary, and Theology Department at the Ural State Mining University. The latter two educational institutions also have Master’s programs in the Church History (Ekaterinburg Seminary) and the ChurchState and State-Confessional Relations (Ural State Mining University).

The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is a dedicated heavy ion collision experiment at the FAIR facility. It will be one of the first HEP experiments which works in a triggerless mode: data received in the DAQ from the detectors will not be associated with events by a hardware trigger anymore. All raw data within a giventime period will be collected continuously in containers, so-called time-slices. The task of the reconstruction algorithms is to create events out of this raw data stream. In this contribution, the optimization of the reconstruction software in the RICH detector to the free-streaming data flow is presented. The implementation of ring reconstruction algorithms which use time measurements of the hits as an additional parameter is discussed.

The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 (√sNN = 2-4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter, namely, the equation-of-state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars, effects of chiral symmetry, and the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (μB ≥ 500 MeV). We are focusing here on the contribution of JINR to the CBM experiment: design of the superconducting dipole magnet; manufacture of the straw and micro-strip silicon detectors, participation in the data taking and analysis algorithms and physics program.

The scientific goal of the CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter) experiment at FAIR (Darmstadt) is to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter at highest baryon densities. The physics program of the CBM experiment is complimentary to the programs to be realized at MPD and BMN facilities at NICA and will start with beam derived by the SIS100 synchrotron. The 5.15 MJ superconducting dipole magnet will be used in the silicon tracking system of the CBM detector. The magnet will provide a magnetic field integral of 1 Tm which is required to obtain a momentum resolution of 1% for the track reconstruction. The results of the development of dipole magnet of the CBM experiment are presented.

The proposed material is a commented publication of documents related to the audits of the Ekaterinburg Theological School carried out by representatives of Educational Committee of the Holy Synod in 1873 and 1876. In 1873, Theological School of Ekaterinburg was audited by S. I. Miropolsky, who found the educational institution in satisfactory condition. Three years later, another auditor I. K. Zinchenko, while checking the school reported a whole range of problems in the organization of both educational and upbringing processes, indicating the presence of a systemic crisis in the educational institution. On the one hand, the problems noted could be considered inertial and explained by the habit of living and acting according to the previous charter of theological schools of 1814, with only few changes; on the other hand, it was due to the complicated relationship between the school administration members and the reluctance of the district clergy board of Ekaterinburg Vicariate to allocate decent funds to support the school. Educational Committee of the Holy Synod considered the results of both audits only in 1877. His Eminence the Bishop of Perm was instructed to fulfill seven requirements, in accordance with which it was necessary to replace school educational and hospital equipment, organize a dormitory for self-sufficient students, and to monitor strict compliance with hygiene rules among them, and also to make sure the clergy take great care of the school needs and elect worthy persons to the Board. Measures to improve the life of the Ekaterinburg Theological School, taken as a result of the audit, could not immediately bring any positive result, with a few exceptions, as evidenced by the audit of 1879, organized by the Board of Perm Theological Seminary. In the Appendix provided are 4 documents: Audit reports of 1873 and 1876, Report of S. I. Miropolsky addressed to the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod dated February 24, 1873 and the Journal of the meeting of Educational Committee at the Holy Synod dated April 13, 1877, where auditors’ reports were reviewed and instructions were formulated.

This study addresses the enhancement of material efficiency and reduction in brittleness in timber-to-concrete adhesive connections for beam-type timber and timber-concrete composite panels. The research explores the potential benefits of adding longitudinal timber ribs to cross-laminated timber (CLT) beam-type panels. Three groups of flexure-tested specimens were analysed as follows: (1) timber panels (1400 mm × 400 mm) with two 100 mm thick CLT panels and two 60 mm thick CLT panels reinforced with 150 × 80 mm timber ribs; (2) eight specimens (600 mm × 100 mm × 150 mm) with CLT members (600 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm) connected to a 50 mm concrete layer using granite chips and Sikadur-31 (AB) epoxy adhesive; (3) six CLT panels (1400 mm × 400 mm × 50 mm) bonded to a 50 mm concrete layer, with two panels containing polypropylene microfibres and two panels incorporating polyethene dowels for mechanical connection. Specimens were subjected to three-point bending tests and analysed using the transformed section method, γ-method, and finite element method with ANSYS 2023R2 software. Results indicated a 53% increase in load-carrying capacity for ribbed CLT panels with no additional material consumption, a 24.8–41.1% increase for CLT panels strengthened with a concrete layer, and improved ductility and prevention of disintegration in timber-concrete composites with polypropylene microfibres.

The anniversary material is dedicated to Professor Oksana Evgenievna Sheludyakova, Doctor of Arts and Head of Regency Department of the Ekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The article provides the jubilarian’s biography, describes her researches and suggests a list of scientific and educational-methodical works published in 2018–2022.

Становление металлургии в России происходило в условиях Северной войны, что предопределило господство государственной собственности в этом секторе экономики. В период окончания войны Петр I приступил к политике приватизации казенной промышленности. Нормативно-правовой основой приватизации стала Берг-привилегия 1719 г. Однако, начав политику передачи казенных заводов компаниям частных промышленников, Петр I не был последователен. Он задумался о развитии казенной металлургии Урала и при этом рассматривал возможность ее передачи частным промышленникам в последующем. В статье рассматривается позиция В. де Геннина по вопросу приватизации. Впервые вопрос о необходимости приватизации казенной металлургии Урала поставил В. Н. Татищев в период руководства им местной горнозаводской промышленностью в 1720–1722 гг. В 1722 г. Петр I назначил руководителем казенной горной промышленности Урала генерал-майора Геннина, наделив его обширными административными полномочиями. Геннину удалось в 1722–1724 гг. провести реконструкцию старых казенных заводов и осуществить строительство новых: Екатеринбургского, Полевского, Пыскорского и Ягошихинского. Между тем Татищев в 1724 г. представил Петру I проекты приватизации казенных заводов Урала. Император «принял за благо» эти проекты, но при этом разработал сложную процедуру рассмотрения вопросов приватизации в профильных центральных и местных государственных органах. Проекты Татищева получили в 1724 г. отрицательные отзывы Берг-коллегии и Геннина, указывавших на высокие прибыли от казенных заводов. При этом Геннин предложил свои проекты либо передачи казенных заводов в компанию Петра I, А. Д. Меншикова, Ф. М. Апраксина и др., либо передачи Пыскорских заводов в компанию ему, А. Г. Строганову и М. Ф. Турчанинову. Однако обсуждение проектов Татищева и Геннина было приостановлено в связи со смертью Петра I. Вновь вопрос о приватизации казенной металлургии Урала встал во время так называемого «кризиса сбыта» 1729–1732 гг. и был поставлен уже Генниным. Проекты приватизации Геннина обсуждались в Сенате, Берг-коллегии, Комиссии о монете. В 1733 г. была создана Комиссия о казенных заводах. Однако в 1732 г. «кризис сбыта» был преодолен, и Геннин отказался от своих проектов приватизации. Он окончательно пришел к выводу о том, что государственная собственность в металлургии не менее эффективна, чем частная, и начал новый этап строительства казенных заводов на Урале. Этой же позиции придерживался и Татищев, сменивший в 1734–1737 гг. Геннина на должности руководителя заводов Урала. Последующая история приватизационных компаний второй половины XVIII – начала XX в. подтвердила обоснованность этого вывода, крупная государственная собственность в металлургии не только сохранилась, но и расширилась.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a simplified design methodology for timber–concrete composite roof and floor structures employing metal web beams, also known as posi-joisted beams, easi-joist, or open web joists, validated through both laboratory experiments and finite element (FE) method analyses. The proposed method integrates the transformed section method and the γ-method, as outlined in Annex B of EN1995-1-1 for mechanically jointed beams. The investigation focuses on roof and floor structures featuring posi-joisted beams, oriented strand board (OSB) sheets connected by screws, and a layer of concrete bonded to the OSB sheets using epoxy glue and granite chips. Two groups, each consisting of four specimens, were prepared for the laboratory experiments. Each specimen comprised two posi-joisted beams, 1390 mm long, connected by OSB/3 boards measuring 400 mm in width and 18 mm in thickness. The beams had a cross-sectional depth of 253 mm, corresponding to beams of grade PS10, with top and bottom chords made from solid timber (95 mm × 65 mm). Bracing members with cross-sections of 100 mm × 45 mm were used to join the bottom chords of the beams. A layer of self-levelling mass SakretBAM, 50 mm thick, was bonded to the OSB/3 boards using SicaDur 31 epoxy glue and granite chips (16–32 mm). The specimens underwent three-point bending tests under static loads, and FE modelling, conducted using Ansys R2 2022 software, was employed for both experimental groups. A comparative analysis of results obtained from the simplified design method, FE simulations, and experimental data revealed that the simplified method accurately predicted maximum vertical displacements of the roof fragment, including posi-joisted beams, with precision up to 11.6% and 23.10% in the presence and absence of a concrete layer, respectively. The deviation between normal stresses in the chords of the beams obtained through the simplified method and FE modelling was found to be 7.69%. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed design methodology for timber–concrete composite roofs with posi-joisted beams.

Sulfite and kraft pulping are two principal methods of industrial delignification of wood. In recent decades, those have been considered as possibilities to pretreat recalcitrant wood lignocellulosics for the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and the subsequent fermentation of obtained sugars to valuable bioproducts. Current work compares chemistry and technological features of two different cooking processes in the preparation of polysaccharide substrates for deep saccharification with P. verruculosum glycosyl hydrolases. Bleached kraft and sulfite pulps were subjected to hydrolysis with enzyme mixture of high xylanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase activities at a dosage of 10 FPU/g of dry pulp and fiber concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10%. HPLC was used to analyze soluble sugars after hydrolysis and additional acid inversion of oligomers to monosaccharides. Kraft pulp demonstrated higher pulp conversion after 48 h (74–99%), which mostly resulted from deep xylan hydrolysis. Sulfite-pulp hydrolysates, obtained in similar conditions due to higher hexose concentration (more than 50 g/L), had higher fermentability for industrial strains producing alcohols, microbial protein, or organic acids. Along with saccharification, enzymatic modification of non-hydrolyzed residues occurred, which led to decreased degree of polymerization and composition changes in two industrial pulps. As a result, crystallinity of kraft pulp increased by 1.3%, which opens possibilities for obtaining new types of cellulosic products in the pulp and paper industry. The high adaptability and controllability of enzymatic and fermentation processes creates prospects for the modernization of existing factories.

This article addresses the issues of volume integral equation method application to magnetic system calculations. The main advantage of this approach is that in this case finding the solution of equations is reduced to the area filled with ferromagnetic. The difficulty of applying the method is connected with kernel singularity of integral equations. For this reason in collocation method only piecewise constant approximation of unknown variables is used within the limits of fragmentation elements inside the famous package GFUN3D. As an alternative approach the points of observation can be replaced by integration over fragmentation element, which allows to use approximation of unknown variables of a higher order.In the presented work the main aspects of applying this approach to magnetic systems modelling are discussed on the example of linear approximation of unknown variables: discretisation of initial equations, decomposition of the calculation area to elements, calculation of discretised system matrix elements, solving the resulting nonlinear equation system. In the framework of finite element method the calculation area is divided into a set of tetrahedrons. At the beginning the initial area is approximated by a combination of macro-blocks with a previously constructed two-dimensional mesh at their borders. After that for each macro-block separately the procedure of tetrahedron mesh construction is performed. While calculating matrix elements sixfold integrals over two tetrahedra are reduced to a combination of fourfold integrals over triangles, which are calculated using cubature formulas. Reduction of singular integrals to the combination of the regular integrals is proposed with the methods based on the concept of homogeneous functions. Simple iteration methods are used to solve non-linear discretized systems, allowing to avoid reversing large-scale matrixes. The results of the modelling are compared with the calculations obtained using other methods.

In this paper, the yields and composition of solid and condensable products that were obtained by microwave-assisted torrefaction of softwood, wheat straw, and peat fuel pellets, defined as main- and side-stream torrefaction products, were studied. The torrefaction process, at temperatures varied in the range of 200–300 °C, was performed using a laboratory-scale torrefactor of original construction. Water-enriched fractions were distilled off from condensable products to isolate tar fractions, the fuel characteristics of which were compared with those of solid fractions. Py-GC/MS/FID, GC/MS/FID, thermal analysis, elemental analysis, and wet chemistry methods were used to characterize the main- and side-stream torrefaction products, with a focus on their valorization according to the biorefinery approach. The simultaneous development of the destruction and condensation processes in lignocarbohydrate complexes during microwave treatment leads to an increase in the relative portion of aromatic compounds in torrefied biomass, increasing the higher heating value (HHV) of the solid fractions. The increase up to 60% of the heat amount that was liberated due to the thermal oxidative conversion of solid fractions vs. that of the non-treated ones was established by DSC tests. The heat that was liberated by the combustion of the tar fractions was much lower than that of solid fractions, which was explained by the composition of tars, influencing their thermal conversion.

We investigate the ability of artificial neural networks to reconstruct discrete chaotic maps with singular points. We use as a simple test model the Cusp map. We compare the traditional Multilayer Perceptron, the Chebyshev Neural Network and the Wavelet Neural Network. The numerical scheme for the accurate determination of a singular point is also developed. We show that combining a neural network with the numerical algorithm for the determination of the singular point we are able to accurately approximate discrete chaotic maps with singularities.

The relation between cellular automata (CA) models of earthquakes and the Burridge–Knopoff (BK) model is studied. It is shown that the CA proposed by P. Bak and C. Tang,although they have rather realistic power spectra, do not correspond to the BK model. We present a modification of the CA which establishes the correspondence with the BK model.An analytical method of studying the evolution of the BK-like CA is proposed. By this method a functional quadratic in stress release, which can be regarded as an analog of the event energy, is constructed. The distribution of seismic events with respect to this “energy” shows rather realistic behavior, even in two dimensions. Special attention is paid to two-dimensional automata; the physical restrictions on compression and shear stiffnesses are imposed.

Deterioration of asphalt pavements due to fatigue cracking is one of the most common highway pavement failure types. If the fatigue cracks are allowed to develop and grow, the driving comfort and safety, i.e., serviceability of the pavement, decreases. Pavement fatigue behaviour is not a straightforward mechanism and involves many factors and effects, thus computational methods are developed in order to help understand how the pavement works. This paper explores the accuracy and applicability of a less computational resource demanding procedure that uses transient material mechanical behaviour to model the long-term behaviour of a pavement structure. First, the mechanical and fatigue properties of asphalt were determined at the laboratory. Then a four-layer finite-element model was created using Ansys software. Two different models - with and without infinity elements - and two different fatigue simulation procedures - full and simplified - were considered. Material parameters were obtained by the laboratory tests and material properties degraded over time. Cyclic surface loading was applied to simulate the passing of a truck - 6 million fatigue cycles were simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]