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Le Maroc est engagé dans une course contre la montre pour promouvoir son économie agricole. Si les coopératives agricoles (CA) ont été au cours des deux dernières décennies l’un des outils privilégiés, leur contribution économique demeure néanmoins modeste. L’article utilise une approche qualitative pour analyser la relation entre les liens familiaux et les dynamiques de création et de fonctionnement de vingt CA au sud du Maroc. Il a pour objectif de comprendre l’impact du rapport des CA avec leur milieu social sur leurs dynamiques locales. L’enquête de terrain montre que les CA ont tendance à se constituer autour des liens familiaux, et sont exposées aux polarités politiques locales. Les prestations de l’aide publique les segmentent en clientes et victimes des élus locaux. La gestion inéquitable de l’aide publique produit des fausses CA et impacte leur pérennité. En vue d’une émancipation effective des CA, le présent papier recommande : l’analyse systématique critique des actions publiques dans les secteurs coopératif et agricole, l’assainissement des fausses CA ou leur transformation en véritables CA, et l’incitation des CA familiales à se conformer aux idéaux de la coopération.

International audience

This work is reproduced here with the kind permission of the publisher, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg; International audience; There is no point in attempting to formulate a synthesis of the présentations contained in the présent publication given the diversity of the subjects. Our ambition here is, firstly, to recapitulate on some of the issues dealt with by the PRUD (Urban Research Programme for Development) projects, as well as to review some of the main characteristics of urban mutations in Vietnam during the current transition period as outlined in the work carried out by the research teams. Secondly, we will suggest orientations for future research: based on existing knowledge accumulated through research projects carried out within the scope of the PRUD, we will either further investigate current thèmes and issues or explore new ones.

Discussions regarding the form that state transfers should take generally focus on the relative efficiency of transfers in kind vis-a-vis transfers in cash. This article, however, proposes a different approach - to determine the optimal structure of a donation, i.e. its optimal composition. Hence, the problem no longer lies in attempting to figure out whether a donation in kind is either more or less efficient than a donation in cash, but rather, to determine, through various hypotheses relative to the agent's behaviour, the most preferable structure for the donor.

International audience; The main aim of this paper is the design of an analysis framework for the governance of MPAs in developing countries. The working-out of this analysis framework makes use of contributions from the governance of hazardous activities, the interactive fisheries governance, the ecosystem-based management applied to marine protected areas, the MPAs governance indicators, the anthropology of brokerage. This analysis framework takes in count four main issues of the MPAs governance in developing countries pointed out from two representative case studies (Mu Ko Chumphon National Park in Thailand and Ca Mau National Park in Vietnam) : the revitalization of regulatory systems of the access to fisheries resources, the simplification of the administrative processes, the control of the demographic pressure which result from a high increase of the populations and a strong mobility, the lowering of the economic vulnerability and poverty alleviation due to the deregulation. This analysis framework makes it possible to characterize the governance systems and to put forward the weaknesses : the excessive role play by the international organizations, the too sectorial and technical aspect of fisheries management measures, the incomplete decentralization, the fragmentation of the States and the civil society. To mitigate these deficiencies, four general public policy options adapted to developing countries are proposed.

This paper applies a five-step approach to the investigation of the relationship between public subsidies, namely CAP direct payments, and managerial efficiency for French COP and beef farms in 2000. Managerial efficiency scores are calculated using a four-step approach that allows disentangling managerial inefficiency from unfavourable external conditions. Then, in a fifth stage, managerial efficiency scores are regressed over a set of explanatory variables, including CAP direct payments. Using individual farm data and meteorological data at the municipality level, we show that there is a non negligible component of inefficiency that is due to unfavourable conditions, and there is a strong significant negative relationship between managerial efficiency and CAP direct payments., Nous appliquons une approche en cinq étapes à l’analyse de la relation entre les subventions agricoles, en particulier les aides directes de la PAC, et l’efficacité managériale des exploitations agricoles françaises spécialisées en céréales et oléo-protéagineux et en viande bovine en 2000. Les scores d’efficacité managériale sont calculés avec une approche à quatre étapes, qui permet de séparer l’inefficacité managériale des conditions externes défavorables. Puis, dans une cinquième étape, les scores d’efficacité managériale sont régressés sur des variables explicatives, dont les aides directes de la PAC. En utilisant des données individuelles d’exploitations et des données météorologiques au niveau communal, nous montrons qu’une part non-négligeable d’inefficacité est due à des conditions défavorables, et qu’il y a une forte relation négative entre l’efficacité managériale et les aides directes PAC.

Considering the increasing importance of the development assistance, further thought needs to be given to its impacts on governance of fisheries and aquaculture in developing countries. From West African and South-East Asian examples, three of the main axes of the development assistance can be identified : the increase in small -scale fishing capacity, the connection to the export markets, the small -scale aquaculture development. Some impacts of this assistance can be pointed out: the setting up of a large small-scale capacity or overcapacity, the increasing dependence on export markets and the decrease in food security in West Africa, the damage to environment linked to small-scale shrimp aquaculturedevelopment in South-East Asia . By privileging thes e axes of development, the assistance contributes to the emergence or to the maintenance of governance systems which pose some problems. The problems relating to fisheries governance systems can be mentioned as follows : the fisheries governance limited to fisheries management, the weakening of the public power and public actions, the fragmentation of the fisheries administration and civil society. These problems are amplified by the development assistance and they contribute to some breaches of good governance principles of which we give some examples. Some lessons can be drawn from the analysis of fisheries governance systems which have been encouraged by the development assistance: a need for a new approach of the fisheries governance which lies beyond the framework of the fisheries management, the obligation of an integration of fisheries or aquaculture development assistance programmes into national and regional public policies, the necessary rehabilitation of the fisheries administration and the strengt hening of institutions.

En nous fondant sur des études de cas, nous démontrons que le succès des sociétés coopératives de pêcheurs indépendants (small-boat-fishers), dépend dans une large mesure, de leur loyauté envers la coopérative, surtout dans les cas où ils sont peu satisfaits de la gestion de la coopérative en question. En plus, nous démontrons que la capacité de la coopérative à promouvoir cette loyauté, que nous appelons "cohésion organisationnelle", est menacée par une politique du Ministère Fédéral de la Pêche qui récompense la rationalité utilitaire et individualiste. (Résumé d'auteur)