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Hat-Bazars are the indigenous markets that work under the supervision of Local Government and owned by the Local Government in Bangladesh. These markets play vital role for the development in the rural areas of Bangladesh. But, there are challenges for proper management of the markets. Hat-Bazar under local government has the following characteristics: 1) It has legal entity under Local Government bodies and formed through an act of legislature named The State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950. 2) It helps the local Government bodies to earn revenue and maintenance expenses. 3) Local businessmen and farmers can market their products and crops in these Hat-Bazars. 4) Central Government also earns revenue getting the land tax, VAT, income tax from the Hat-Bazars. This article is written based on a study. Objectives of the study were to learn the lease procedure of Hat-Bazar (Local Govt. Markets), to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Hat-Bazar and to analyze the Hat-Bazar management under Upazila Parishad and Pourashava and to find out the ways for augmenting their income and its efficient and effective utilization. In respect of any particular reference the study was confined to the local government bodies of rural areas only. This study focused on the scheduled government markets (Hat-Bazar) of rural areas (Municipality and Upazila) only, but there were unauthorized markets in Govt. owned land also. Those markets were not taken into considerations. Depth interview method with structured questionnaire was adopted. A total number of 240 persons were interviewed. The interviewees comprised of cross-section of people including public representatives, Govt. officials, businesspersons, lessee and NGO workers. Observations and focus group discussion methods were taken into account also. Secondary sources of data were also included. Existing policy for the management of indigenous markets (Hat-Bazar) was reviewed for the study. Analyzing the responses of the respondents, collected data and observations following recommendations could be summarized: 1) Political interference should be stopped to make the local Govt. bodies effective and active. 2) Proper maintenance, sanitation and infrastructure should be ensured to make the govt. Hat-Bazar effective. 3) Political interference and administrative control should be avoided to make the Hat-Bazar committee effective. Businesspersons should get priority in Hat-Bazar management. 4) Hat-Bazar management policy should be made more understandable. 5) Lease should be ensured and direct collection should be avoided in order to increase revenue. 6) Leasing procedure should be made easy and should be done in short period. 7) Share of Upazila and Union Parishad and Municipality from Hat-Bazar should be increased. 8) Hat-Bazar management activities should be done in Upazila level. 9) Union Parishad may be given full authority to manage all Hat-Bazars up to a certain pecuniary limit. 10) Women marketers should get proper security and sitting arrangements. 11) Law and order situation should be maintained in Hat-Bazar. 12) The Hat-Bazar management committee should arrange special transportations for the businessperson so that they can carry their products in appropriate price. Government Hat-Bazars are the main indigenous markets of Bangladesh. From the very ancient period these markets are the only places where farmers and producers can sell their products. These markets control the local business as well as the national business. So, environment, infrastructure, and, law and order of these markets should be maintained properly. The Hat-Bazar management committees can ensure these with the help of local administration and the local Govt. authority. If proper management is ensured these indigenous markets could be able to aid the development of Bangladesh. Keywords: Bangladesh, Rural areas, Hat-Bazar, Indigenous markets, Development role, Challenges, 1. Background Indigenous markets popularly known as Hat-Bazars work under the supervision of Local Government and owned by the Local Government in Bangladesh. Duane Lockard defines local government as 'a [...]

The quadrupolar splittings of perdeuteriated n-decane dissolved in nematic phases formed by mesogenic dimers of the CBnCB series, for n = 7,9,10,11, are measured throughout the entire temperature range of these phases. These results are reported together with related measurements using the common nematic phase of 5CB as a solvent for n-decane. The data obtained from the 13C spectra of the cyanobiphenyl mesogenic units of the monomeric and dimeric solvent molecules yield the order parameter of those units. The information obtained from this set of experiments is used to elucidate the structure of the low temperature (NX) and the high temperature (N) nematic phases of CBnCB dimers with n = 7,9,11. The polar twisted nematic (NPT) model is found to provide a consistent description not only of our experimental results but also of NMR measurements previously reported in the literature for these phases. These findings suggest that the high temperature nematic (N) is not a common, locally uniaxial and apolar nematic, but rather a nematic phase consisting of NPT clusters. The twist-bend (NTB) model, often identified with the NX phase, is shown to be inadequate to account even qualitatively for crucial features of the experimental findings. NMR studies of perduteriated n-decane dissolved in mesogenic dimers of the CBnCB series elucidate the structure of the low and high temperature nematic phases of the odd-n dimers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the origins of 'de Vries-like' liquid crystalline behaviour by introducing an ethynyl spacer in the core of the tricarbosilane-terminated 5-phenylpyrimidine mesogens QL16-6 and QL17-6. The rationale for this structural change is based on the assumption that an ethynyl spacer would create more free volume in the core sub-layer and therefore decrease the orientational order parameter S2 in the SmA phase. The tricarbosilane-terminated mesogens WL41-5 and WL42-6 with a 5-(phenylethynyl)pyrimidine core in either a normal or inverted orientation were synthesised, and their mesomorphic and 'de Vries-like' properties characterised using polarised optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, birefringence measurements, small–angle (SAXS) and 2D X-ray scattering. Reduction factors R derived from SAXS and optical tilt angle measurements suggest that neither WL41-5 (R = 0.49) nor WL42-6 (R = 0.80) exhibit 'de Vries-like' properties. The S2(T) profiles show an increase in orientational order with decreasing temperature and a sharp discontinuity at the SmA-SmC transition, which is consistent with 'de Vries-like' behaviour. However, the Leff(T) profiles suggest an increase in interdigitation that reduces the positive effect of increasing S2 in compensating for the molecular tilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the induction of the Ntb phase over a wide temperature and concentration range in a binary system. This was achieved by addition of a flexible dopant without LC properties to a flexible dimer exhibiting only a nematic LC phase. The Ntb phase was identified by Polarising Optical Microscopy (POM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of a study in which we introduce a tricarbosilane end-group in a mesogenic scaffold derived from an axially chiral biphenyl with a large transverse dipole moment. This structural modification is intended to promote the formation of a chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase, with the aim of discovering a mesogen with a virtual transition temperature to a proper ferroelectric phase (To) that approaches the crystal-SmC* melting point. We show herein that the combination of a 4-pentylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate chain and a tricarbosilane-terminated 4-alkoxybenzoate chain gives a mesogen (R,S)-WL43 forming an enantiotropic orthogonal smectic A (SmA) phase and a higher order tilted smectic phase. Substitution of the 4-pentylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate group with a trans-4-pentylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate group gives a mesogen (R,S)-WL45 forming monotropic SmA and SmC phases. The SmC* phase formed by the enantiomerically pure (R)-WL45 exhibits Goldstone-mode switching characteristic of a surface-stabilized FLC, but its spontaneous polarization PS is too low to be measured by conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have examined whether there was an independent association between multiple medication use and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with adjustment for cardiometabolic factors. In the study, we aimed to examine this association using a nationally representative sample in CKD patients aged 60 and older. Methods: In the study, subjects aged ⩾60 years (n = 1306) who participated in the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed cross-sectionally. CKD was defined using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation i.e. estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Patients with multiple medications were classified as those having five or more prescription medications per day. All data analysis was performed using SAS 9.3 version. Results: The prevalence of CKD among age group ⩾80 years, age group 70–79 years and age group 60–69 years were 73.26%, 55.76% and 27.03% respectively (p < 0.001). About half of hypertension (HTN) and diabetic patients aged ⩾60 years had CKD. The prevalence of CKD in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) was 60.57%. The logistic regression model without adjustment reflects that those on multiple medications (⩾5 medications/day) had 1.53 (1.02–2.31) times as likely (53% increase) to have CKD compared with those on <5 medications/day. After adjustment for age, CVD, HTN and diabetes mellitus (DM), the odds of CKD for multiple medications appeared to have a protective effect, although it did not reach statistical significance. The adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.60–1.34); it showed an 11% decreased odds of CKD in patients who were taking multiple medications. The adjusted odds ratio for patients with CVD was 1.38 (95% CI: 0.97–1.98), HTN 1.13 (95% CI: 0.80–1.6), DM 1.78 (95% CI: 1.26–2.51) in age group 70–79 years 3.2 (95% CI: 2.1–4.87) and in age ⩾80 years 6.98 (95% CI: 4.02–12.11) compared with age group 60–69 years old, respectively. Conclusion: We did not find significant independent association between use of multiple medications and CKD. The switchover of odds for multiple medication suggested a confounding effect of covariates; further prospective studies are required to find the individualized effect of multiple medications on CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of the street children in Dhaka city are addicted to drugs. Various socioeconomic factors contribute to drug usage among street children. Drug abuse directly influences the physical and socio-behaviourial problem of children and affects the economic and social aspects of a society as well as a country. This paper examines whether there is any relation between social bonding and drug addiction. The role of the state and society are also analyzed. In this paper primary data are collected by interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary sources are UN publications, Government documents and reports, review of newspaper reports as well as related books and journal articles. This paper progresses with content analysis through contemporary literature review analysis and finally conclusion. Role of social bonding in controlling of drug abuse and reason of drug addiction are also discussed here in the light of interview. This paper also argues that about 53 percent street children of Dhaka city are addicted to drugs as they are separated from family and social bondage. This asserts that, the children separated from social bondage are vulnerable to drug addiction than the children who are in social bondage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various socioeconomic factors contributed to the conditions favorable to spread of drug use among the children. When children have been exposed to chaotic parental neglect or abuse, they may have a range of physical and socio-behavioural problems along with drug addiction. This paper examines whether the unattended children in the Agargaon and Adabor slum areas of Dhaka city are vulnerable to drug addiction than the cared children. Moreover, the reasons of children's drugs addiction, characteristics of the addiction, its relation with the state and its role in the society are also analyzed. In this paper, the approach of parental or family care toward children is discussed through arguments by content analysis and by analyzing the primary data. The roles of the society and state are also analyzed. Primary data are collected through interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary sources are government documents and reports, court orders, review of newspaper reports as well as related books and journal articles. The paper shows that there are some other reasons which may influence the children to take drugs: Family Type, childhood care, Sources of money for drug purchase, Age in which started taking drug. However, a negative correlation exists between parental supervision and regular drug taking. This paper shows that, children's drug addiction increases if parental supervision decreases. Above all, it can be concluded that, unattended or unsupervised (by parents) children are more vulnerable to drug addiction than cared children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimeric compounds forming twist-bend nematic,Ntb,phase show unusual optical textures related to the formation of arrays of focal conic defects (FCDs). Some of the focal conics exhibit submicron internal structure with 8 nm periodicity, which is very close to that found in the crystalline phase of the material, that might suggest surface freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of physical and mental health has been an important factor influencing the quality of life in the hemodialysis patient population. The SF-36 in the past, and now the KDQOL-36 questionnaire have been used routinely to assess illness perception and quality of life (QOL) among hemodialysis patients. However, it is not clear whether these surveys can truly predict the effect of physical illness on mental health. We present routine quality improvement data from a small cohort studied in an urban dialysis unit in which the social worker performed standard questionnaires per mandate, compared results to unstructured verbal interviews, and noted a poor correlation. The patients who were not expected to have negative perceptions of quality of life actually had negative findings. The findings were more prominent for the mental health aspect of the survey than the physical health aspect, which correlated with patients’ symptoms. A total of 92 patients were surveyed and interviewed, and their mental health score could not be correlated in 44% of patients who had a low mental health score and 17.5% of those with a high mental health score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]