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1. Gender Pay Gaps across STEM Fields of Study

Author

Tomasz Zajac, Iga Magda, Marek Bozykowski, Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak, and Mikolaj Jasinski

Abstract

Gender pay gaps in earnings are well-documented in the literature. However, new factors contributing to women's lower earnings have emerged and remain under-researched. Educational choices are among them. We use a rich administrative dataset from Poland, a Central Eastern European country with high tertiary education enrolment and high female employment rates among young women, to study gender pay gaps among tertiary education graduates with degrees in different fields of study while paying particular attention to STEM fields graduates (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). We find that already in the first year after graduation, women earn over 20% less than men. This gap widens over time. We also find significant variation across different STEM fields both in the size of the gender pay gap and in how it changes over time. The gap is the largest among mathematics graduates, at over 25%; while it does not exceed 3% among chemical and Earth sciences graduates. As these differences narrow only slightly within the first four years of graduates' working careers, policymakers' efforts to increase the number of women earning STEM degrees may not be enough to achieve gender pay equality.

Published
2025
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2. Six Ways Population Change Will Affect the Global Economy

Author

Mason, Andrew, Lee, Ronald, Michael, Abrigo, Ruslan, Aliyev, Eugenia, Amporfu, Tommy, Bengtsson, Barthelemy, Biao, Luis Rosero Bixby, Arjan, Bruil, Marisa, Bucheli, Enkhtsetseg, Byambaa, Agnieszka, Chlon-Dominczak, Pablo, Comelatto, Deidra, Coy, Hippolyte, D’Albis, Mikhail, Denissenko, Gretchen, Donehower, Sadou, Doumbo, Latif, Dramani, Alexia, Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, Robert, Gal, Christopher, Gee, Cecilia, González, Tengku Aizan Hamid, Bernhard, Hammer, Mauricio, Holz, Tanja, Istenic, PamelaJiménez-Fontana, Shen, Ke, Bazlul, Khondker, Hyun Kyung Kim, Fanny, Kluge, Majid, Koosheshi, Laishram, Ladusingh, Mun Sim Lai, Sang-Hyop, Lee, Thanh, Long, Silvino, Lopes, Adrian, Lupusor, Ricardo Córdova Macías, Rikiya, Matsukura, David, Mccarthy, Iván, Mejia, Marcel, Merette, Germano, Mwabu, Narayana, M. R., Isalia, Nava, Vanndy, Nor, Gilberto, Norte, Naohiro, Ogawa, Olanrewaju, Olaniyan, Javier, Olivera, Morne, Oosthuizen, Concepció, Patxot, James, Rice, Fathimath, Riyaza, Paulo, Saad, Joze, Sambt, Aylin, Seckin, James, Sefton, Verónica, Serafini, Latdavanh, Songvilay, Guadalupe, Souto, Wanchat, Suwankitti, Pham, Toan, Nimia, Torres, Jorge, Tova, An-Chi, Tung, Cassio, Turra, Piedad, Urdinola, Risto, Vaittinen, Zannella, Marina, and Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)

Subjects
demography, demografske strukture, Aging, national accounts, Sociology and Political Science, Economics, Intergenerational transfers, Economy, Development, 1603 Demography, Population aging, udc:314, International economy, družbeni računi, demografija, Demography, demographic structures
Abstract

New estimates of economic flows by age combined with population projections show that in the coming decades (1) global GDP growth could be slower by about 1 percentage point per year, declining more sharply than population growth; (2) GDP will shift toward sub-Saharan Africa more than population trends suggest; (3) living standards of working-age adults may be squeezed by high spending on children and seniors; (4) changing population age distribution will raise living standards in many lower-income nations; (5) changing economic life cycles will amplify the economic effects of population aging in many higher income economies; and (6) population aging will likely push public debt, private assets, and perhaps productivity higher. Population change will have profound implications for national, regional, and global economies. Center on the Economics and Demography of Aging/[5P30AGO12839-24]/CEDA/Estados Unidos William and Flora Hewlett Foundation/[2013-9306]//Estados Unidos William and Flora Hewlett Foundation/[2017-4778]//Estados Unidos International Development Research Centre/[107451]/IDRC/Estados Unidos European Union’s Seventh Framework Program/[613247]/FP7/Unión Europea United Nations Development Account/[1617AO]/UNDP/Estados Unidos UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP)

Published
2022

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