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Cultivation conditions are determining factors that affect the quality of cut flowers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative growth, flowering and vase life of commercial gladiolus cultivars under different shading conditions in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Two cultivars of gladiolus (Jester and Rose Friendship) were grown under two conditions: full sun and 70% shade. Biometrics were evaluated 60 days after planting and the growth rate of the crop was evaluated at 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 days for the variables: number of tillers, stem diameter, number of leaves and plant height. After 45 days, the fresh weight, dry weight and total relative water content of the area and root parts of the plants were evaluated. After the harvest, the stems were kept at a temperature of 22±3 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 60%. Visual assessment, pH of the solution, variation in the volume of water and loss of fresh mass were measured every two days. Cultivation with 70% shading resulted in greater accumulation of biomass in the aerial part of gladiolus plants, greater neck diameter and height. The Rose Friendship cultivar underwent a greater translocation of dry matter to the aerial part of the plants, resulting in greater height. On the other hand, the gladiolus stems from cultivation under full sun conditions resulted in longer vase life, 10 days under conservation conditions at 22±3 °C and RH 60%. Resumo As condições de cultivo são fatores determinantes que afetam a qualidade das flores de corte. Diante disso, objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o crescimento vegetativo, floração e vida de vaso de variedades de gladíolos comerciais no semiárido brasileiro, sob diferentes condições de sombreamento. Duas variedades de gladíolos (Jester e Rose Friendship) foram cultivadas em duas condições: sol pleno e 70% de sombreamento. Avaliou-se a biometria em 60 dias após o plantio e a taxa de crescimento da cultura aos 15-30, 30-45 e 45-60 dias para as variáveis: número de perfilhos, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas e altura da planta. Após 45 dias, avaliou-se a massa fresca, massa seca e conteúdo relativo de água total da parte área e da parte radicular das plantas. Após a colheita, as hastes foram mantidas em temperatura de 22±3 °C e umidade relativa (UR) de 60%. A cada dois dias, realizou-se avaliação visual, além de avaliação do pH da solução, variação no volume de água e perda de massa fresca. O cultivo com 70% de sombreamento resultou em maior acúmulo de biomassa na parte aérea das plantas de gladíolos, maior diâmetro do colo e altura. A variedade Rose Friendship resultou em maior translocação de massa seca para a parte aérea das plantas. Isso resultou em maior altura. Por outro lado, as hastes de gladíolos provenientes do cultivo nas condições de pleno sol resultaram em maior vida de vaso: 10 dias em condições de conservação a 22±3 °C e UR 60%.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:02:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-17 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco We have identified the best harvesting periods, related to higher bioactive compound content and post-harvest quality, for minimally processed sweet potatoes with orange pulp and cream pulp. Quality loss in minimally processed sweet potatoes occurred due to browning in cv. Mae de Familia and ESAM1 and to whitening in cv. Parana. Both Mae de Familia and ESAM1 presented higher peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities at 120 days, and cv. Parana contained high levels of provitamin A. beta-carotene was the major carotenoid (up to 99%) in orange pulp. All cultivars harvested at 150 and 180 days and minimally processed showed the best visual quality, the highest bioactive compound content, and no microbial infection. Delaying the harvest also increase the antioxidant activity in orange roots, which was associated with a high content of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, resulting in an increase in the nutritional quality of the product. Practical applications Postharvest techniques can improve the visual and phytochemical quality of vegetables and extend their shelf life. The present research provides the best harvesting periods for minimally processed cream and orange sweet potato roots with higher postharvest qualities. Delaying the harvest resulted in a product with better visual quality, higher levels of bioactive compounds, which are highly beneficial to health, for example, ss-carotene, and no microbiological contamination. Our results may contribute to improvements in the current knowledge about harvesting times for sweet potato growers who aim to produce high quality, minimally processed products with a longer shelf life. Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Dept Plant Prod, Serra Talhada, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Biosci, Dept Chem & Biochem, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Fed Rural Univ Semiarid, Dept Plant Sci, Mossoro, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Med Sch, Dept Pathol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Biosci, Dept Chem & Biochem, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Med Sch, Dept Pathol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 305177/2015-0 CNPq: 307571/20190 CNPq: 423100/2018-1 FAPESP: 2016/22665-2 CAPES: 88881-159183/2017-01 Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco: APQ-0795-5.01/16 Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco: 807292073-15/PRPPG 015/2018

The results observed in the literature raise the hypothesis according to which cytokinin plays important roles in photosynthetic metabolisms and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of the isolated cytokinin kinetin at the production cycle, seeking to analyze its effects on enzyme activity and photosynthetic parameters. The plants treated with CK presented reduction of leaf CO2 assimilation rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs), while that transpiration rate (Tr) was unaffected. The internal CO2 concentrations decreased with the increase in cytokinin levels, but were maintained under CK 50 mg·L−1. The plants treated with CK 75 mg·L−1 was verified higher carboxylation efficiency (Pn/Ci), which was associated to values of CO2 assimilation and transpiration unaltered. Apparent electron transport rate showed variations in the concentration of 25 mg·L−1. Considering the study of enzyme activity, on the other hand, it cannot be stated that kinetin has an effective action in delaying oxidative damage. It presents mixed results, since an efficiency in the application of cytokinin was not observed, presenting induction levels of ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, further research is needed to determine more precisely the effects of kinetin on gas exchange and antioxidant enzymes in anthurium plants. Keywords: anthurium, kinetin, photosynthesis, senescence, plant hormone, oxidative stress

This study evaluated the influence of Azospirillum lipoferum on the growth of Myracroduon urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) plants under drought stress, by means of biometric, physical–chemical and biochemical parameters. The association of A. lipoferum with the roots of the plants provided increases of 30% root length, 50% root dry weight, 34% shoot dry weight and 10% soluble protein content. The inoculated plants still maintained 5% higher leaf water potential than those not inoculated and lower membrane damage. Furthermore, the inoculated plants shown less leaf fall and dark green leaves, confirmed by maintenance of the highest levels of chlorophyl a, b and total. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in the inoculated plants, possibly due to the induction of a non-enzymatic protective feature. In this way, the inoculation of PGPR in M. urundeuva can be an alternative for the production of plants that are more tolerant to drought stress.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:37:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-18 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco Anthurium cut flowers exposed to low temperatures may be subjected to chilling injury, whereas higher temperatures may accelerate their metabolism and induce premature senescence. Plant growth regulators, as gibberellic acid (GA3) and spermine (SPM), have been described to extend the postharvest life of flowers. In this study, both compounds were applied by spraying or pulsing in anthurium cv. Arizona before storage at 20 °C. The solutions were constituted of 144 μM GA3 and 2 μM SPM, which were used separately or in combination, and analyzed for 12 d. Spraying with GA3 + SPM extended the vase life and kept the commercial quality. These treatments increase the phenols content, as well as, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Spadix sprayed with GA3 or SPM retained high amounts of spermidine (SPD), and in the combination of GA3 + SPM, there were higher contents of spermidine. These results suggest that the application of GA3 + SPM by spraying can be used to reduce the senescence in anthurium cut flowers stored at 20 °C, and improve the commercial quality of the inflorescences. Federal Rural University of Pernambuco College of Agronomic Engineering Universidade Federal do Pará Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry IB São Paulo State University - UNESP Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry IB São Paulo State University - UNESP CNPq: 305177/2015-0 Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco: APQ-0431-5.01/13

This work studied the physical, chemical and biochemical alterations in minimally processed yam stored at two different temperatures, as well as the incidence of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2x8 factorial design, with two storage temperatures (5 and 10°C) and eight storage times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days). Experiments were in triplicate. Yam was selected, peeled and cut into slices of approximately 3 cm thickness. The slices were rinsed with water, sanitised and then drained in kitchen strainers. Approximately 300 g of the processed product were packed in nylon multilayers 15 µm thick, 15 cm wide and 20 cm long. The packs were sealed, weighed and kept at 5 and 10 ± 2°C for 14 days. Fresh weight loss, baking time, enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidases, peroxidases and catalases, total soluble phenol content, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated, as well as visual analysis and incidence of Pseudomonas sp. Means of temperatures were compared by Tukey´s test at 5% significance. Yam storage at 5°C reduced weight loss and kept visual quality for longer; it also reduced cooking time and the activity of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. In contrast, it promoted higher content of total soluble phenols, as well as a higher catalase activity and antioxidant capacity. During the storage time, there was no incidence of Pseudomonas sp. Minimally processed yam stored at 10°C may be sold for up to six days, and yam stored at 5ºC for up to 14 days. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações físico-químicas, bioquímicas e incidência de Pseudomonas sp. em inhame minimamente processado conservado em duas temperaturas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x8, referente as temperaturas (5 e 10 °C) e tempos de conservação refrigerada (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 14 dias), com três repetições. O inhame foi selecionado, descascado e cortado em rodelas de aproximadamente 3 cm de espessura. Essas rodelas foram enxaguadas em água, sanitizadas e drenadas em escorredores de cozinha. Aproximadamente 300 g do produto processado foram embalados em Nylon multicamadas de 15 µm de espessura, com 15 cm de largura por 20 cm de comprimento. As embalagens foram seladas, pesadas e mantidas a 5 e 10 ± 2 °C por 14 dias. Avaliou-se a perda de massa, tempo de cocção, atividade enzimática das polifenoloxidases e peroxidases, conteúdo de fenóis solúveis totais, capacidade antioxidante, análise visual e incidência de Pseudomonas sp. As médias entre as temperaturas foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de significância. A temperatura de 5 °C reduziu a perda de massa fresca e da qualidade visual, o tempo de cocção e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidases e peroxidases. Por outro lado, proporcionou maior conteúdo de fenóis solúveis totais e capacidade antioxidante. Ao longo da conservação, não foi observada incidência de Pseudomonas sp. O inhame minimamente processado, sob temperatura de 10 °C, pode ser comercializado por até 6 dias. A 5º C, por até 14 dias.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T15:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:15:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000350408000034.pdf: 811327 bytes, checksum: 9c4040edf6e431d323de54713a4b5cf2 (MD5) O presente trabalho tem por objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura de armazenamento (câmara fria e temperatura ambiente) na qualidade das inflorescências de estrelítzia. Escapos florais foram selecionados, etiquetados e descartados quanto à presença de danos mecânicos, doenças e/ou pragas. Transcorrido esse período, foram transferidos para recipientes, onde foram submetidos a dois experimentos. No experimento 1, escapos foram colocados em baldes contendo água da rede pública e levadas para câmara fria a 7,5 ºC e UR de 90%, por um período de doze dias. No experimento 2, os escapos foram mantidos nas mesmas condições, porém em temperatura ambiente por um período de seis dias. Nos dois experimentos, as análises visuais: coloração, brilho, manchas (através da atribuição de notas), abertura e queda de floretes (contagem) foram avaliadas em intervalo de quatro dias em câmara fria e a cada 48 horas em condições de temperatura ambiente. A sépala foi o órgão que apresentou maior perda na coloração. A variável brilho apresentou o mesmo comportamento em relação aos dois experimentos. Maiores incidências de manchas nas inflorescências ocorreram em temperatura ambiente. Os escapos apresentaram aumento no número de floretes abertos em câmara fria. Essa tendência não ocorreu em temperatura ambiente. Não foram observados diferenças na queda de floretes. Conclui-se que a temperatura de armazenamento não contribui para a qualidade pós-colheita de estrelítzia. This work was based to study the influence of the storage temperature (cold and room temperature) in the quality of inflorescences strelitzia. The scapes were selected, labeled and there were zero problems concerning mechanical damage, disease and/or plagues. Subsequently this period, the scapes were moved randomly to recipients with water, in which two postharvest trials were conducted. In experiment 1, the flower scapes were placed in buckets with water from public supply and sanitation department and taken to a cold room at temperature of 7.5 degrees C and RH of 90%, for a twelve day period. For the experiment 2, were kept under the same conditions but at room temperature for a period of six days. In both experiments, the visual analysis: color, gloss, stains (by assigning notes), opening and drop florets (count) were evaluated at intervals of four days in cold and every 48 hours at ambient temperature conditions. In both experiments, the visual analysis: color, gloss, stains (by assigning notes), opening and drop florets (count) were evaluated at intervals of four days in cold and every 48 hours at ambient temperature conditions. The sepal is the organ that showed greater loss in coloration. The variable gloss showed the same pattern for the two experiments. Incidences of stains on the inflorescences occurred in patches at room temperature. The scapes increased number of florets open in cold. This tendency did not occur at room temperature. No were observed differences in the fall of florets. Conclude that the storage temperature does not contribute to postharvest quality of strelitzia. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Quim &Bioquim, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Prod Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Unidade Acad Serra Talhada, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Quim &Bioquim, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Prod Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Objetivou-se avaliar, em duas cultivares de mandioca, o efeito do processamento mínimo no formato palito sobre características bioquímicas, em duas idades de colheita. Os palitos de mandioca minimamente processados foram acondicionados em embalagens de polipropileno, a 5±1ºC, 90±5% de umidade relativa, por 12 dias. O teor de carotenoides, e de compostos fenólicos solúveis foram significativamente maiores para os palitos da cultivar 'Amarela' do que para a cultivar 'Cacau', assim como a atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase e a capacidade antioxidante. O teor de carotenoides totais e compostos fenólicos solúveis, assim como a atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase e a capacidade antioxidante, foram superiores quando colhidas aos 14 meses. Houve acréscimo na atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase durante os 12 dias de conservação a 5ºC, no entanto, houve decréscimo para o teor de carotenoides totais e de compostos fenólicos solúveis, assim como da capacidade antioxidante. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh-cut in stick form of two cassava cultivars on their biochemical and antioxidant characteristics, at two harvest times. The fresh cut cassava sticks were packaged in polypropylene, maintained at 5±1ºC, with 90±5% relative humidity for 12 days. The concentration of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher for the sticks of cultivar 'Amarela' cassava than for the sticks of cultivar 'Cacau'. The concentrations of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds, and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were all significantly greater when harvested at 14-month of age. There was a significant increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase during the 12 days of storage at 5ºC. However, there was a decrease in total carotenoids, soluble phenolic compounds, and in the antioxidant capacity of the two cultivars.

Baby carrot is a very perishable product mainly due to the abrasion of the cylindrical carrot root segments. The influence of four different controlled atmospheres (CA) (air, 2 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2, 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 and 10 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2) was studied to maintain quality and prolong the shelf life of baby carrots. Respiration rate (RR), the content of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics by HPLC as well as the sensory quality of baby carrots during storage at 4 °C were evaluated. The lowest RR was observed in baby carrots stored under CA containing the lowest O2 concentrations. Baby carrots under low O2 atmospheres preserved the highest vitamin C content, as well as the individual carotenoids. The wound-induced phenolic compounds, mainly trans chlorogenic acid, increased two fold in baby carrots stored under 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. In general, CA maintained the overall visual quality of baby carrots up to 8 days. Controlled atmosphere of 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 can be recommended as an optimum atmosphere to maintain quality of baby carrots, increasing bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid and avoiding anaerobic fermentation in case of temperature abuse.

The storage of minimally processed vegetables at low temperatures, in association with proper packaging, represents one of the available technological solutions to mitigate the variations that hinder the quality of final products during storage. We studied the physicochemical variations that occur straight after minimal processing, as well as those that occur during the storage of minimally processed and intact leaves of collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), stored in 50-µm thick polypropylene bags, with 810-μm diameter perforations. Leaves were stored for 15 and 9 days, at 5 and 10± 1ºC, respectively. There were losses of total chlorophyll, soluble sugars, starch, and soluble amino acids immediately after the minimal processing. The rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and starch during storage were similar on minimally processed and intact leaves, independently of the storage temperature. On contrary, fresh mass loss was almost two fold larger in minimally processed leaves after nine days of storage, regardless of temperature. We also observed a transient increase in the content of soluble amino acids at the end of storage in minimally processed leaves. The increase in the storage temperature to 10°C enhanced the chemical variations both in minimally processed and intact leaves. As consequence, the rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, sugars and starch mounted, and the accumulation of soluble amino acids was stimulated. We concluded that it is necessary to keep on searching for alternative packaging for minimally processed collard greens, and to associate it with storage at low temperatures, but mimicking distribution and commercialization conditions of the cold-chain. Thus, we can succeed in adequately reducing the physicochemical variations that induce quality losses in minimally processed vegetables. A conservação de hortaliças minimamente processadas em baixas temperaturas, em associação com o uso de embalagens adequadas, continua sendo uma das soluções tecnológicas utilizadas para minimizar ou retardar as mudanças que ocorrem durante a conservação. Foram estudadas as alterações físico-químicas causadas logo após o processamento mínimo e durante a conservação de folhas de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) inteiras e minimamente processadas, mantidas em sacos de polipropileno de 50 µm de espessura, com perfurações de 810 µm de diâmetro. As folhas foram conservadas por 15 e 9 dias, a 5 e 10± 1ºC, respectivamente. Logo após o processamento mínimo observou-se perda de clorofilas totais, açúcares solúveis, amido e aminoácidos solúveis. As taxas de degradação e/ou utilização da clorofila total, ácido ascórbico, açúcares solúveis e amido durante a conservação das folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas mantidas a 5 e/ou 10± 1ºC foram semelhantes, com exceção para perda de massa fresca e aminoácidos solúveis. As folhas minimamente processadas apresentaram perda de massa fresca quase duas vezes superior às folhas inteiras com nove dias de conservação, independentemente da temperatura. Um aumento transitório no teor de aminoácidos solúveis no final da conservação também foi observado em folhas minimamente processadas. O aumento da temperatura de conservação para 10ºC potencializou as alterações químicas tanto em folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas, resultando em elevadas taxas de degradação e/ou utilização de clorofilas, ácido ascórbico, açúcares e amido, além de estimular o acúmulo de aminoácidos solúveis. É necessária a contínua busca de embalagens alternativas àquelas existentes para couve minimamente processada, associado à conservação em baixas temperaturas, para simular as condições de distribuição e comercialização e, assim, minimizar as alterações físico-químicas que reduzem a qualidade do produto final.