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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between Vitamin D levels, radiographic severity, and functional status in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 71 patients with primary knee OA. Clinical and radiological evaluations were performed to confirm the diagnosis of knee OA. Vitamin D levels were measured, and radiographic severity was assessed using the Kellgren–Lawrence grading system. Functional status was evaluated using Lequesne’s indices. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare variables between patients with deficient Vitamin D levels (

Purpose: India has the largest population of youth in the world, thereby making them important contributors to the “India of Tomorrow”. Over 80% of knowledge gained is by the visual sense, thereby making school screening programs a necessity in our country. Data from the pre-COVID era, that is, 2017–18 was collected from close to 19,000 children in Gurugram, Haryana, a tier two city in National Capital Region, India. A similar prospective observational study is planned post COVID-19 (2022–23) for further analysis to depict the impact of COVID-19 in these areas. Methods: The program They See, They Learn was set at government schools in the area of operations (district of Gurgaon, Haryana), where the children and their families were unable to afford eye care services. All children who were screened underwent a comprehensive eye examination at the school premises itself. Results: A total of 18,939 students were screened over a period of 18 months, covering a total of 39 schools in the Gurugram belt, in the first phase of the program. Eleven point eight percent (n = 2254) of all school students had some form of refractive error. Girl students were found to have a higher refractive error rate (13.3%) compared to boy students (10.1%) across the schools screened. Myopia was the most common type of refractive error. Conclusion: School students require perfect vision or else they can be discouraged and may become a major burden to the economy of any developing nation. A school screening program aiming at populations that cannot afford such basic needs like spectacles is a must in all zones of the country.

A cell’s size affects the likelihood that it will die. But how is cell size controlled in this context and how does cell size impact commitment to the cell death fate? We present evidence that the caspase CED-3 interacts with the RhoGEF ECT-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans neuroblasts that generate “unwanted” cells. We propose that this interaction promotes polar actomyosin contractility, which leads to unequal neuroblast division and the generation of a daughter cell that is below the critical “lethal” size threshold. Furthermore, we find that hyperactivation of ECT-2 RhoGEF reduces the sizes of unwanted cells. Importantly, this suppresses the “cell death abnormal” phenotype caused by the partial loss of ced-3 caspase and therefore increases the likelihood that unwanted cells die. A putative null mutation of ced-3 caspase, however, is not suppressed, which indicates that cell size affects CED-3 caspase activation and/or activity. Therefore, we have uncovered novel sequential and reciprocal interactions between the apoptosis pathway and cell size that impact a cell’s commitment to the cell death fate. This study shows that in developing C. elegans neuroblasts, the caspase CED-3 interacts with the RhoGEF ECT-2, leading to changes in actomyosin and the unequal division of these cells. This reveals a non-canonical function of caspases, wherein they help establish ensure that the size of daughter cells fated for apoptosis is below a critical ’lethal’ threshold.

A cell's size affects the likelihood that it will die. But how is cell size controlled in this context and how does cell size impact commitment to the cell death fate? We present evidence that the caspase CED-3 interacts with the RhoGEF ECT-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans neuroblasts that generate "unwanted" cells. We propose that this interaction promotes polar actomyosin contractility, which leads to unequal neuroblast division and the generation of a daughter cell that is below the critical "lethal" size threshold. Furthermore, we find that hyperactivation of ECT-2 RhoGEF reduces the sizes of unwanted cells. Importantly, this suppresses the "cell death abnormal" phenotype caused by the partial loss of ced-3 caspase and therefore increases the likelihood that unwanted cells die. A putative null mutation of ced-3 caspase, however, is not suppressed, which indicates that cell size affects CED-3 caspase activation and/or activity. Therefore, we have uncovered novel sequential and reciprocal interactions between the apoptosis pathway and cell size that impact a cell's commitment to the cell death fate.

We report a case of an 84-year-old female who presented following a fall from standing height. There was immediate loss of vision in the right eye. On day 3 of admission, the patient described seeing hallucinations in the right eye. She described seeing children playing in the garden while sitting in the hospital bed. She was found to have an indirect traumatic optic neuropathy with an associated Charles Bonnet syndrome. The patient underwent conservative management and on 2 weeks follow-up her right eye vision improved to hand motions. To our knowledge, there is no reported case of this kind in the literature.

Purpose: Corneal foreign bodies (CFBs) due to occupational exposure have been largely ignored in Indian literature, especially nonmetal workers. Our study looks at a broad range of occupations and settings that contribute to CFB in our local Indian population. The study objective was to determine the occupations, level of education and demographics of patients presenting with CFB acquired during occupational work. Methods: Prospective hospital-based study at a tertiary eye hospital in Gurgaon, Haryana, India, within duration of 9 months. Patients presenting with CFB were asked a set of questions relating to their occupation, level of education, understanding of the potential complications of CFB, and demographics. Results: A total of 83 patients were included in the study. CFB were attributed only to males. 66% of patients were in the age group of 14--29 years. 30% of patients were in the age group 30--44 years and 4% of patients were between 45 and 60 years old. The metal work industry was responsible for 47% of presentations. The construction industry was responsible for 27% of presentations. Electricians and carpenters combined were responsible for 10% of presentations and 17% of presentations occurred in other sectors. Conclusion: CFB occur across a number of occupations in the construction industry, not just metallic workers. Among a population that is generally poorly educated and have nominal understanding of the impact that CFB can have on vision, occupational hazard education is necessary to address this problem.

We report a case of a young patient with sudden drop in vision and lower limb weakness. On examination was found to have left eye disc edema and abnormal CNS function. On further investigation, the patient was diagnosed to have optic neuritis with associated transverse myelitis-a syndrome referred to neuromyelitis optica or Devic's Disease. This case emphasizes the need for timely intervention to prevent permanent vision loss.

Commotio retinae (CR) are a disorder of the outer retina, typically following a blunt trauma to the eye. CR leads to visual disturbances mainly in the form of a scotoma. CR clinically presents as a transient gray-white discoloration of the retina and is diagnosed with ease. There are reports of CR presenting without any retinal discoloration but confirmed on optical coherence tomography, or infrared retinal reflectance termed subclinical scotoma. We present one such rare case of subclinical CR without clinical findings, which was diagnosed on infrared reflectance overlay showing a characteristic distinct hyporeflectance pattern.

Xanthelasma palpebrarum, a very common type of xanthoma seen in adults, is an extremely rare sighting in children. To date, less than five cases of the same have been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study is to report and describe the clinical findings in a patient with juvenile xanthogranuloma. We present one such case of the rare xanthelasma in a 9-year-old child who reported to our outpatient department.

We report a case of Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (CHRRPE) in a 7 year old child, presenting to us in our single institutional practice. CHR-RPE is a rare and generally benign ocular hamartoma. CHR-RPE is generally sporadic but can occasionally occur as part of neurofibromatosis, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Gorlin or Poland syndrome. Vast majority of previously documented cases of CHR-RPE have been published prior to the advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT).Failure to distinguish it from serious malignancies such as choroidal melanoma or retinoblastoma has led to unnecessary enucleation in the past, thus the purpose of this case report is to analyze the optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics of CHR-RPE involving the macula.