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Background:. Utilizing inclusive terminology in patient education materials is an increasing area of focus in plastic surgery. Over 300,000 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in 2020, affecting cisgender and gender diverse patients alike. Both cisgender and gender diverse patients may choose to undergo breast reconstruction. This study aims to assess the use of inclusive language in online patient education materials on reconstruction after breast cancer. Methods:. Materials were collected from all academic hospitals with a plastic surgery integrated and/or independent residency program, 97 in total. Programs were further classified by the presence of a comprehensive gender program. Materials were analyzed for gender diverse terminology outlined by the National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center. A chi-square test evaluated for statistical significance of inclusive terminology based on the presence or absence of a comprehensive gender program. Results:. The majority (75%) of programs referenced cis women alone, with 25% referring to both men and women or using gender neutral terms such as “patients.” Although most (85%) programs wrote in second person (“you”), 15% used she/her/hers pronouns alone, and no programs utilized gender diverse language outlined by the National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center. The presence or absence of a comprehensive gender program was not predictive of the use of inclusive terminology (P = 0.32). Conclusions:. This study found that only 25% of breast reconstruction materials contained inclusive gender terminology. Plastic surgeons should provide patient education materials with language that supports members of a gender diverse population to facilitate a safe, inclusive space and conversation.

Summary:. Nipple-sparing mastectomy continues to grow in popularity as oncologic indications for preserving the nipple areolar complex have become less stringent and more patients with genetic predispositions to breast cancer seek aesthetically superior prophylactic mastectomy reconstructions. Nonetheless, nipple malposition remains a common and disturbing complication. This article proposes several anatomic variations that predispose to nipple malposition and a strategy to avoid it through a reliable, easily reproducible method of preoperative marking and intraoperative stabilization.

We studied preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) inspiratory interneurons to determine the cellular mechanisms that influence burst termination in a mammalian central pattern generator. Neonatal mouse slice preparations that retain preBötC neurons generate respiratory motor rhythms in vitro. Inspiratory-related bursts rely on inward currents that flux Na+, thus outward currents coupled to Na+ accumulation are logical candidates for assisting in, or causing, burst termination. We examined Na+/K+ ATPase electrogenic pump current (Ipump), Na+-dependent K+ current (IK-Na), and ATP-dependent K+ current (IK-ATP). The pharmacological blockade of Ipump, IK-Na, or IK-ATP caused pathological depolarization akin to a burst that cannot terminate, which impeded respiratory rhythm generation and reversibly stopped motor output. By simulating inspiratory bursts with current-step commands in synaptically isolated preBötC neurons, we determined that each current generates approximately 3-8 mV of transient post-burst hyperpolarization that decays in 50-1600 ms. Ipump, IK-Na, and -to a lesser extent - IK-ATP contribute to terminating inspiratory bursts in the context of respiratory rhythm generation by responding to activity dependent cues such as Na+ accumulation.