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We document 26 incidents of sunning behavior in 5 species of Accipitridae, including Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis), Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus), Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus), Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), and White Hawk (Pseudastur albicollis), during a camera-trap survey conducted in Madre de Dios, Peru, in 2014. The sunning behavior was observed in forest clearings along logging trails and on a dirt road. We recorded 2 high-intensity sunning postures: "full-spreadeagle," in which the bird lies horizontally on the ground with wings outstretched, tail fanned, and head somewhat raised; and "full-spread," in which the bird stands while holding its wings out at right angles to the body. Sunning is a maintenance behavior observed in many bird species and has been reported in Accipitriformes in various habitats, but it is not commonly observed in tropical rainforests because of low visibility. Our camera traps recorded sunning behavior from 0931 h to 1400 h, a period in which ambient temperature increased until reaching its maximum around 1400 h. The most likely function of sunning in Accipitriformes in the rainforest is an anti-ectoparasite strategy. Camera-trap monitoring has been useful in detecting unusual interactions and diel patterns of activity, and researchers can obtain a wide range of natural history, ecological, and behavioral insights that would be difficult to obtain using traditional methods. We recommend analyzing "bycatch" data from camera traps to recover information about bird behaviors that would otherwise be unattainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, data presented of birds of prey (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes) specimens deposited in the collection of the Šariš Museum in Bardejov (SMB), Slovakia. The work builds on previous studies highlighting the importance of the SMB museum collections, but also the importance of the museum on a global scale. In total, data of 437 individuals belonging to 22 species from 86 sites in eastern Slovakia were evaluated. Individuals were acquired in 1954–1985 (and two specimens of Buteo buteo in 1998), but mainly in 1962 (n = 63, 14.4%) and 1963 (n = 32, 7.3%). Moreover, one specimen of the Common Buzzard (B. buteo) had signs of „a dilution (isabel)" and one bird of the Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) had signs of „melanism". The importance of the work also includes cataloguing, which provides important data on regional museums and their collections that can be significant not only regionally but also globally. Moreover, in the SMB collections there are also 20 specimens of 15 species of exotic Accipitriformes and Falconiformes [1 ex. – Accipiter striatus; 1 ex. – Buteo buteo; 1 ex. – B. ventralis; 1 ex. – Buteogallus gundlachii; 1 ex. – B. meridionalis; 1 ex. – Caracara plancus; 1 ex. – Elanoides forficatus; 5 ex. – Falco sparverius; 1 ex. – Geranoaetus polyosoma; 1 ex. – Gyps africanus; 1 ex. – Haliaeetus albicilla; 2 ex. – Ictinia plumbea; 1 ex. – Pandion haliaetus; 1 ex. – Rupornis magnirostris; 1 ex. – Vultur gryphus] originating mainly from Argentina and Cuba as well from Africa and Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is an iconic species that inhabits forested landscapes in Neotropical regions, with decreasing population trends mainly due to habitat loss, and currently classified as vulnerable. Here, we report on a chromosome-scale genome assembly for a female individual combining long reads, optical mapping, and chromatin conformation capture reads. The final assembly spans 1.35 Gb, with N50scaffold equal to 58.1 Mb and BUSCO completeness of 99.7%. We built the first extensive transposable element (TE) library for the Accipitridae to date and identified 7,228 intact TEs. We found a burst of an unknown TE ~ 13–22 million years ago (MYA), coincident with the split of the Harpy Eagle from other Harpiinae eagles. We also report a burst of solo-LTRs and CR1 retrotransposons ~ 31–33 MYA, overlapping with the split of the ancestor to all Harpiinae from other Accipitridae subfamilies. Comparative genomics with other Accipitridae, the closely related Cathartidae and Galloanserae revealed major chromosome-level rearrangements at the basal Accipitriformes genome, in contrast to a conserved ancient genome architecture for the latter two groups. A historical demography reconstruction showed a rapid decline in effective population size over the last 20,000 years. This reference genome serves as a crucial resource for future conservation efforts towards the Harpy Eagle.

The hindlimbs of Accipitriformes are vital for capturing prey. Research on hindlimb musculature has primarily focused on species preferring avian and mammalian prey, whereas piscivorous species have received limited attention. This study aims to investigate the quantitative characteristics of hindlimb muscles in two piscivorous Accipitriformes, Pandion haliaetus and Haliaeetus albicilla, to discern potential muscular features associated with their specific food preference. The mass and proportion of all hindlimb muscles in both species were assessed based on their primary function (flexion or extension). A Kruskal‐Wallis test was employed to analyze possible differences in muscle mass between species. The allometric relationships between the muscles and body mass were explored with the reduced major axis method. Additionally, a study on the architectural parameters of the primary gripping muscles in P. haliaetus was conducted, using published information from other raptorial birds for comparison. The isometric scaling relationship predominated in the majority of individual muscles helping maintain a proportional relationship relative to body mass. Both species exhibited a similar pattern in terms of quantitative muscle features, implying a preservation of muscle characteristics linked to their predatory capabilities. The largest proportion of hindlimb muscle mass was dedicated to digit flexion in accordance with the grasping abilities of birds of prey. The muscles tibialis cranialis, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus exhibited the greatest mass, high physiological cross‐sectional area values, and long fibre, categorizing them as high‐power specialists. These muscles are crucial in the flexion movements that produce the gripping action that characterizes birds of prey. Although no statistically significant differences were detected, each species displayed slightly distinct muscular characteristics, particularly in the architectural properties of the flexor muscles controlling digits II, III, and IV. These variations seem to be associated with differences in their prey preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The goal of this work was to increase the knowledge of the parasitic helminths of the Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens. Methods: Two specimens of the Crane hawk were captured in Formosa province, Argentina, their viscera were preserved in 10% formalin and examined in the laboratory. Results: Helminthological analysis revealed the presence of six helminth taxa (one Trematoda, four Nematoda, and one Acanthocephala). The morphometric study of these helminths and its comparison with previous reports, allowed us to describe a new species of Parastrigea (Digenea: Strigeidae) and report new host-parasite associations and geographical records. Parastrigea labiata n. sp. is mainly characterized by having forebody not divided and two long trumpet-shaped projections of dorsal lip, which emerge through the opening. Five taxa, previously known, Synhimantus (Dispharynx) resticula, Synhimantus (Synhimantus) rectus, Microtetrameres sp., Porrocaecum sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are briefly described. Conclusions: Previous parasitological studies on G. caerulescens were carried out on material collected between 1817 and 1955, and seven species of helminths were reported. In this study, the six taxa of helminths found constitute new host records, which shows the importance of contemporary studies about this host. All helminths found have heteroxenous life cycles and birds are infected by trophic transmission. Crane hawk's diet includes small vertebrates and to a lesser extent large arthropods. The finding of five helminth species that use invertebrates as intermediate hosts could indicate an important consumption of invertebrates. This research expands the helminthological inventory of Argentinean birds and the knowledge of the helminths of G. caerulescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In nucleotide public repositories, studies discovered data errors which resulted in incorrect species identification of several accipitrid raptors considered for conservation. Mislabeling, particularly in cases of cryptic species complexes and closely related species, which were identified based on morphological characteristics, was discovered. Prioritizing accurate species labeling, morphological taxonomy, and voucher documentation is crucial to rectify spurious data. Objective: Our study aimed to identify an effective DNA barcoding tool that accurately reflects the efficiency status of barcodes in raptor species (Accipitridae). Methods: Barcode sequences, including 889 sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and 1052 sequences from cytochrome b (Cytb), from 150 raptor species within the Accipitridae family were analyzed. Results: The highest percentage of intraspecific nearest neighbors from the nearest neighbor test was 88.05% for COI and 95.00% for Cytb, suggesting that the Cytb gene is a more suitable marker for accurately identifying raptor species and can serve as a standard region for DNA barcoding. In both datasets, a positive barcoding gap representing the difference between inter-and intra-specific sequence divergences was observed. For COI and Cytb, the cut-off score sequence divergences for species identification were 4.00% and 3.00%, respectively. Conclusion: Greater accuracy was demonstrated for the Cytb gene, making it the preferred primary DNA barcoding marker for raptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the species diversity of diurnal raptors along the selected linear infrastructure projects in northern Chhattisgarh, India, between December 2020 and September 2022. The study identified a total of 14 raptor species, consisting of 11 species in Accipitridae, two in Falconidae, and one in Pandionidae families. Two species were under threatened category of the IUCN red list, the Vulnerable Indian Spotted Eagle (Clanga hastata) and the Near Threatened Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus). Linear infrastructure development, such as roads, railways, pipelines, canals, and power lines, is expanding rapidly, causing the degradation and fragmentation of habitats, and leading to the loss of biodiversity. Unfortunately, the impacts of linear infrastructure on bird populations in India have not been adequately studied, resulting in limited understanding and few measures to mitigate these impacts. This study specifically focuses on the status of raptors along selected linear infrastructure intrusions and provides baseline information that can help in understanding their conservation needs. The findings of this study underline the necessity of implementing appropriate measures to mitigate the negative effects of linear infrastructure development in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Facultative kleptoparasites face the risk of trying to steal food resources from competitors. This type of interaction is little known, but anecdotal observations indicate that birds of prey may take advantage of their accurate sight to detect the best opportunities for kleptoparasitism. We recorded a camera trap video of an attempt of kleptoparasitism by the white hawk, Pseudastur albicollis, that tried to steal food from a greater grison, Galictis vittata, in a recently selectively-logged forest site in central Brazilian Amazonia. The attempt was unsuccessful as the greater grison responded aggressively to the attack. The event occurred in a linear clearing, which may have increased the bird’s ability to detect its potential host. Kleptoparasitic interactions are difficult to detect in forest environments. Recording opportunistic kleptoparasitic interactions in tropical forests may not only depend on the increasing use of camera traps, but also on habitat conditions that facilitate the detection of potential hosts.

The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is widely distributed in the northern Hemisphere and is thus an ideal candidate to explore large-scale biogeographic patterns. In recent years, Golden Eagle population genetics has gained considerable attention. However, the Eastern Palearctic region, a numerical stronghold for the species, is one of the least genetically studied regions within its geographic range. In West Mongolia, the Altai (Altay) Kazakhs collect wild Golden Eagle nestlings from eyries or trap juveniles and subadults on passage during seasonal movement and migration for traditional hunting, providing easy access for researchers to sample falconry eagles for population genetic analyses. We analyzed a 402-bp fragment of the mitochondrial control region and 14 nuclear microsatellite loci in combination with previously published genetic data to assess phylogeographic patterns, levels of genetic diversity, and fine-scale structuring of the Golden Eagle population within the Mongol-Altai Mountains. Golden Eagles in the Mongol-Altai Mountains exhibited overall high levels of genetic diversity. Mitochondrial DNA data across the species' geographic range reveal various stages of differentiation within the Holarctic clade: whereas divergence between the Western and Eastern Palearctic is relatively shallow, the Eastern Palearctic and Nearctic show a deeper divergence, although these geographic regions have not yet reached reciprocal monophyly. These patterns might reflect past climatic oscillations: Northern Europe may have been recolonized by Golden Eagles from the Eastern Palearctic region, and continental populations might still be connected by long-distance dispersers, but the Eastern Palearctic and Nearctic were likely connected via Beringia during the Quaternary and are today largely isolated from each other. Aquila chrysaetos es una especie ampliamente distribuida en el Hemisferio Norte y, por lo tanto, es una candidata ideal para explorar patrones biogeográficos a gran escala. En los últimos años, la genética poblacional de A. chrysaetos ha recibido una considerable atención. Sin embargo, la región Paleártica oriental, un bastión numéricamente importante para la especie, es una de las regiones menos estudiadas en relación a la genética de la especie dentro de su área de distribución geográfica. En el oeste de Mongolia, los kazajos de Altai (Altay) recolectan polluelos silvestres de A. chrysaetos de los nidos o atrapan juveniles y subadultos en tránsito durante el movimiento estacional y la migración para usarlos en las prácticas de caza tradicional, lo que proporciona fácil acceso a los investigadores para tomar muestras de águilas de cetrería para análisis genéticos poblacionales. Analizamos un fragmento de 402 pares de bases de la región de control mitocondrial y 14 loci de microsatélites nucleares en combinación con datos genéticos publicados previamente para evaluar patrones filogeográficos, niveles de diversidad genética y estructuración a escala fina de la población de A. chrysaetos dentro de las montañas Mongol-Altai. Los individuos de A. chrysaetos en las montañas Mongol-Altai exhibieron altos niveles generales de diversidad genética. Los datos de ADN mitocondrial a lo largo del área de distribución de la especie muestran varias etapas de diferenciación dentro del clado holártico: mientras que la divergencia entre el Paleártico occidental y oriental es relativamente superficial, el Paleártico oriental y el Neártico muestran una divergencia más profunda, si bien estas regiones geográficas aún no han alcanzado una monofilia recíproca. Estos patrones de diversidad genética podrían reflejar oscilaciones climáticas pasadas: el norte de Europa puede haber sido recolonizado por individuos de A. chrysaetos de la región del Paleártico oriental y las poblaciones continentales aún pueden estar conectadas por individuos dispersantes de larga distancia, pero el Paleártico oriental y el Neártico probablemente estaban conectados a través del puente terrestre de Beringia durante el Cuaternario, estando hoy en día aislados unos de otros. [Traducción del equipo editorial] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most apparent origins of biodiversity loss caused by humans is infrastructural development of roads. Yet they offer certain benefits for some animals, such as hunting opportunities with lower energy costs and consumption of carrion earlier hit by vehicles. Raptors find roads a particularly favorable environment, perching on poles or overhead cables and waiting to attack their prey as it crosses a road. This paper describes the first ever recorded predation by a roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) of a striped snake (Lygophis anomalus) supportable by material evidence, when both the raptor and the snake were hit by a vehicle immediately after the snake was caught. The study contributes to knowledge about the roadside hawk’s diet and illuminates the problem these human infrastructures pose for animals. Future research on roads birds of prey use as hunting sites could contribute toward improvements in conservation programs for birds of prey species.

Simple Summary: This study explores the use of biometric analysis to identify the sex of Bonelli's eagles, a bird species with reverse sexual dimorphism where females are usually larger than males. By using linear discriminant analysis of biometric variables, we were able to obtain equations that accurately distinguished between male and female eagles, using just two measurements. The study included 137 Bonelli's eagles, 82 nestlings and 55 adults, sampled in eastern Spain from 2015 to 2022. The validation procedure reduced the number of variables used, increasing the accuracy of sexing and saving time. Results showed that the lateral tarsus length and dorso-ventral tarsus length measurements were the most effective in distinguishing between male and female eagles of all age classes, while other variables showed some overlap between sexes. This non-invasive method has multiple applications, including estimation of sex ratio for further studies on population dynamics and extinction risk assessments, which could contribute to the conservation of this endangered species. Biometric analysis allows the sexing of most vertebrates, particularly birds. Birds of prey, and, especially, the Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), show reverse sexual dimorphism (i.e., females are usually larger than males). In contrast to blood sampling, the use of morphometrics allows sex determination using a non-invasive method, and, therefore, it facilitates fieldwork. By means of a linear discriminant analysis of biometric variables, we obtained different equations that allow the sexing of nestlings and adult Bonelli's eagles. We sampled 137 Bonelli's eagles, 82 nestlings and 55 adults in eastern Spain during the period 2015–2022. The sexes obtained after linear discriminant analysis were compared with their molecular sexing. The validation procedure of the linear discriminant equations facilitated the reduction of the number of variables used and, consequently, optimised working time and sexing accuracy. After validation, some equations showed a 100% sexing efficiency for Bonelli's eagles, particularly for adults. Our results showed that the variables with smaller overlap between the sexes were the lateral tarsus length and dorso-ventral tarsus length, particularly in nestlings. The rest of the variables showed some overlap between the sexes in both age classes. The results we obtained enable the sexing of juvenile and adult Bonelli's eagles in the field using just these two measurements. Hence, this is an easy, accurate, quick and non-invasive method with multiple applications, including in studies on population dynamics, survival analysis or extinction risk assessments, which, ultimately, could contribute to the improvement of the conservation status of this endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian haemosporidian parasites (order Haemosporida, phylum Apicomplexa) are blood and tissue parasites transmitted by blood-sucking dipteran insects. Three genera (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) have been most often found in birds, with over 270 species described and named in avian hosts based mainly on the morphological characters of blood stages. A broad diversity of Haemoproteus parasites remains to be identified and characterized morphologically and molecularly, especially those infecting birds of prey, an underrepresented bird group in haemosporidian parasite studies. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify Haemoproteus parasites from a large sample comprising accipitriform raptors of 16 species combining morphological and new molecular protocols targeting the cytb genes of this parasite group. This study provides morphological descriptions and molecular characterizations of two Haemoproteus species, H. multivacuolatus n. sp. and H. nisi Peirce and Marquiss, 1983. Haemoproteus parasites of this group were so far found in accipitriform raptors only and might be classified into a separate subgenus or even genus. Cytb sequences of these parasites diverge by more than 15% from those of all others known avian haemosporidian genera and form a unique phylogenetic clade. This study underlines the importance of developing new diagnostic tools to detect molecularly highly divergent parasites that might be undetectable by commonly used conventional tools.

Outbreaks of neurological disease associated with Sarcocystis calchasi have been observed in captive and free-ranging rock pigeons (Columba livia) in Europe and the United States as well as in wild Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) and captive psittacines in California, USA. Experimental and field studies have identified northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and European sparrowhawks (A. nisus) as definitive hosts in Europe while the definitive hosts elsewhere remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the potential definitive host(s) of S. calchasi through molecular analysis of intestinal samples from seven predatory (n = 85) and one omnivorous (n = 11) bird species in California. In total, apicomplexan-generic 28S rRNA PCR products were obtained and sequenced for 42 raptors. Three of 16 (18.8%) Cooper's hawks (A. cooperii) and two of 26 (5.6%) red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) also tested positive for the S. calchasi-specific ITS1 PCR and sequencing of the 28S rRNA PCR product was 100% homologous to S. calchasi. In addition to S. calchasi (5.9%; 5/85), other Sarcocystis spp. detected in raptors included: S. jamaicensis (21.2%; 18/85), S. columbae (8.2%; 7/85), S. turdusi (7.1%; 6/85), and S. halieti (4.7; 4/85%). Infections with closely related S. jamaicensis and S. (Frenkelia) microti (9.4%; 8/85) could not be distinguished for eight raptors. Eumonospora henryae (1.2%; 1/85) was detected in one raptor. Our results indicate for the first time that S. calchasi may have a definitive host range in North America that includes at least two raptors, Cooper's hawks and red-tailed hawks, within the family Accipitridae.

This study focused on the bird's species richness and diversity in Okomu National Park, Nigeria. The studies was undertaken to derive information on the species of birds utilizing the Okomu National Park as well as determine the relative abundance and diversity of birds in area. The methodology employed in the study includes the use of direct method of census. Line transects was used. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics (tables). The result gathered revealed that the national park is rich in birds species. A total number of 706 birds' species in 23 families were also inventoried in all the ranges. The highest families Accipitridae, Alcedinidae, Bucerotidae, Muscicapidae, and Ploceidae has 3 represented species each, followed by families Meropidae, Nectariniidae, Picidae and Sturnidae having 2 represented species each. Birds were found in all the selected habitats. The park areas are under constant threat from unsustainable poaching, logging practices, and land conversion to agricultural uses. This logging and land use change have impacted Okomu National Park forests and the forest ability to withstand the effect or to become 'resilient' might be difficult due to the effects of climate change, and deforestation. Therefore there is need to include both the local indigenes and staff who knows the park area boundaries very well to be involved in the protection of the park resources. This will help in discouraging the killings of bird's species by local poachers and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biometric analysis allows the sexing of most vertebrates, particularly birds. Birds of prey, and, especially, the Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata), show reverse sexual dimorphism (i.e., females are usually larger than males). In contrast to blood sampling, the use of morphometrics allows sex determination using a non-invasive method, and, therefore, it facilitates fieldwork. By means of a linear discriminant analysis of biometric variables, we obtained different equations that allow the sexing of nestlings and adult Bonelli’s eagles. We sampled 137 Bonelli’s eagles, 82 nestlings and 55 adults in eastern Spain during the period 2015–2022. The sexes obtained after linear discriminant analysis were compared with their molecular sexing. The validation procedure of the linear discriminant equations facilitated the reduction of the number of variables used and, consequently, optimised working time and sexing accuracy. After validation, some equations showed a 100% sexing efficiency for Bonelli’s eagles, particularly for adults. Our results showed that the variables with smaller overlap between the sexes were the lateral tarsus length and dorso-ventral tarsus length, particularly in nestlings. The rest of the variables showed some overlap between the sexes in both age classes. The results we obtained enable the sexing of juvenile and adult Bonelli’s eagles in the field using just these two measurements. Hence, this is an easy, accurate, quick and non-invasive method with multiple applications, including in studies on population dynamics, survival analysis or extinction risk assessments, which, ultimately, could contribute to the improvement of the conservation status of this endangered species.

Outbreaks of neurological disease associated with Sarcocystis calchasi have been observed in captive and free-ranging rock pigeons (Columba livia) in Europe and the United States as well as in wild Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) and captive psittacines in California, USA. Experimental and field studies have identified northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and European sparrowhawks (A. nisus) as definitive hosts in Europe while the definitive hosts elsewhere remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the potential definitive host(s) of S. calchasi through molecular analysis of intestinal samples from seven predatory (n = 85) and one omnivorous (n = 11) bird species in California. In total, apicomplexan-generic 28S rRNA PCR products were obtained and sequenced for 42 raptors. Three of 16 (18.8%) Cooper's hawks (A. cooperii) and two of 26 (5.6%) red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) also tested positive for the S. calchasi -specific ITS1 PCR and sequencing of the 28S rRNA PCR product was 100% homologous to S. calchasi. In addition to S. calchasi (5.9%; 5/85), other Sarcocystis spp. detected in raptors included: S. jamaicensis (21.2%; 18/85), S. columbae (8.2%; 7/85), S. turdusi (7.1%; 6/85), and S. halieti (4.7; 4/85%). Infections with closely related S. jamaicensis and S. (Frenkelia) microti (9.4%; 8/85) could not be distinguished for eight raptors. Eumonospora henryae (1.2%; 1/85) was detected in one raptor. Our results indicate for the first time that S. calchasi may have a definitive host range in North America that includes at least two raptors, Cooper's hawks and red-tailed hawks, within the family Accipitridae. [Display omitted] • Cooper's hawks and red-tailed hawks likely definitive hosts for Sarcocystis calchasi. • Raptors may be infected with a diversity of closely related Sarcocystis spp. • More research needed to clarify life cycles for bird-infecting Sarcocystis spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores Although variation in microscopic plumulaceous (downy) feather characters is known to be useful in taxonomic identifications of birds, the conserved characters unique to most avian orders remain understudied. We examined plumulaceous feather characters (morphometric and observed pigmentation patterns [qualitative]) within three avian families (Cathartidae, Pandionidae, Accipitridae).

The diets of raptors are some of the best studied and well-known of all bird groups. Raptors are typically carnivores, hunting and feeding on vertebrates and, for some species, invertebrates. Here, we described instances of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) and Whistling Kite (Haliastur sphenurus) consuming non-native avocado (Persea americana) fruit in commercial orchards in northern Australia, over multiple years. This appears to be the first instance of frugivory by raptors in Australia. We review instances of frugivory for other raptor species globally. This review finds that 29 species of raptor from the families Falconidae, Accipitridae and Cathartidae have been recorded consuming fruit, significantly more than previous reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This is the first study to describe the mitochondrial genome of the Himalayan Griffon, Gyps himalayensis, which is an Old World vulture belonging to the family Accipitridae and occurring along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau. Its mitogenome is a closed circular molecule 17,381 bp in size containing 13 protein‐coding genes, 22 tRNA coding genes, two rRNA‐coding genes, a control region (CR), and an extra pseudo‐control region (CCR) that are conserved in most Accipitridae mitogenomes. The overall base composition of the G. himalayensis mitogenome is 24.55% A, 29.49% T, 31.59% C, and 14.37% G, which is typical for bird mitochondrial genomes. The alignment of the Accipitridae species control regions showed high levels of genetic variation and abundant AT content. At the 5′ end of the domain I region, a long continuous poly‐C sequence was found. Two tandem repeats were found in the pseudo‐control regions. Phylogenetic analysis with Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood based on 13 protein‐coding genes indicated that the relationships at the family level were (Falconidae + (Cathartidae + (Sagittariidae + (Accipitridae + Pandionidae))). In the Accipitridae clade, G. himalayensis is more closely related to Aegypius monachus than to Spilornis cheela. The complete mitogenome of G. himalayensis provides a potentially useful resource for further exploration of the taxonomic status and phylogenetic history of Gyps species.

We present new records of Gray-bellied Hawk, Accipiter poliogaster (Temminck, 1824), and Rufous-thighed Hawk, A. striatus erythronemius (Kaup, 1850), from northeastern Brazil and review the occurrence of these species in this region. While A. s. erythronemius occurs in secondary forests in the semi-arid regions of northeast Brazil, A. poliogaster seems to be associated more with mature and wet forests and not in the Caatinga scrub.

Abstract Background Bird species worldwide are affected by trichomoniasis caused by the protist Trichomonas gallinae. In avivorous raptors such as Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii), nestlings are more susceptible than fledglings and adults. Previous research suggested a link between oral pH and susceptibility: the oral pH of fledgling and adult hawks is more than seven times more acidic than that of nestlings. We speculated that this age-specific difference in pH would correspond to age-specific differences in the oral microbiota of Cooper’s hawks. We examined the oral microbiomes of 31 healthy, wild Cooper’s hawks in Tucson, Arizona (USA). Individuals represented three age classes (nestlings, fledglings, and adults). We designed our study with multiple controls, replicated sampling, mock communities, and stringent quality-controls to address challenges that can limit the inferential quality of microbiome data sets. Results Richness of bacterial communities in oral cavities of Cooper’s hawks differed as a function of age but not as a function of sex, sampling date, or sampling location. Bacterial communities in oral cavities of nestlings differed from those of fledglings and adults, whereas communities in fledglings and adults did not differ from each other. Communities were similar in males and females and did not differ over the sampling season. Prevalence of acid-producing bacteria in fledgling and adults vs. nestlings is consistent with previous reports of age-specific variation in oral pH, but further research is needed to establish a causal link to pH levels or susceptibility to disease. Analyses of mock communities demonstrated high repeatability and showed that operon number and read abundance were highly correlated. Conclusions The oral microbiota of wild Cooper’s hawks differs between nestlings and older birds. Variation in the oral microbiome is consistent with differences in oral pH between nestlings and older individuals. Overall our study provides a first perspective on bacterial communities associated with oral cavities of a wild raptor.

Three species of Old World vultures on the Asian peninsula are slowly recovering from the lethal consequences of diclofenac. At present the reason for species sensitivity to diclofenac is unknown. Furthermore, it has since been demonstrated that other Old World vultures like the Cape (Gyps coprotheres; CGV) and griffon (G. fulvus) vultures are also susceptible to diclofenac toxicity. Oddly, the New World Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) and pied crow (Corvus albus) are not susceptible to diclofenac toxicity. As a result of the latter, we postulate an evolutionary link to toxicity. As a first step in understanding the susceptibility to diclofenac toxicity, we use the CGV as a model species for phylogenetic evaluations, by comparing the relatedness of various raptor species known to be susceptible, non-susceptible and suspected by their relationship to the Cape vulture mitogenome. This was achieved by next generation sequencing and assembly. The Cape vulture mitogenome had a genome size of 16,908 bp. The mitogenome phylogenetic analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between Old World vultures and other members of the Accipitridae as indicated by bootstrap value of 100% on the phylogenetic trees. Based on this, we postulate that the other species could also be sensitive to the toxic effects of diclofenac. This warrants further investigations.

We report a small hawk-like diurnal bird from the early Oligocene (30–31 million years ago) of Poland. Aviraptor longicrus, n. gen. et sp. is of a size comparable with the smallest extant Accipitridae. The new species is characterized by very long legs, which, together with the small size, suggest an avivorous (bird-eating) feeding behavior. Overall, the new species resembles extant sparrowhawks (Accipiter spp.) in the length proportions of the major limb bones, even though some features indicate that it convergently acquired an Accipiter-like morphology. Most specialized avivores amongst extant accipitrids belong to the taxon Accipiter and predominantly predate small forest passerines; the smallest Accipiter species also hunts hummingbirds. Occurrence of a possibly avivorous raptor in the early Oligocene of Europe is particularly notable because A. longicrus coexisted with the earliest Northern Hemispheric passerines and modern-type hummingbirds. We therefore hypothesize that the diversification of these birds towards the early Oligocene may have triggered the evolution of small-sized avivorous raptors, and the new fossil may exemplify one of the earliest examples of avian predator/prey coevolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located on the eastern margin of Eurasia, the Japanese Archipelago hosts a unique modern fauna of terrestrial vertebrates including landbirds which show a high proportion of endemic species/subspecies. Despite its potential importance in taxonomy and biogeography, the Pleistocene landbird fossil record has been scarce on Japanese islands, providing little information on the history of the unique fauna in the region. In this study, fossil remains of non-passeriform landbirds from the middle–late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stages [MIS] 9 and 5e) of Shiriya, northernmost Honshu Island, Japan, are revised with extensive osteological comparisons. As a result, the presence of at least six non-passeriform landbird species, represented by 71 specimens, was confirmed: Syrmaticus sp., Coturnicini gen. et sp. indet., Columbidae gen. et sp. indet., Apus sp., Haliaeetus sp., and Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. The Shiriya paleoavifauna is the first substantial Pleistocene landbird fauna reported from the central Japanese islands so far, and suggests that the overall landbird fauna in northern Honshu in the last interglacial period (MIS 5e) was not drastically different from the present one, in contrast to the presence of several extinct land mammals and seabirds in the local fauna. The occurrence of Syrmaticus despite the supposedly colder climate in that time than today suggests that the distribution of modern S. soemmerringii might not be totally defined by climatic factors, but probably affected by a biogeographic barrier at the strait between Honshu and Hokkaido islands.

The application and evaluation of highly efficient chromatographic techniques with tandem mass spectrometry for the detection and quantitation of 108 pesticides and metabolites, some considered persistent organic pollutants, was performed in muscle samples obtained from 25 birds of prey belonging to the families Accipitridae, Falconidae, and Strigidae presented dead in 2013 to Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat, in Madrid, Spain. Pesticides with prohibited use were detected at high concentrations in the muscle samples analyzed. Based on its high sensitivity to detect pesticides in muscle, the described chromatographic techniques with tandem mass spectrometry should be considered an alternative testing methodology to those commonly used for routine application in ecotoxicological forensic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Theoretical models propose that the spatial extent at which landscape structure best predicts species responses (scale of effect, SoE) depends on habitat and dietary specialization, landscape metrics, and response variables. However, empirical support for such models is scarce, especially for apex predators. Objectives: To determine SoE for diurnal raptors, and test for differences among ecological traits of habitat and dietary specialization, landscape metrics, and response variables. Methods: We conducted 1.5 km transect surveys of diurnal raptors at 26 sites in a tropical dry forest from western Mexico. We measured four landscape metrics (forest cover, matrix hardness, forest patch density, edge density) in 16 concentric landscapes (400 to 3400 ha) around each survey site. We then assessed the landscape size at which each landscape metric best predicted each response variable (abundance, species richness, temporal beta diversity). Finally, we tested for differences in SoE among ecological traits of raptors, landscape metrics, and response variables. Results: Landscape composition metrics of forest cover and matrix hardness decreased with increasing landscape size, and were the main landscape predictors influencing diurnal raptors. SoE differed significantly among landscape metrics, being larger for forest cover (2433.3 ha) than matrix hardness (1500 ha). However, SoE did not differ significantly among ecological traits of raptors, or response variables. Conclusions: SoE was mainly driven by spatial metrics, with diurnal raptors being more strongly associated with forest cover measured over larger scales. This supports findings for other taxa and suggests that forest cover influences dispersal success across larger scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connectivity between golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) populations is poorly understood. Field studies exploring natal dispersal suggest that this raptor is a philopatric species, but with the ability to roam far. However, little is known about the population structure of the species in Europe. Our study is based on 14 microsatellite loci and is complemented by new and previously published mitochondrial control region DNA data. The present dataset includes 121 eagles from Scotland, Norway, Finland, Estonia, the Mediterranean and Alpine regions. Our sampling focused on the Alpine and Mediterranean populations because both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages found in golden eagles, the Holarctic and the Mediterranean, are known to co-occur there. Cluster analyses of nuclear DNA support a shallow split into northern and southern populations in Europe, similar to the distribution of the two mtDNA lineages, with the Holarctic lineage occurring in the north and the Mediterranean lineage predominating in the south. Additionally, Scotland shows significant differentiation and low relative migration levels that indicate isolation from the mainland populations. Alpine and Mediterranean golden eagles do not show nuclear structure corresponding to divergent mtDNA lineages. This indicates that the presence of northern Holarctic mitochondrial haplotypes in the Alps and the Mediterranean is attributable to past admixture rather than recent long-distance dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis is a medium‐sized bird of prey inhabiting boreal and temperate forests. It has a Holarctic distribution with 10 recognized subspecies. Traditionally, it has been placed within the Accipiter [gentilis] superspecies, together with Henst's Goshawk A. henstii, the Black Sparrowhawk A. melanoleucus, and Meyer's Goshawk A. meyerianus. While those four taxa are geographically separated from each other, hence referred to as allospecies, their phylogenetic relationships are still unresolved. In the present study, we performed phylogenetic analyses on the Accipiter [gentilis] superspecies, including all recognized subspecies of all four allospecies, using partial sequences of two marker loci of the mitochondrial genome, the control region and the cytochrome b gene. We found a deep split within A. gentilis into two monophyletic groups, a Nearctic clade (three subspecies) and a Palearctic clade (seven subspecies). The Palearctic clade is closely related to A. meyerianus, and together these two were more closely related to the other Old World taxa A. henstii and A. melanoleucus, which in turn were reciprocally monophyletic sister species. As a consequence, A. gentilis as usually conceived (including all Holarctic subspecies) was non‐monophyletic. We found a strong genetic homogeneity within Palearctic A. gentilis despite the fact that it comprises seven subspecies distributed from the Atlantic coast in Western Europe to Eastern Siberia. Relationships between the four clades could not be resolved unambiguously. Our results, if confirmed by more integrative data, would imply a taxonomic revision of Nearctic A. gentilis into a separate allospecies, Accipiter [gentilis] atricapillus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitogenome of the Accipiter nisus is a circular module of 18,352 bp, which consists of 39 genes, containing 2 rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two non-coding regions (control region and pseudo control region). The mitogenome of A. nisus is composed of 31.3% A, 25.5% T, 30.4% C, 12.8% G, and 76.3% AT. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. nisus individuals was well grouped in Accipitridae and more closely related to genus Circus than other Accpiter species

A hen harrier Circus cyaneus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), a migrant raptor having a wide breeding range from Europe to Northeast Asia, migrates to more southerly areas (Southern Europe, China, Korea and Japan) in winter. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of C. cyaneus was completely sequenced and characterized. It was 20,173 bp in length being composed of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and two control regions. It has a base composition of A (32.2%), G (12.6%), C (30.5%) and T (24.7%). The phylogenetic tree reconstructed based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method confirms that C. cyaneus places within the clade of the family Accipitridae in the monophyletic avian order Accipitriformes.

This is the first study to describe the mitochondrial genome of the Himalayan Griffon, Gyps himalayensis, which is an Old World vulture belonging to the family Accipitridae and occurring along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau. Its mitogenome is a closed circular molecule 17,381 bp in size containing 13 protein‐coding genes, 22 tRNA coding genes, two rRNA‐coding genes, a control region (CR), and an extra pseudo‐control region (CCR) that are conserved in most Accipitridae mitogenomes. The overall base composition of the G. himalayensis mitogenome is 24.55% A, 29.49% T, 31.59% C, and 14.37% G, which is typical for bird mitochondrial genomes. The alignment of the Accipitridae species control regions showed high levels of genetic variation and abundant AT content. At the 5′ end of the domain I region, a long continuous poly‐C sequence was found. Two tandem repeats were found in the pseudo‐control regions. Phylogenetic analysis with Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood based on 13 protein‐coding genes indicated that the relationships at the family level were (Falconidae + (Cathartidae + (Sagittariidae + (Accipitridae + Pandionidae))). In the Accipitridae clade, G. himalayensis is more closely related to Aegypius monachus than to Spilornis cheela. The complete mitogenome of G. himalayensis provides a potentially useful resource for further exploration of the taxonomic status and phylogenetic history of Gyps species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black‐shouldered kites (BSK, Elanus caeruleus), Brahminy kites (BrK, Haliastur indus), and black kites (BK, Milvus migrans govinda) are medium‐sized hawks found in Thailand, and little is known about the hematology of these three kite species. Objective: This study reports basic hematologic values and describes the light microscopic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in these kites. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 113 healthy kites (50 BSKs, 53 BrKs, and 10 BKs) from January 2012 to December 2017. Complete blood cell counts, cytochemical staining (Sudan black B, peroxidase [PO], periodic acid‐Schiff, α‐naphthyl acetate esterase, and β‐glucuronidase), and transmission electron microscopy were performed using standard methods. Results: Hematology, morphometry, and cytochemical staining patterns of blood cells were tabulated. BSK erythrocytes were smaller than BrK and BK erythrocytes. Heterophils, the largest granulocytes, were the most prevalent leukocytes in all kites. Cytochemical reactions in blood cells from these three kite species were the same, except that heterophils from BrKs were the only cells positive for PO. The ultrastructure of heterophil and eosinophil granules from the BSKs were similar in their homogeneous electron densities but differed in shape. The eosinophil granules from BrKs and BKs revealed heterogeneous electron densities with central pallor in some granules. Basophils had different granular electron densities, and some granules were electron‐lucent. Conclusion: The 23 baseline hematologic values and morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of all blood cell types in this study provide reference data for future kite healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generalized data allowing to specify the recent distribution of the Lesser Spotted Eagle in the eastern part of the range are presented. The analysis of the publications for different years affirms the eastward expansion of the range since the early 1990s, as well as a significant increase of the occupied area within the limits of the range. Confirmed breeding attempts in Ivanovo Region and Chuvash Republic have evidenced that the recent eastern border of the range is reaching the 47th meridian, much further than considered earlier. The spatial relations and hybridization with the Greater Spotted Eagle are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main factors affecting the habitat preferences of Lesser Spotted Eagle in the Belarusian part of Polesie have been described. Such data can be used in the development of measures for the protection of this species. We identified the optimal nesting conditions at two levels: within areas of 2 km diameter around the nests (using GIS) (eagle's home range), and within an immediate radius of 200 meters around the nests, where all the vegetation was described. The most important factors in the selection of a home range were the distance to the foraging habitat and the competitive relationships (the distance to the nearest neighbouring Lesser Spotted Eagle nest). Regarding the selection of a nesting site, the main factors were: the size of the nesting tree (tree diameter 66.5 ± 35 cm), the distance between the nest and the hunting ground (0.5 ± 0.2 km), the presence of forest glades and the stand density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overall picture of the autumn and spring migration of the Lesser Spotted Eagle in Bulgaria is presented. This includes the spatial distribution of the migrants, terms and timing of the passage, numbers and abundance and some other main characteristics of the migration. The Lesser Spotted Eagle migrates over the entire territory of Bulgaria but predominantly over the eastern part of the country along the Via Pontica flyway, streamed by the Black Sea coastline. The spring migration takes about 80 days between the second decade of March and the end of May, with peaks around 2-10 April. The autumn passage (for about 87 days) takes time between the beginning of August and the end of October, with peaks around 25-27 September (second peak may occur around 1 October). Most of the birds fly between 9 h and 17 h in the altitudinal range from 20 m up to 2200 m above ground level. Up to 52000 individuals cross the country during autumn migration, which is about 86% of the world population of the species. "Mass concentrated passages" of Lesser Spotted Eagles, reaching at some points up to 10000 birds in an hour, have been observed during the autumn migration around the Burgas bottle-neck area. During spring migration most of the birds cross the country in 2 days (44.8%), followed by these passing for 3 days (31%), 1 day with no stops for roosting (20.7%), and only 3.5% - for more than 3 days. During autumn migration, most of the birds cross Bulgaria for 2 days (48.5%), followed by those for 1 day (28.6%), more than 3 days (11.5%) and for 3 days (11.4%). Most of the stopover and roosting sites are in forested areas near open terrains, mainly in Eastern Bulgaria. The electricity power lines of 20 kV voltages are identified as threatening factor for the Lesser Spotted Eagle during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data on the numbers and distribution of the Lesser Spotted Eagle were obtained as a result of the authors' studies in Moscow, Novgorod and Ivanovo Regions. Based on a detailed analysis of published materials combined with own data, serious corrections of the breeding range in Russia were made. The results of the studies implemented in the western districts of Moscow Region and in Novgorod Region identified differences in numbers and spatial distribution determined by peculiarities of farmland use. We found out that relatively large areas of hay meadows, grasslands and forage crops cultivated and mown without application of pesticides and intensive technologies in the mosaic including woods, were optimal habitats for the Lesser Spotted Eagle in the forest zone of Russia. Very low numbers or absence of this bird were recorded during our surveys of the areas harbouring abandoned farmlands overgrown with bush and tall weeds. Possible underestimation of the total population numbers and probable reasons for wide dispersion of subadult birds are discussed below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina Brehm, 1831 is a long-lived, territorial raptor, distributed mainly in Eastern and Central Europe. Southeast Bulgaria is a part of the southern limit of the species distribution range. During the period 2014-2018, 76 active nests were found and 173 occupied territories were mapped in Southeast Bulgaria. About 60% of the breeding population of the Lesser Spotted Eagle in this region was situated in Special Protected Areas but only 2.3% was located within reserves. The highest breeding density was recorded in the Dervent Heights - western foothills of the Strandzha Mnt., while the lowest breeding density values were established in the central part of the Strandzha Mnt. The measured nearest neighbour distance ranged from 0.68 km to 4.5 km, at a mean value of 2.43 km ± 1.16. The average productivity was 0.5, average breeding success 0.67, and average breeding frequency 0.74. Higher values of productivity were reported for the Strandzha Mnt. and the Harmanliyska River and lower productivity was recorded in the Byala Reka catchment area with no significant differences between the regions. In general, the population of the species in Southeast Bulgaria was stable, with a possible slight increase in the Sakar Mnt. and the Dervent Heights and a decline only in the Strandzha Mnt. The Lesser Spotted Eagle population breeding in the country had been significantly underestimated. The increasing anthropogenic pressure, mainly in terms of dramatic alteration of the species foraging and breeding habitats, and the lack of efficient legal protection, pose a serious risk to the future of the Lesser Spotted Eagle in this part of the species distribution range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the habitat requirements of raptors is of crucial importance for wildlife conservation, since their role as bioindicators serves to assess the impact of different factors - anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic, as well as the "stress level" on the entire ecosystem. The Lesser Spotted Eagle is a strongly philopatric and territorial forest-dwelling raptor that tends to prefer foraging in different types of grasslands and avoid arable land. With regard to the micro-habitat selection, the eagle's selectivity was strongly related to the topography and the proximity to open areas and water bodies, avoiding small forest patches. In the nesting stands the eagle definitely selected older and taller trees. The territory selection was related to the preferences for natural grasslands, agricultural mosaic and shrubs as well as the avoidance of large forests and arable land. The mean size of the fragments influenced significantly the selection of a home range by this raptor species, with a strong preference for large patches of grassland biotopes and shrubs, and strict avoidance of large forest tracts. The strongest habitat preferences were related to the habitat heterogeneity, so we observed that the species clearly selected territories of high habitat diversity. We found out that the habitat structure did not affect significantly the eagle's density. Although the habitats of the species vary across its distribution area, in general the species follows the same habitat selection patterns throughout its European range. We would like to emphasize that the conservation of the habitats of this raptor should include not only conservation of nest sites, but also conservation of favourable foraging sites. Inappropriate practices in forest and agriculture management can adversely affect the species' population both at a micro-habitat scale and as macro-habitat features by decreasing the quality of habitats. The significance of old growth trees, structurally diverse stands, share and condition of grasslands as well as landscape diversity must be taken into account in the management and the decision making related to the protection of the Lesser Spotted Eagle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oldest breeding records of Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina Brehm, 1831 in the Czech Republic date back to the 2nd half of the 19th century. Lesser Spotted Eagle has been breeding regularly in the Šumava Mts. and in the fishpond area of Southern Bohemia. The concrete data concerning the breeding of the species in the 20th century come from the Czech-Moravian Highlands, Hostynske vrchy hills, and probable breeding is assumed in the eastern part of the Krkonoše Mts. and in eastern Moravia. However, no nest has ever been found. In 2012, breeding was confirmed at the edge of Slavkovsky les hills. Since then, the breeding in this area has been confirmed on an annual basis. Considering the earlier observations, it is possible to assume that Lesser Spotted Eagle has been breeding there since at least 2007, with maybe even two pairs. Another occupied territory was found in the Cesky les hills, 20 km southwest of Slavkovsky les hills. Observations in 2016 and 2017 indicated breeding. Currently, breeding of one pair of Lesser Spotted Eagle has been confirmed in the western part of Czech Republic and probable breeding of 1-2 pairs has been assumed there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is an endemic and threatened raptor of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Here we present the known records of the species, describe the vegetation types where it was found and show Ecological Niche Models generated using Maxent algorithm. Most of the presence data were recorded in open ombrophilous forest and seasonal semideciduous forest in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco. Maxent model had a good performance (AUC = 0.982 ± 0.004 SD), showing higher suitability for the species from Paraíba to Alagoas states. Maxent average model revealed a distribution range of 20,344 km? and an area of occupancy of 1,636.89 km?. The most suitable areas for the species are those near watercourses and streams. We suggest the creation of protected areas, including private ones, and possible restoration actions to connect the most suitable forest fragments, along with the captive breeding, as the most appropriate strategies for the conservation of the White-collared Kite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present report puts forth a systematic checklist of bird species observed at Amboli Ghat in Maharashtra from 2009 to 2012, along with information on their status. A total of 208 species were recorded, which is around 15% of bird species of the Indian subcontinent. A family-wise analysis showed that the families Accipitridae and Muscicapidae (14 species each) followed by Ardeidae dominated the avifauna of the region. The study also revealed that the area consisted of 11 species of birds that are classified under Near Threatened category and two under Vulnerable category of IUCN. This study highlights the urgent need to conserve the biodiversity-rich area of Amboli Ghat with long-term plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed high-throughput sequencing on the complete mitogenomes of two raptors, white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus). This is the first time that the complete mitogenomes from Accipitridae subfamies, Haliaeetinae, and Perninae have been sequenced. Respectively, H. albicilla and P. ptilorhynchus mitogenomes were 17,719 and 17,927 bp base pairs long. The ND3 gene in both raptors possessed an insertion mutation, whereas only P. ptilorhynchus ND6 had two mutations. Our results benefit future raptor research through expanding the mitogenome database.