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Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought is the main abiotic stress factor that negatively affects the growth, development, and yield of plants. Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator associated with stress tolerance in plants. Exogenous application of SA prevents against stress dependent damage. Strigolactones (SLs) are another phytohormone in plants, they are known to positively affect plant growth with exogenous applications due to their potential to stimulate the tolerance system of plants under stress conditions. The aim of this study is determine to SA and GR24 effects on the negative impacts of drought stress on tomato "Full F1" seedlings, which is the most preferred commercial variety by professional farmers in Çanakkale (Turkey), based on physiological [(shoot-root length, biomass, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll content (SPAD)] and biochemical parameters [Total protein amount, glutathione reductase activity (GR), catalase activity (CAT), peroxidase activity (POX), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), hydrogen peroxide amount (H2O2), lipid peroxidation amount (TBARS)]. Fourty-five days old seedlings kept five days for acclimation, then the seedlings were treated with exogenous GR24 (0.015 mM) and SA (0.1 mM) applications. According to our results, Full F1 tomato variety was adversely affected by short-term drought stress. However, especially SA+GR24 application reduced lipid peroxidation by regulating antioxidant capacity and increased drought tolerance of this cultivar. In this context, it can be said that the combined use of these phytohormones can be used to protect the Full F1 tomato variety from drought stress damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extracts of medicinal plants can be used as biostimulants to overcome environmental stress conditions in cultivated plants. Herbicides are commonly used for weed control in wheat fields and accepted as abiotic stress factors for both weeds and cultivated plants. This study was aimed at determining the effects of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruit extract (20 %, 10 ml/pot, R) and tribenuron methyl (1 g/acre, H) on the antioxidant system in two wheat varieties (drought-tolerant Triticum aestivum cv. 'Tosunbey' and drought-sensitive cv. 'Sultan-95'). Wheat seedlings were divided into four groups: non-treated seedlings (C, Control), seedlings treated with rosehip fruit extract (R), seedlings treated with tribenuron methyl (H), and R seedlings treated with tribenuron methyl at the 28th day of the experiment (20 %, 10 ml/pot) (HR). R treatment increased root-shoot elongation in the 'Tosunbey' variety. All treatments decreased chlorophyll content in 'Tosunbey' but did not change it in 'Sultan-95'. R treatment did not alter superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzyme amount and peroxidase (POX) activities in 'Sultan-95' but increased lipid peroxidation (LP). However, 'Tosunbey' showed a low SOD isoenzyme amount and stable LP and cell membrane permeability (CMP). Thus, R treatment provided difference between these varieties. R treatment caused stable LP in the drought-resistant variety and increased it in drought-sensitive variety. LP did not decrease due to decrease in SOD isoenzyme amount and POX activity in 'Sultan-95' after HR treatment. However, HR treatment decreased LP and CMP and showed increased POX activity in 'Tosunbey'. Consequently, it was assumed that rosehip fruit extract treatment protects by inducing POX activity in the droughtresistant variety after herbicide treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broomrapes are the most difficult plant parasites to control among all biotic stresses affecting plants in the Mediterranean, Europe and Asia. Lentil is sensitive to broomrape (Orobanche crenata), which causes significant yield losses in this species around the Mediterranean region. Our study was aimed at the evaluation of antibacterial properties of Lens culinaris cv. 'Sultan-1' under drought stress and broomrape infection stress conditions. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of 'Sultan-1' was assayed against the test for microorganisms by methods of diffusion in agar and dilution in broth. The ethanol extracts from different studied treatments showed antimicrobial activities, with diameters of the inhibition zone ranging from 7 mm to 15 mm and from 2.5 to 20 µg mL-1, respectively. The highest antimicrobial activity against A. baumannii ATCC 19606 was demonstrated by the extract of 'Sultan-1' at combined stress (drought stress + broomrape infection) on the 1st day. Furthermore, the combined stress treatment promoted antibacterial effect against some Gram-negative bacteria on the 1st day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil (Lens culinaris) is moderately resistant to drought and high temperatures but sensitive to weeds such as broomrape (Orobanche crenata). The current study was aimed at the evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of L. culinaris 'Çiftçi' under drought and broomrape infection stresses. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of 'Çiftçi' was was assayed against some test bacteria and yeast culture by the agar disc diffusion method and micro broth dilution method. The results suggested that the ethanol extracts from the different studied treatments showed antimicrobial activities, with the diameters of the inhibition zone ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm and 5.0 to 20.0 µg/mL, respectively. The most intensive antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315 was demonstrated by the extract of 'Çiftçi' on the 7th day grown under drought. However, only the combined stress (drought and broomrape infection) treatment has promoted antagonistic effects of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria, as compared to the control on the 7th day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat grass), one of the members of Poaceae family, has been considered to be a very efficient therapeutic drug. In the present study, we propose to evaluate antibacterial effects of the two varieties of T. aestivum L. [cv. Tosunbey (drought tolerant) and cv. Sultan 95 (drought-sensitive)] which grown in three different stress conditions [(1) drought stress; (2) pre-treatment of seeds with acetyl salicylic acid; (3) drought stress and pre-treatment of seeds with acetyl salicylic acid]. The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts was assayed against five pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Escherichia coli NRRL B-3704, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) by agar disc diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. The results showed that the ethanol extracts from the different studied treatments showed antibacterial activities, with the diameters of the inhibition zone ranging from 8 to 15 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 2.5 to 20.0 μg/mL, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity, against B. subtilis ATCC 6633, was demonstrated by the extract of T. aestivum cv. Sultan 95, which grown in conditions where drought stress and pre-treatment of seeds with acetyl salicylic acid were combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of salinity stress on growth parameters and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) were investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana during Phelipanche ramosa mediated biotic stress. The experiment was conducted using 100 mM NaCl on infected 18-dayold A. thaliana plants in Gamborg B5 medium. P. ramosa infection reduced root length and shoot dry weight (DW) in A. thaliana. After salt stress treatment shoot fresh weight (FW) decreased in A. thaliana plants infected with P. ramosa. Salt stress treatment produced a significant reduction in carotenoid and total chlorophyll content while it did not change the chl a/b ratio of infected plants. POX and APX activities increased during P. ramosa infection in A. thaliana. Additional NaCl treatment decreased the level of lipid peroxidation accompanied by an increment in SOD, POX, GR, CAT and APX activities, while chl a/b ratio and total chl content decreased. These results, presented for the first time, demonstrated induction of the antioxidant defense system against P. ramosa infection by NaCl treatment in A. thaliana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for normal growth of higher plants. On the other hand, its toxicity is also a significant problem that can limit plant growth on soils of arid and semi-arid environments in agricultural regions across the world. In this study, two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties (SC2121 and SAFARI Fl) are used, and toxic effects of B treatment (3 mM) were studied. Germination was not affected, and seeds of both varieties germinated nearly to 100%. These in vitro germination experiments were accomplished in MS medium. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidant enzyme activites (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR)) were investigated in root and shoot tissues of tomato seedlings. Oxidative damage increased with 3-mM B treatment in tissues of SC2121 plants compared to control, and antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased, except APX. B toxicity inhibited only CAT activity in root tissues, but CAT, OR, SOD, POX and APX activities were inhibited in shoot tissues of SAFARI Fl. However, B toxicity in this variety did not cause oxidative damage. Root tissue of SAFARI F] variety, in particular, was found to be a better protection than SC2121. This might indicate that SAFARI F] variety is based on the protection of antioxidant enzymes. However, similar protections against B toxicity were not detected in shoot tissues of both varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that can widely be used in agricultural and non-agricultural fields. Glyphosate isopropylamine affects the inhibition of the bio-synthesis of aromatic amino acids, and also that of some enzymes involved in the shikimic acid pathway. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different con- centrations of glyphosate isopropylamine (0.5, 1, 2 and 5%) on the mitotic activity in A Ilium cepa L. root tip cells and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities in Allium cepa L. roots. Glyphosate isopropylamine concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2% did not lead to a significant change in the mitotic activity compared to the control group. However, for the concentration of 5%, a steep decline was observed in 48-h treatment of the substance, in comparison to that of 24 h. Total SOD activity decreased in the 24-h treatment group of glyphosate isopropylamine compared to the control group, whereas with the concentrations of 2 and 5% no SOD activity was observed. However, the POX activity increased only with 1% concentration, with regard to the control group, whereas it did not change with the other concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orobanche spp. (broomrapes) are holoparasitic angio-sperms that subsist on the roots of dicotyledonous plants. Broomrapes are the most destructive weeds since they ex- tract water and photosynthate directly from crop plants, causing crop yield and quality to reduce significantly. The occurrence of total superoxide dismutase and total per-oxidase activities during broomrape-sunflower interaction were studied on three different cultivars (cv. Pioneer 4223, cv. Sanay and cv. Isera) of Helianthus annuus. Total su- peroxide dismutase activities increased on day 7 post-in-oculation in cv. Pioneer 4223 and cv. Isera compared with control plants, whereas a decrease during all days in cv. Sanay was observed. In the variety of Orobanche-resistant cv. Pioneer 4223, the increases in the total superoxide dismutase activities were supported by the total peroxidase activities in the first 5 days, which indicate that the detoxification of the reactive oxygen species produced during the Orobanche penetration seems to be related to the Orobanche resistance in the sunflower. An increase has been determined in the total SOD activities from the first to the seventh day, but this increase was not found parallel to that in the total POX activities in cv. Isera.. This situation may indicate sensitivity for cv. Isera. Total per-oxidase activities increased for the first 7 days in cv. Sanay compared with control plants. Total superoxide dismutase and total peroxidase activities were not a statistically significant change during all days in treatment plants compared with control plants in cv. Sanay. This change in SOD activities may indicate sensitivity of both cv. Isera and cv. Sanay to broomrape unless they are treated with herbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elexa is a plant booster that elicits specific defense responses in various plants against certain fungal and bacterial diseases. Rather than killing hostile fungi that attack plants, Elexa acts as a preventative and stimulative agent to protect plants from pathogens. Elexa contains 4% chitosan. In the present study, a 0.1% concentration of Elexa was used to evaluate the biological efficiency in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicurn esculenturn Mill.) and potato (Solanum tube rosum L.) plants, as foliar spray against fungal (Botrytis cinerea Pers., gray mold), (Pseudoperanospora cubensis (Berk & Curt) Rostow, downy mildew), (Phytophtora infestans (Mont) de Bary, late blight) and bacterial (Pseudomonas lachryrnans (Smith & Ryan) Carsner, angular leaf spot) diseases in greenhouse conditions. Elexa was also used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of in vitro germination against B. cinerea Pers. and P. lachryrnans (Smith & Ryan) Carsner. Our results demonstrated that Elexa is a good plant booster for disease management and defense elicitation in commercial formulations. Elexa also exhibited inhibitory effects in in vitro germination of B. cinerea Pers. and P. lachrymans (Smith & Ryan) Carsner. It was observed that chitosan as well as elicitors, such as Elexa, produced with its chitosan content, provide 60% of protection against the damage caused by late blight, gray mold, downy mildew in potato and tomato plants, as well as angular leaf spot in cucumber, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]