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Regarding the question of how idempotent elements affect the reversible property of rings, we study a version of reversibility depending on idempotents. In this perspective, we introduce right (resp., left) 𝑒-reversible rings. We show that this concept is not left-right symmetric. Basic properties of right 𝑒-reversibility in a ring are provided. Among others, it is proved that if 𝑅 is a semiprime ring, then 𝑅 is right 𝑒-reversible if and only if it is right 𝑒-reduced if and only if it is 𝑒-symmetric if and only if it is right 𝑒-semicommutative. Also, for a right 𝑒-reversible ring 𝑅, 𝑅 is a prime ring if and only if it is a domain. It is shown that the class of right 𝑒-reversible rings lies strictly between that of 𝑒-symmetric rings and right 𝑒-semicommutative rings. Some extensions of rings are studied in terms of 𝑒-reversibility.

The minus partial order is already known for sets of matrices over a field and bounded linear operators on arbitrary Hilbert spaces. Recently, this partial order has been studied on Rickart rings. In this paper, we extend the concept of the minus relation to the module theoretic setting and prove that this relation is a partial order when the module is regular. Moreover, various characterizations of the minus partial order in regular modules are presented and some well-known results are also generalized., 15 pages

In this paper, we focus on the semicommutative property of rings via idempotent elements. In this direction, we introduce a class of rings, so-called right e-semicommutative rings. The notion of right e-semicommutative rings generalizes those of semicommutative rings, e-symmetric rings and right e-reduced rings. We present examples of right e-semicommutative rings that are neither semicommutative nor e-symmetric nor right e-reduced. Some extensions of rings such as Dorroh extensions and some subrings of matrix rings are investigated in terms of right e-semicommutativity. We prove that if R is a right e-semicommutative clean ring, then the corner ring eRe is clean. © 2019, University of Nis. All rights reserved.

It is a fact that one of the most frequently referred methods to raise colloquial language and ordinary language to the literal and fictional language level and to expand literary text/poetry opportunities is “language deviations” Especially, since 1950s, it was started tobenefit from “language deviations” in our poetries that we may defineordinary language rules as writing, phonetic, word, expression,grammar, change in semantic levels. The Second New Poetry that hasbeen effective in our literature for some researchers between 1954 and1959 and for some researchers between 1953 and 1963 put the literaryarts, imaginative pronunciation, abstract language, closed-formexpression and language experience deliberatively ignored by the GaripPoetry Movement at forefront and pushed the limits of language. Heattempted to expand opportunities of Turkish, so largely benefited fromlinguistic deviations. Cemal Süreya who had been one of the importantrepresentatives of the Second Poetry applied these methods in hispoems. In this article, after the theoretical knowledge about the SecondNew Poetry and linguistic deviations, all the poems of Cemal Süreyawere reviewed and linguistic deviations we determined in poetries weresampled, and it was attempted to discuss why the poet needed thismethod, what kind of effects of linguistic deviations have been in hispoetry. Deviations used from the poetry of Cemal Süreya; wereattempted to be examined under seven titles; writing deviations,phonetic deviations, word deviations, grammar deviations,interventions to borrowed texts, meaning deviations or extraordinarysyncretism. Gündelik, ortalama dili; edebi, kurmaca dil seviyesine yükseltmek, edebî metnin/şiirin imkânlarını genişletmek amacıyla şair ve yazarlar tarafından sıkça başvurulan yöntemlerden birinin de “dil sapmaları” olduğu bir gerçektir. Dilin alışılmış kurallarını; yazım, ses, kelime, ifade, dilbilgisi, anlam düzeylerinde değiştirme, bozma şeklinde tanımlayabileceğimiz “dil sapmaları”ndan şiirimizde özellikle 1950’li senelerden itibaren yararlanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kimi araştırmacılara göre 1954 - 1959, kimi araştırmacılara göre ise 1953 – 1963 yılları arasında edebiyatımızda etkili olan İkinci Yeni şiiri, Garip şiir hareketinin bilinçli bir şekilde ihmal ettiği edebi sanatları, imgeli söyleyişleri, soyut dili, kapalı anlatım biçimlerini, dil deneylerini ön plana çıkarmış, dilin sınırlarını zorlamış, Türkçenin imkânlarını genişletmeye çalışmış, dolayısıyla da dil sapmalarından geniş oranda yararlanmıştır. İkinci Yeni şiirinin önemli temsilcilerinden olan Cemal Süreya da, bu yöntemleri şiirlerinde uygulamıştır. Bu makalede; İkinci Yeni şiiri ve dil sapmaları hakkında verilen teorik bilgilerin ardından, Cemal Süreya’nın tüm şiirleri taranmış, şiirlerde tespit edebildiğimiz dil sapmaları örneklenmiş ve onun şiirine dil sapmalarının ne gibi etkileri olduğu, şairin bu yönteme neden ihtiyaç duyduğu tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır. Cemal Süreya şiirinde yararlanılan sapmalar; yazım sapmaları, ses sapmaları, kelime sapmaları, dilbilgisi sapmaları, ödünç metinlere müdahaleler, anlam sapmaları ya da alışılmamış bağdaştırmalar olmak üzere yedi başlık altında incelenmeye gayret edilmiştir.

Ali Canip Yöntem (1887-1967) who is one of the prominent names of the national literary movement gave many works relating to literary theory and criticism as well as poem. Before being connected to national literary, author who has largely been seeking on the line extending from Muallim Naci to Cedideci (New Literature movement) and Fecr-i Aticis (Dawn of the Future) has deep thoughts in his many articles that will light the way for today’s artists and researchers either due to hiscommand of our classical literature or of Western Literature. From hiswritings in question, in our article, opinions of Yöntem about somematters such as what is the art and literature, why it is existing, whatcould be its power and effect, how to take advantage of art andliterature, the place and importance of the imitation in art, pleasure,beauty, perception and genius concepts, purpose of art, relationshipbetween artist and school of art, art and dialectic, poem and knowledge,poem and sensation etc were scanned and these opinions were whollyattempted to be assessed. Apart from these, problems collected undersome titles such as what, in fact, is the concept of national literature adhow it should be understood, our mistakes when assessing the concept“national”, dimensions of artist and public when assessing within thecontext of national literature have been the topic of the Ali CanipYöntem’s articles and opinions of author about these issues wereattempted to be examined by us. Yöntem also referred to the problemsabout limits of literary criticism and features which a reviewer musthave, and attached importance to the relationship of literary criticismwith literary text. Milli edebiyat akımının önde gelen isimlerinden olan Ali Canip Yöntem (1887 – 1967), şiirin yanı sıra edebiyat teorisine ve eleştirisine ilişkin eserler de vermiştir. Milli edebiyata mensup olmadan önce, Muallim Naci’den Edebiyatı Cedidecilere, Fecr-i Âticilere uzanan çizgide geniş bir arayış içinde olan yazar, yazdığı çok sayıdaki makalesinde, gerek dönemindeki Türk edebiyatına, gerekse klasik edebiyatımıza ve Batı edebiyatına hakimiyetiyle, günümüz sanatçı ve araştırmacılarına ışık tutacak derinlikli düşüncelere sahiptir. Makalemizde; söz konusu yazılarından hareketle, Yöntem’in; sanat ve edebiyatın ne olduğu, ne için var olduğu, gücünün ve etkisinin ne olabileceği, sanat ve edebiyattan nasıl yararlanılabileceği, sanatta taklit, haz, güzellik, sezgi, deha kavramlarının yeri ve önemi, sanatın gayesi, sanatçı – sanat mektebi ilişkisi, sanat ve diyalektik, şiir ve bilgi, şiir ve duygu gibi meselelerdeki görüşleri taranarak, bu düşünceleri bütünlüklü bir biçimde değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunların dışında, milli edebiyat kavramının gerçekte ne olduğu ve nasıl anlaşılması gerektiği, bizde “milli”lik kavramı değerlendirilirken yapılan hatalar, milli edebiyat bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde sanatçı – halk ilişkisinin boyutları gibi başlıklarda toplanabilecek problemler de Ali Canip Yöntem’in makalelerine konu olmuş ve tarafımızdan, yazarın bu meselelerdeki görüşleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Yöntem, ayrıca, edebi eleştirinin sınırları ve eleştirmenin sahip olması gereken nitelikleri sorunlarına da değinmiş, edebi eleştirinin edebi metinle olan ilişkisini önemsemiştir.

Cihan Aktaş who is known by his books of thought and review as well as short stories published nine short story books between 1992 and 2009. The author, who refers to Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis, especially in his short story book titled the Last Day of Azize (1997), either brought interesting portraits of Azerbaijani Turks in these texts or conveyed important information related to the culture, folklore, social and political life and economical conditions of Azerbaijan. He also narrated his impressions related to Azerbaijan geography and environmental area, especially to Baku. In this article, we will attempt to understand image/perception of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis reflecting on the book of Cihan AktaĢ titled “the Last Day of Azize”. Düşünce, inceleme kitaplarıyla olduğu kadar öyküleriyle de tanınan Cihan Aktaş, 1992 – 2009 yılları arasında dokuz öykü kitabı yayımlamıştır. Özellikle Azize’nin Son Günü (1997) adlı öykü kitabında olmak üzere, öykülerinde Azerbaycan’dan ve Azeri Türklerinden bahseden yazar, bu metinlerde gerek Azeri Türklerinden ilginç portreleri edebiyatımıza kazandırmakta, gerekse Azerbaycan kültürüyle, folkloruyla, sosyal ve siyasi hayatıyla, ekonomik Ģartlarıyla ilgili önemli bilgiler aktarmaktadır. Ayrıca baĢta Baku olmak üzere Azerbaycan coğrafyasına ve çevre bölgelere iliĢkin izlenimlerini öyküleĢtirmektedir. Bu makalede, Cihan AktaĢ’ın Azize’nin Son Günü adlı öykü kitabına yansıyan Azerbaycan ve Azeri Türkü imgesi/algısı incelenmeye çalışılacaktır.

Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar, one of the important authors of the New Turkish Literature, wrote a great number of works in some genres such as novel, short story, drama, letter, critiques etc. Gürpınar who came to the forefront mostly with his novels made important contributions to our storytelling with his nine short story books both in the sense of quality and quantity. It is seen in short stories of Gürpınar that social critique came to the forefront as well as in his other works. Author who assumed a critical attitude toward from state administrators to our public and from religious functionaries to moral disintegration ,sometimes expressed his critiques directly and sometimes presented within the dramatic expression of short story, but more indirectly. Yeni Türk Edebiyatının önemli yazarlarından olan Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar; roman, öykü, piyes, mektup, eleştiri gibi türlerde çok sayıda eser vermiştir. Daha çok romanlarıyla ön plana çıkmış olan Gürpınar, yayınladığı dokuz öykü kitabıyla, hem nitelik hem de nicelik anlamında öykücülüğümüze de önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur. Gürpınar’ın diğer eserlerinde olduğu gibi öykülerinde de toplumsal eleştirinin ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Devleti idare edenlerden halkımıza, din adamlarından toplumdaki ahlaki çözülmeye kadar pek çok alanda eleştirel bir tavır takınan yazar, eleştirilerini zaman zaman doğrudan dile getirmekte, zaman zaman öykünün dramatik anlatımı içinde daha dolaylı olarak sunmaktadır.

It is seen that the “Kızılelma” motif that found an area of use in different genres of our traditional literature continues to make new senses in the Modern Turkish Literature with the pens of authors and poets such as Ziya Gökalp, Aka Gündüz, Ömer Seyfettin, Nihal Atsız, Niyazi Yıldırım Gençosmanoğlu, Dilaver Cebeci, Ragıp Şevki Yeşim, Mim Kemal Öke, Halil Delice. In our article, it’s attempted to introduce and assess these works and discussed new senses made by “Kızılelma” in our traditional and modern literature. Geleneksel edebiyatımızın farklı türlerinde kullanım alanı bulan “Kızılelma” motifinin, Yeni Türk Edebiyatında, Ziya Gökalp, Aka Gündüz, Ömer Seyfettin, Nihal Atsız, Niyazi Yıldırım Gençosmanoğlu, Dilaver Cebeci, Ragıp Şevki Yeşim, Mim Kemal Öke, Halil Delice gibi şair ve yazarların kaleminde yeni anlamlar kazanmaya devam ettiği görülmektedir. Makalemizde bu eserler tanıtılmaya ve değerlendirilmeye gayret edilmiş, “Kızılelma”nın geleneksel ve modern edebiyatımız içerisinde kazandığı anlamlar üzeride durulmuştur.

Short story that is one of the most importanttypes of Turkish Literature started to rise qualitatively and quantitatively especially by the 1990s and type of short story was greatly shown interest by our authors. With Adam Öykü Journal, publications have been made approximately for ten years and during fifty-eight editions between years 1995 – 2005, achieved great success to gain young authors in our literature and published considerable translations in the theory of short story that was a lack especially in Turkish. Bibliography of Adam Öykü that is as worthy as a treasure for short-story writers, short story readers and researchers shall ease the utilization from journal. Edebiyatımızın önemli türleri arasında yer alan öykü, 1990’larla niteliksel ve niceliksel anlamda yükselmeye başlamış, yazarlar tarafından öykü türüne büyük bir ilgi gösterilmiştir. Adam Öykü dergisi, 1995 – 2005 yılları arasında, yaklaşık on yıl süren elli sekiz sayılık yayaın hayatında, edebiyatımızda büyük eksikliği görülen öykü teorisi alanında kayda değer çeviriler yayımlamış ve edebiyatımıza genç öykücüler kazandırmayı başarmıştır. Bu bibliyografya çalışması, öykücüler, öykü okurları ve araştırmacılarımızın, bir hazine değerinde olan Adam Öykü’den yararlanmalarını kolaylaştıracaktır.

In this paper, we deal with a new approach to re*exive propertyfor rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce nil-re*exiverings. It is shown that the notion of nil-re*exivity is a generalization of thatof nil-semicommutativity. Examples are given to show that nil-re*exive ringsneed not be re*exive and vice versa, and nil-re*exive rings but not semicommutative are presented. We also proved that every ring with identity is weaklyre*exive de...ned by Zhao, Zhu and Gu. Moreover, we investigate basic properties of nil-re*exive rings and provide some source of examples for this classof rings. We consider some extensions of nil-re*exive rings, such as trivialextensions, polynomial extensions and Nagata extensions. In this paper, we deal with a new approach to re*exive propertyfor rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce nil-re*exiverings. It is shown that the notion of nil-re*exivity is a generalization of thatof nil-semicommutativity. Examples are given to show that nil-re*exive ringsneed not be re*exive and vice versa, and nil-re*exive rings but not semicommutative are presented. We also proved that every ring with identity is weaklyre*exive de...ned by Zhao, Zhu and Gu. Moreover, we investigate basic properties of nil-re*exive rings and provide some source of examples for this classof rings. We consider some extensions of nil-re*exive rings, such as trivialextensions, polynomial extensions and Nagata extensions.

For a ring R and a right R−module M, a submodule N of M is said to be �- small in M if, whenever N + X = M with M/X singular, we have X = M. Let } be the class of all singular simple modules. Then �(M) = P {L ≤ M | L is a �-small submodule of M } = RejM(}) = ∩{N ⊂ M : M/N ∈ }}. We call M �−coatomic module whenever N ≤ M and M/N = �(M/N) then M/N = 0. And R is called right (left) �−coatomic ring if the right (left) R−module RR(RR) is �−coatomic. In this note, we study �−coatomic modules and ring. We prove M = ⊕ n=1 Mi is �-coatomic if and only if each Mi (i = 1,...,n) is �-coatomic.

We continue the study of modules over a general ring R whose submodules have a unique closure relative to a hereditary torsion theory on Mod-R. It is proved that, for a given ring R and a hereditary torsion theory τ on Mod-R, every submodule of every right R-module has a unique closure with respect to τ if and only if τ is generated by projective simple right R-modules. In particular, a ring R is a right Kasch ring if and only if every submodule of every right R-module has a unique closure with respect to the Lambek torsion theory. Продовжено вивчення модулів над загальним кільцем R, субмодулі якого мають єдине замикання відносно спадкової теорії скруту на Mod-R. Доведено, що для заданих кільця R та спадкової теорії скруту τ на Mod-R кожний субмодуль кожного правого R-модуля має єдине замикання відносно τ тоді i тільки тоді, коли τ породжується проективними простими правими R-модулями. Зокрема, кільце R є правим кільцем Каша тоді i тільки тоді, коли кожний субмодуль кожного правого R-модуля має єдине замикання відносно теорії скруту за Ламбеком.

Let R be an arbitrary ring with identity and M be a right R-module with S = End(MR). Let f ∈ S. f is called π-morphic if M/f n(M) ∼=rM(fn) for some positive integer n. A module M is called π-morphic if every f ∈ S is π-morphic. It is proved that M is π-morphic and image-projective if and only if S is right π-morphic and M generates its kernel. S is unit-π-regular if and only if M is π-morphic and π-Rickart if and only if M is π-morphic and dual π-Rickart. M is π-morphic and image-injective if and only if S is left π-morphic and M cogenerates itscokernel.

Let $R$ be an arbitrary ring with identity and $M$ a right $R$-module with $S=$ End$_R(M)$. In this paper we introduce $\pi$-Rickart modules as a generalization of Rickart modules. $\pi$-Rickart modules are also a dual notion of dual $\pi$-Rickart modules and extends that of generalized right principally projective rings to the module theoretic setting. The module $M$ is called {\it $\pi$-Rickart} if for any $f\in S$, there exist $e^2=e\in S$ and a positive integer $n$ such that $r_M(f^n)=$ Ker$f^n=eM$. We obtain several results about generalized right principally projective rings by using $\pi$-Rickart modules. Moreover, we investigate relations between a $\pi$-Rickart module and its endomorphism ring.

R birimli bir halka, M saº g R-mod¸l ve M nin endomorÖzma halkas¨ S = EndR(M) olsun. Her f 2 S iÁin rM(f) = eM olacak biÁimde e2 = e 2 S varsa (denk olarakKerf,Mmod¸l¸n¸nbirdirekttoplanan¨ise)MyeRickartmod¸lad¨verilmi?stir[8]. BuÁal¨?smadaRickartmod¸llerinˆzellikleriincelenmeyedevamedilmi?stir. M birRickart mod¸l olmak ¸zere, M nin S-kat¨ (s¨ras¨yla S-indirgenmi?s, S-simetrik, S-yar¨ deºgi?smeli, S-Armendariz)mod¸l olmas¨ iÁin gerek ve yeter ?sart¨n S nin kat¨ (s¨ras¨yla indirgenmi?s, simetrik, yar¨ deºgi?smeli, Armendariz) halka olduºgu gˆsterilmi?stir. M[x], S[x] halkas¨na gˆre Rickart mod¸l iken M nin de Rickart mod¸l oldugu,tersinin M nin S-Armendariz olmas¨ durumunda doºgru olduºgu ispatlanm¨?st¨r. Ayrıca bir M mod¸l¸n¸n Rickart ol- mas¨iÁingerekveyeter?sart¨nhersaºgmod¸l¸nM-temelprojektifolduºgueldeedilmi?stir., Let Rbeanarbitraryringwithidentity and M aright R-module with S =EndR(M). Following [8],the module M is called Rickart if for any f 2 S, rM(f) = eM for some e2 = e 2 S, equivalently, Kerf is a direct summandofM. Inthispaper,wecontinuetoinvestigatepropertiesofRickart modules. For a Rickart module M, we prove that M is S-rigid (resp., S- reduced, S-symmetric, S-semicommutative, S-Armendariz) if and only if its endomorphism ring S is rigid (resp., reduced, symmetric, semicommutative, Armendariz). We also prove that if M[x]is a Rickart module with respect to S[x], then M is Rickart, the converse holds if M is S-Armendariz. Among others it is also shown that M is a Rickart module if and only if every right R-module is M-principally projective.

In this paper, a generalization of the class of semicommutative rings is inves- tigated. A ring R is called central semicommutative if for any a;b 2 R, ab = 0 implies arb is a central element of R for each r 2 R. We prove that some results on semicommutative rings can be extended to central semicommutative rings for this general settings.

Let R be a ring, M a right R-module and a hereditary torsion theory in Mod-R with associated torsion functor tau for the ring R. Then M is called tau-supplemented when for every submodule N of M there exists a direct summand K of M such that K less than or equal to N and N/K is tau-torsion module. In [4], M is called almost tau-torsion if every proper submodule of M is tau-torsion. We present here some properties of these classes of modules and look for answers to the following questions posed by the referee of the paper [4]: (1) Let a module M = M' circle plus M" be a direct sum of a semisimple module M' and tau-supplemented module M". Is M tau-supplemented? (2) Can one find a non-stable hereditary torsion theory tau and tau-supplemented modules M' and M" such that M' circle plus M" is not tau-supplemented? (3) Can one find a stable hereditary torsion theory tau and a tau-supplemented module M such that M/N is not tau-supplemented for some submodule N of M? (4) Let tau be a non-stable hereditary torsion theory and the module M be a finite direct sum of almost tau-torsion submodules. Is M tau-supplemented? (5) Do you know an example of a torsion theory tau and a tau-supplemented module M with tau-torsion submodule tau(M) such that M/tau(M) is not semisimple?