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During the last few years, patchy colloidal dispersions have emerged as ideal candidates of glass-formers of systems composed of particles that interact with non-isotropic potentials. However, from the computational point of view, the characterization of their dynamical properties close to the glass transition via any kind of molecular dynamics simulation technique can be very difficult due to the slowing down of both the rotational and translational dynamics. Although a plethora of dynamical techniques have been developed to account for the dynamics of patchy colloids, new and complementary simulation techniques are required to explore, much faster and more efficiently, the dynamical arrest transition of patchy colloidal dispersions when computer simulation consists of a large number of particles and, due to the slow particle dynamics at the glass transition, an extended time window is explicitly required. Then, in this contribution, by means of the so-called dynamic-Monte Carlo method, we report on the dynamical arrest transition, both rotational and translational, of a bidisperse patchy colloidal dispersion, following three different paths along the density-temperature plane, including high densities and low temperatures. Although this method has not been extensively tested at extreme thermodynamic conditions, we show that even at the dynamical arrest transition, it allows us to extract good dynamical data from a complex system. Therefore, it turns out to be a promising technique to explore the onset of vitrification of anisotropic colloidal particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary Policy Implications Pretrial reform is driving criminal justice policy debates across the nation. The In re Humphrey decision required the San Francisco County criminal court to set bail levels based on defendant ability to pay rather than the county bail schedule. Under this new policy, the rate of pretrial detention fell by 11%. We find defendants released pretrial were less likely to be convicted (a decline of 3 percentage points) in the post‐Humphrey period. This decline in conviction rates was driven primarily by a reduction in the likelihood of plea bargaining. These case outcome results are robust to an alternative strategy using propensity score matching and a difference‐in‐difference estimator to estimate effects for those most likely to be affected by the policy change. There was no consistent, statistically significant change in subsequent arrests or convictions post‐Humphrey across the estimation strategies.Although the Humphrey decision originally applied only to San Francisco, a state supreme court decision in March 2021 extended the ruling to courts throughout California. The results also have implications for other states engaged in bail reform. These findings suggest that requiring bail to be set at affordable levels increases pretrial releases overall, specifically releases to pretrial supervision programs, with improvements in case outcomes and no apparent increase in subsequent criminal justice system contact. Counties or states without robust pretrial service options may not experience the same change in releases or other outcomes. Further, jurisdictions that detain people booked on lower level offenses at higher rates than San Francisco may experience a greater response to a policy change like Humphrey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a large literature interrogates the causes and consequences of declining political trust in democracies, considerably less work has considered the everyday leadership strategies that might arrest this trend. I tackle this gap as I ask: what can politicians do to build trust? Going beyond the performance perspective current in political science, I suggest that all politicians can build trust by (1) increasing occasions for political contact and (2) utilising authentic political communication. These arguments are developed out of interviews with national politicians in five democracies (N = 51) and tested empirically with observational and experimental survey data gathered from a longitudinal sample of the UK public (N = 705). Attesting to academic work on the contact hypothesis and 'authentic trust', as well as the testimony of politicians themselves, these analyses suggest that both strategies carry appraisive potential. These findings contribute conceptually and practically to our understanding of both trust and leadership in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial legal and policy debates, whether immigrant arrest rates changed during the Trump presidency remains surprisingly understudied. This is partially because immigration status is rarely available in crime data. We address this gap by applying difference-in-differences (DD) and difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimations to detailed arrest data from Texas and California from 2015 to 2018. We find little evidence, descriptive or otherwise, to suggest that the transition from the Obama to the Trump administration had a meaningful impact on immigrant arrests, whether measured as violence, property, drug, or traffic offenses. These results suggest that the immigration enforcement initiatives under President Trump did not deliver on their crime reduction pledges, but they also provide little evidence of over-policing of immigrants in discretionary actions such as traffic arrests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine whether two well-known risk factors for recidivism, criminal thinking and prior criminal arrests, were capable of achieving a combined effect, and if so, whether this effect was additive, interactive, or both. This hypothesis was tested in a group of 226 males incarcerated in a medium security federal prison who had participated in a criminal thinking intervention prior to their release from prison. The two main variables, criminal thinking (Exp(b) = 1.016 [1.007,1.024]) and prior arrests (Exp(b) = 1.062 [1.024, 1.102]), and their interaction (Exp(b) = 1.264 [1.002, 1.595]) were statistically significant according to the results of a Cox regression analysis. Moreover, the combined score displayed a small incremental increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic analysis (.660 [.583,.737]), whereas adding the interaction to the two-variable combination improved the AUC further (.668 [.592,.743]). These results suggest that risk factors for recidivism not only add predictive variance to a risk assessment they may also be capable of forming specific interactive effects with other risk factors, although the effects observed in the current study were small and in need of further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruiting ethnic minority police officers is widely seen as a way to improve police effectiveness and police/public relations, and systematic reviews are often commended as the most robust way to evaluate such policies. We argue that the tenets of classic systematic review are, however, inadequate to that task, and that a more inclusive methodological palette would advance our understanding of this and other important policing policies. Our principal empirical example is a systematic review we conducted that examined whether ethnic minority recruitment has beneficial effects on arrest rates and public satisfaction with police. After evaluating 10,791 studies, eleven satisfied methodological inclusion criteria, but they could not offer conclusive evidence on the effects of minority recruitment on arrest rates or public satisfaction. The example illustrates the obstacles to systematic reviews in contemporary police research. We then profile recent studies that benefit cumulative understanding of the effects of minority recruitment by employing more diverse methodologies, with each study addressing a distinct component that coheres around a logic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brief Jail Mental Health Screen (BJMHS) is one of the most well-known and frequently used tools to conduct routine mental health screening at jail intake. In prior research, the BJMHS results typically have been evaluated overall (i.e., yes/no positive screen). However, there is heterogeneity in symptom presentation and treatment histories among people with serious mental illness, and there are potential consequences of this heterogeneity for mental health administration and policy in jails. We conducted a latent class analysis of BJMHS item-level results using administrative data for 37,998 people booked into a southeastern, metropolitan, U.S. county jail over a 3.5-year period. A 4-class solution provided the best fitting and most interpretable model. The largest class (89.5%) comprised people unlikely to report symptoms or treatment histories (limited symptoms). The next class comprised people who were unlikely to report ongoing symptoms but reported medication and hospitalization (managed symptoms). The third class (2.5%) included people likely to report feeling useless/sinful, prior hospitalization, and current psychiatric medication (depressive symptoms). The fourth class (1.0%) comprised people likely to report thought control, paranoia, feeling useless/sinful, medication, and hospitalization (psychotic symptoms). Controlling for sociodemographic and booking characteristics, people in the managed, depressive, and psychotic symptoms classes had significantly longer jail stays compared to those in the limited symptoms class. People in the managed and depressive symptoms classes were at heightened risk of re-arrest compared to the limited symptoms class. Findings can inform case prioritization and the allocation of resources to support efficient and effective jail-based mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accumulating research finds that immigrants are less likely to offend compared to their native-born counterparts in the United States. Less understood are the factors that help account for this disparity in offending. Because there are reasons to believe that immigrants weigh the costs and benefits of crime differently than their U.S.-born peers, we explore the utility of a rational choice perspective to explain the disparity in offending across immigrant generations. Methods: Utilizing data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, multilevel mixed effects models are employed to assess if perceptions of rewards and costs of crime help explain differences in offending trajectories and desistance across immigrant status. Results: Rational choice-related variables emerge as significant predictors of offending and help to explain, in part, why first-generation immigrants are less likely to offend. In particular, the perceived risk of arrest appears to play a key role and interacts with immigrant status. Conclusions: The results from this research suggest that first-generation immigrants with a higher perceived risk of arrest reported lower offending compared to second- and third-plus-generation youth. We consider the theoretical implications of the rational choice perspective to explain the divergence in offending across immigrant generation groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the extent to which cases of intimate partner violence were cleared by arrest, remained open, or closed by exceptional clearance. Incident and state-level factors associated with each outcome were examined for incidents submitted to the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) from 2000 to 2009. Using the 10 years of data, comprising 5,481 jurisdictions in 36 states and the District of Columbia, findings show exceptional clearance is more likely to occur in residences, incidents of lower severity, and with same-sex couples, while being less likely in states with preferred and mandatory arrest laws. Research and policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates factors related to the decision to (a) arrest or (b) mediate in domestic violence (DV) situations—nonmutually exclusive but highly differing decisions chosen a priori as being outcomes of interest. The sample included three types of professionals handling domestic violence cases in China: (a) Women's Federation (WF), (b) police, and (c) judicial personnel. The participants (n = 817) responded to a vignette describing a DV incident. Logistic regression revealed that legal, organizational, and attitudinal factors were associated with decision-making and varied by group. The findings suggest training and detailed instructions on handling DV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on police procedural justice shows that observed assessments of police behaviour, for example through systematic social observation, are not strongly correlated with citizen perceptions of the same police behaviour. There is a growing body of knowledge about how people form their perceptions of police behaviour and how personal and situational characteristics are associated with specific judgements about procedural justice. However, we know little about how this works for people who most frequently interact with the police and criminal justice system, such as offenders or arrestees. The present study uses data from the Prison Project to examine to what extent individual and situational characteristics relate to perceptions of encounter-specific police procedural justice among Dutch detainees. Male adults in pre-trial detention (N = 1380) were surveyed on how they perceived procedural justice during their arrest, which occurred approximately three weeks prior. In addition to individual characteristics (demographics, attitudes, psychosocial characteristics and criminal history), we measured characteristics that reflect the situation during arrest, such as location, police verbal abuse and unnecessary use of force. This allowed us to examine the relationship between situational factors and detainee perceptions, net of individual characteristics. Regression analyses show that next to pre-existing general attitudes towards the police, several situational characteristics (i.e. perceptions of use of force and verbal abuse, anger and outcome fairness) were strongly associated with encounter-specific procedural justice perceptions. Our results indicate that, beyond (pre-existing) individual characteristics, situational factors of the arrest play an important role in forming specific procedural justice perceptions of the police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamical clustering is a key feature of active matter systems composed of self-propelled agents that convert environmental energy into mechanical motion. At the micron scale, where overdamped dynamics dominate, particles with opposite motility can obstruct each other's movement, leading to transient dynamical arrest. This arrest can promote cluster formation and motility-induced phase separation. However, in macroscopic agents, where inertia plays a significant role, clustering is heavily influenced by bounce-back effects during collisions, which can impede cluster growth. Here we present an experiment based on active granular particles, in which inertia can be systematically tuned by changing the shaker frequency. As a result, a set of phenomena driven and controlled by inertia emerges. Before the suppression of clustering, inertia induces a transition in the cluster's inner structure. For small inertia, clusters are characterized by the crystalline order typical of overdamped particles, while for large inertia clusters with liquid-like order are observed. In addition, in contrast to microswimmers, where active particles wet the boundary by primarily forming clusters attached to the container walls, in an underdamped inertial active system, walls do not favor cluster formation and effectively annihilate motility-induced wetting phenomena. As a consequence, inertia suppresses cluster nucleation at the system boundaries. Active matter systems composed of self-propelled agents exhibit dynamical clustering. In this work, the authors demonstrate that inertia induces a solid-liquid transition within the cluster structure and suppresses wetting phenomena at the container boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research summary Policy implications This study provides a rigorous assessment of the public safety benefits of pretrial detention by estimating the criminogenic and punitive effects of spending at least 1 week in pretrial detention across three jail systems in two states. We use a doubly robust difference‐in‐differences design to show that pretrial detention increases the odds for someone to miss a court appearance or be arrested by roughly 50% and increases the odds of convictions by 36%. This evidence was support by a series of supplemental analyses demonstrating that spending more than 1 day and spending more than 3 days in pretrial detention increased the odds of negative pretrial outcomes compared to someone who was booked and released from jail. The findings of this study provide evidence that pretrial detention can be counterproductive to public safety in that it leads to increased likelihood that individuals will miss court and be arrested for new crimes.Jails are a unique criminal justice contact point because they hold individuals at different stages of case processing, including individuals awaiting trial, and those serving shorter sentences or waiting to be transferred to prison. Pretrial release is arguably one of the most consequential decisions in case processing for an individual. Combining our findings with the punitive and collateral effects of time spent in pretrial detention signals a need for policies to identify effective methods of release that maximize liberty, safety, and equity and minimize the criminogenic effects of pretrial detention. Jails are inhabited with pretrial detainees, detention makes outcomes worse for these detainees, and detention does not deliver on public safety as intended. We argue that a more limited and targeted use of pretrial detention is needed and more research attention on alternatives to pretrial detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying effective strategies to combat firearm-related crimes is a growing priority in the United States. The crime gun intelligence (CGI) framework, centered on evidence-based approaches, is a key approach to accomplish this. This article explores the relative contributions of various evidence types to case clearance. We examine gun-related crimes investigated by the Manchester Police Department (MPD) in New Hampshire from 2017 to 2022 to see how the use of NIBIN, e-Trace, firearm recovery, physical evidence, social media, and video evidence impacted the likelihood of arrest. Results suggest that recovering firearms and having video evidence are key elements for increasing the likelihood of an arrest. CGI-related evidence and other evidence types were typically predicted to have no significant effects. NIBIN and physical evidence were associated with negative effects on arrest in some instances. The practical implications of these findings, as well as their limitations and directions for future research, will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selahattin Demirtaş, head of the left‐wing pro‐Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP) in Turkey, was arrested in 2016; his detention stemmed from fabricated charges, allegedly originating from his speeches, political statements, and purported involvement in the Kurdish riots of October 2014, known as the Kobani Protests, across northern Kurdistan. The following excerpts are derived from Demirtaş's extensive testimony before the Turkish court, spanning nine days between December 2023 and January 2024. He and his legal representatives facilitated the compilation of these statements and the subsequent exchange of edited copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VemP is a secretory protein in the Vibrio species that monitors cellular protein-transport activity through its translation arrest, allowing expression of the downstream secD2-secF2 genes in the same operon, which encode components of the protein translocation machinery. When cellular proteintransport function is fully active, secD2/F2 expression remains repressed as VemP translation arrest is canceled immediately. The VemP arrest cancellation occurs on the SecY/E/G translocon in a late stage in the translocation process and requires both trans factors, SecD/F and PpiD/YfgM, and a cis element, Arg-85 in VemP; however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate how VemP passing through SecY specifically monitors SecD/F function. Genetic and biochemical studies showed that SecY is involved in the VemP arrest cancellation and that the arrested VemP is stably associated with a specific site in the protein-conducting pore of SecY. VemP-Bla reporter analyses revealed that a short hydrophobic segment adjacent to Arg-85 plays a critical role in the regulated arrest cancellation with its hydrophobicity correlating with the stability of the VemP arrest. We identified Gln-65 and Pro-67 in VemP as novel elements important for the regulation. We propose a model for the regulation of the VemP arrest cancellation by multiple cis elements and trans factors with different roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taken together, prior publications on the association between symptoms of depression and anxiety and contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) suggest a bi‐directional relationship, but all the studies only focus on one direction in this relationship. Aims: To examine, in longitudinally collected data, period‐specific within‐individual change in anxiety and depression measures preceding arrest measurement and, separately, following arrest measurement. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, a nationally representative sample of people born between 1980 and 1984 and first interviewed between ages 12–17 and a publicly accessible database. Our focus was on data for the 11 years 2000–2010. Using whole sample data, we tested for a reciprocal association between depression and anxiety during each 2‐year period and arrests during the following year, and vice versa, allowing for relatively fixed characteristics such as sex, age and socio‐economic indicators. We used period‐specific change modelling to test relationships. Results: We found that within‐individual increases in depression and anxiety scores over short periods (2‐year periods) of time was associated with an increase in the number of arrests subsequent over the following year, consistently throughout the whole of the 10 years studies. The reciprocal association was also observed, albeit the magnitude of the effects was much smaller. Conclusion: This study adds to the literature on the association between mental health and CJS contact by showing that they may be reciprocally associated. This suggests that facilitating co‐working or even formal partnerships between community mental health services and justice‐related services could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using echocardiography to assess right ventricular (RV) function after cardioplegic arrest is challenging. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is a superior alternative, with the feature tracking technique enabling quantitative assessment of myocardial deformation. This single-centre, prospective study from 2020 to 2022 assessed RV function in 42 patients who underwent open heart surgery with cardioplegic arrest. CMR data were collected preoperatively, one week postoperatively, and at follow-up (6–12 months after surgery), and assessed using the CMR feature tracking technique. Postoperatively, there was no significant change in RV end-diastolic volume, but RV end-systolic volume significantly decreased, leading to a notable increase in RV ejection fraction. By follow-up, both RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes had significantly reduced compared with the preoperative values. Right ventricular longitudinal contractility decreased after surgery but recovered to the preoperative values by follow-up, while RV circumferential contractility improved postoperatively and remained superior to the preoperative levels at follow-up. On CMR imaging, significant changes in RV systolic motion were observed after cardioplegic arrest, with decreased longitudinal but increased circumferential contractility. At follow up, these changes had reverted to the preoperative patterns by the mid-term (6−12 months). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We retrospectively reviewed 41 Manske type IIIB and IV hypoplastic thumbs reconstructed with non-vascularized fourth metatarsal transfers with a mean age of 3.1 years (range 2–7) at the time of operation. These patients were observed for at least 5 years postoperatively. Of the 41 hands, 13 developed complications: type IV patients had significantly more complications (p = 0.014) although using an additional cerclage wire for bony fixation significantly reduced the complication rate (p = 0.045). Of the 31 hands examined with regard to growth, eight exhibited early physeal arrest of bone graft within 5 years postoperatively. The growth rate of the reconstructed first metacarpal bone was significantly lower than that of the second metacarpal bone 10 years after surgery (p = 0.041). Transfer of the non-vascularized fourth metatarsal remains an alternative for type IIIB and IV hypoplastic thumbs if parents desire to keep a five-fingered hand. Level of evidence: III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDespite significant public concern, previous research on hate crimes has been limited and inconclusive regarding whether police discriminate against racial minority victims when clearing hate crimes through arrests. To address this gap, we analyzed the 1992–2019 data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, measuring victim race by both the actual and targeted races in anti-race offenses. When using the latter measure, our findings reveal significant results: the arrest rate was generally higher in inter-racial cases, where offenders targeted a race different from their own, than in intra-racial cases, where they targeted the same race as their own. However, the arrest rate was lower, not higher, when white offenders committed a non-index anti-black offense than when they committed a non-index anti-white offense, which may suggest the possibility of racial discrimination in police arrests that extends beyond mere racial disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments suggest that the evolution of in-plane shear rupture along an interface separating two elastic blocks typically shows a transition from slow to fast slip. In contrast to the commonly used continuum mechanics-based approaches, here we study the shear rupture process along a weak interface using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method. We incorporate a slip-weakening constitutive friction law to simulate the initiation and propagation of shear rupture under external conditions of a constant normal load and a steadily increased shear load. As the shear load increases, our modeling results reveal a sharp transition from episodic expansion and arrest to unstable runaway rupture, consistent with previous experimental results. In the stage of dynamic runaway, rupture velocity is limited by the Rayleigh wave velocity. We further investigate the effects of external loading conditions including load point velocity and normal stress on rupture behavior. We find that the dynamic rupture velocity increases with load point velocity and normal stress, also consistent with previous studies. Our results indicate that the DDA method can well capture some of the general characteristics of shear rupture process and, hence, can be applied to study other aspects of dynamic shear ruptures. Highlights: The slip-weakening friction law is incorporated into DDA to simulate shear rupture processes along a weak interface. Under the DDA model, rupture evolution is characterized by episodic expansion and arrest, followed by a sharp transition to dynamic runaway. The DDA model reproduces a suite of shear rupture behavior, consistent with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-1990s, efforts to identify the Unabomber brought HSS and the FBI into a brief collaborative relationship until the 1996 arrest of Theodore Kaczynski. This article explores this strange syzygy of organizations and individuals. In doing so, it considers Kaczynski's own writings about science and technology—most notably, his 1995 manifesto "Industrial Society and Its Future"—and places this against a backdrop of scholarly and popular writings, as well as the so-called Science Wars of that era. While uncomfortable to consider, Kaczynski's manifesto is one of the most widely read documents about modern science and technology. One might even go so far as to say that Kaczynski was the most-read science and technology studies (STS) author of the 1990s. We also consider HSS's collaboration with the FBI as well as the social responsibilities of historians of science then and now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of therapeutic community programming and aftercare treatment completion on rearrest rates in the Southwest United States across 25 years. The asymptote of rearrest trajectories did not occur until 10 years post-release, although this varied by risk classification. Treatment receipt was not related to 25-year rearrest trajectories. However, people classified as higher risk were more likely to be rearrested than those classified a low risk while controlling for treatment receipt. Aftercare completion extended the time to arrest; individuals completing an aftercare program were less likely to be arrested, and high-risk participants that completed aftercare showed a similar rearrest trajectory as low-risk participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this study is to examine how the age-crime distribution in South Korea has shifted over time and the role of cohorts in driving this shift. This study highlights the impact of social change and historical events on cohort effects, potentially leading to shifts in the age-crime distribution.. Methods: Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction (APC-I) models are estimated on age-specific-arrest statistics for offenses in South Korea from 1967 and 2011. The APC-I models take into account the interdependence of age, period, and cohort, thus permitting the identification of inter-and intra-cohort differences in crime over the life course. Results: The age-crime distribution in South Korea has changed over time to an older peak age of arrest. Korean baby boomers born between 1955 and 1963 have a higher risk of arrest earlier in life than other cohorts, perpetuating an overall increased risk over the life course. Conclusion: Changes in socio-historical conditions differentiate crime trajectories across cohorts over the life course. Thus, this study suggests that social change and historical events impact the age-crime dynamics in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative justice diversion aligns with youths' developmental needs more than traditional approaches. However, there is a research gap regarding its effectiveness among diverse youth, and when initiated by police. This study evaluated misdemeanor cases that occurred in Minneapolis between September 2014 and December 2018 finding that youth who participated in restorative justice diversion after arrest were less likely to experience re-arrest in the following year compared to those processed traditionally. Positive program impacts for Black and American Indian youth demonstrate RJ diversion can be effective with diverse youth while differences in rates of successful diversion by participating community agency highlight opportunities for further study. This study demonstrates the importance of continuing to understand and expand restorative justice diversion with youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the conclusions of a workload-based assessment of patrol staffing needs conducted at a Canadian police force between 2012 and 2016, this article highlights the importance of capturing time spent on components of calls for service (CFS) that result in an incident report for police allocation and deployment analyses. Initial Computer-Aided Dispatch System (CAD) data analysis suggested that CFS that results in an incident report have a significantly higher completion time than other types of calls. In order to account for CFS handling phases that were not captured by CAD data, a survey was conducted to measure the time spent on the scene, the time spent by backup units on the call, the time spent with the person arrested or taken in charge and time spent on subsequent administrative duties. Research findings suggest that CFS that require the completion of an incident report generate most of the reactive workload of patrol officers, even if they frequently constitute a minority of calls. Results also reveal that the use of supplemental data to assess the workload generated by incidents reports may allow the use of a workload-based approach in police agencies that record less than 15 000 citizen-initiated calls for service per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Test the immediate and sustained impact of suspending a police K9 program on officer injury, suspect injury, and suspect resistance rates. Methods: A large municipal policing agency housing one of the oldest K9 programs in the USA suddenly terminated the program at the close of summer 2020. We exploit this change as a natural experiment to test three hypotheses related to rates of injuries (officer and suspect) and resisting arrest. We use Bayesian modeling in an interrupted time series analysis to measure the immediate and long-term effects of the K9 apprehension program's suspension on our hypotheses. Results: The sudden suspension of K9 apprehension was not associated with a statistical increase in officer or suspect injury, or suspect resistance, during felony arrests. Conclusions: As police agencies, communities, and stakeholders renegotiate the risks of policing, constraints on using police K9s are unlikely to impact aggregate officer or suspect safety negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of pretrial incarceration is not punishment. Yet, research demonstrates that pretrial detention elicits similar consequences as punishment. The goal of this study is to advance theory and policy discussions by enumerating the experiences and harms that emerge during pretrial detention and how closely they align with punishment. The analyses use the National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012 to compare the experiences of those held in pretrial detention to those incarcerated in jail or prison after a conviction. Individuals in pretrial detention report more disorderly environments than people in prisons, but also report more access to external social support and better views of staff legitimacy. The self-reported experiences of people in pretrial detention and those in jail as punishment are generally indistinguishable. The results provide considerable support for the argument that pretrial detention is inextricably punitive and, especially at its current scale, likely undermines system objectives of justice and public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the George Floyd effect on depolicing. Police misdemeanor and felony arrests by the Houston Police Department (HPD), with these police actions serve as the primary measures of law enforcement behavior. Specifically, we break down police misdemeanor and felony arrests among Hispanic, Black, and White residents. An Interrupted Time Series Analysis model is used in the analysis. The primary findings suggest that there was an initial steep drop of police arrests immediately after the Floyd incident for both misdemeanor and felony arrests. The long-term effect, however, remains present in only misdemeanant arrests. Police felony arrests went back to pre-incident levels within a short period of time. In addition, it is noted that the pattern of arrests between Blacks and Hispanics is similar. Some policy implications and the limitations of the study are discussed in a concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a very poor prognosis, with survival rates at around 10%. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients in refractory arrest, known as ECPR, aims to provide perfusion to the patient whilst the underlying cause of arrest can be addressed. ECPR use has increased substantially, with varying survival rates to hospital discharge. The best outcomes for ECPR occur when the time from cardiac arrest to implementation of ECPR is minimised. To reduce this time, systems must be in place to identify the correct patient, expedite transfer to hospital, facilitate rapid cannulation and ECMO circuit flows. We describe the process of activation of ECPR, patient selection, and the steps that emergency department clinicians can utilise to facilitate timely cannulation to ensure the best outcomes for patients in refractory cardiac arrest. With these processes in place our survival to hospital discharge for OHCA patients is 35%, with most patients having a good neurological function.

This article conducts a comparative analysis of pre-trial detention challenges in Ukraine and Sweden, highlighting common issues and distinctive features. Both countries face non-compliance with international standards in their remand policies, with legislative problems serving as a focal point. Recent legislative efforts in Ukraine and Sweden have addressed some issues, but significant challenges persist, requiring comprehensive solutions. The legislative disparities between the two nations manifest in the technical nature of Ukraine’s problems and Sweden’s more systemic issues. A unique challenge faced solely by Sweden is the disproportionately high number of foreigners in pre-trial detention, highlighting discriminatory legal regulations. Procedural hurdles vary, with Sweden grappling with the lack of specificity in prosecutors’ grounds for restrictions, while Ukraine faces a formalistic approach to remand extensions. Long-term pre-trial detention is identified as a shared concern, attributed to systemic principles in Sweden and technical procedure problems.

Research summary Policy implications In 2012, Chicago closed half of its public mental health clinics, which provide services to those in need regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay. Critics of the closures argued that they would result in service shortages and divert untreated patients to the criminal justice system. We explore this claim by examining whether and to what extent the closures increased criminal justice contact. Using a difference‐in‐differences framework, we compare arrests and mental health transports in block groups located within a half mile of clinics that closed to those equidistant from clinics that remained open. While we find evidence that police‐initiated mental health transports increased following the closures, we do not observe similar changes in arrests.Chicago's mental health clinic closures remain a contentious issue to this day. Our results suggest that the shuttered clinics were meeting a need that, when left unmet, created conditions for mental health emergencies. While the closures do not appear to have routed untreated patients to the county jail, they increased police contact and, subsequently, transportation to less specialized emergency care facilities. Our findings demonstrate the need to strengthen health care access, crisis prevention, and the mental health safety net to preclude police from acting as mental health responders of last resort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rivers worldwide, multiple scales of dunes coexist. It is unknown how the larger, primary dunes interact with secondary bedforms that are superimposed. We test the hypothesis that streamwise variability in the sediment flux inferred from the downstream migration of secondary bedforms explains migration of the host dune, based on bathymetric data from a lowland, sand‐bedded river. Results indicate that transport estimated from secondary bedform migration increases along the host dune stoss, eroding the stoss slope. When the superimposed bedforms disintegrate at the primary lee slopes, results indicate that all sediment transport associated to secondary bedform migration is arrested in the lee of the host dune, explaining migration of the host dune. When secondary dunes persist however, only part of the sediments transport linked to secondary dunes contributes to the migration of the host dune. This study gives novel insight into the fundamental mechanisms controlling the kinematics of compound dunes. Plain Language Summary: Dunes are undulating features that can develop on a sandy river bed. They migrate downstream as a result of sediments moving from the stoss, the upstream facing slope of the dune, to the lee, the downstream slope of the dune. Sometimes, multiple scales of dunes coexist, where trains of small dunes travel over larger dunes. In this study we investigate how two dune scales interact and how they contribute to the downstream transport of bed sediments. This is done based on a series of field campaigns in the River Waal. The results indicate that migrating secondary dunes contribute to the displacement of the host dune, the dune over which they migrating. In some cases, secondary dunes travel over the host dune stoss and disintegrate at the host dune lee, depositing sediment there. In other cases, secondary dunes travel over the full length of the host dune toward the next, downstream dune. In this case, part of the sediments transport linked to the secondary dunes contributes to the downstream displacement of the host dune, and part of the sediments are transported to the next primary dune. Key Points: Secondary bedforms are omnipresent and are key to understanding primary dune behaviorSediment transport rates linked to migration of superimposed river bedforms increase over the host dune stoss and decrease over the lee sideSecondary bedforms control migration of the host dune, both when they persist over the host dune and when they disintegrate at the lee side [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding crack phenomena in the snowpack and their role in avalanche formation is imperative for hazard prediction and mitigation. Many studies have explored how structural properties of snow contribute to the initial instability of the snowpack, focusing particularly on failure initiation within weak snow layers and the onset of crack propagation. This work addresses the subsequent stage, the effect of slab touchdown after weak layer failure in mixed-mode loading (compresive anticrack (mode I) and shear (mode II) loading). Here we show that slab touchdown reduces the energy release rate, potentially leading to crack arrest, even in static considerations. This finding challenges the notion that dynamic properties of snow layers and spatial snowpack changes alone dictate arrest, highlighting the critical role of mechanical interactions between the slab, weak layer, and base layer. By integrating these findings into the broader context of snowpack stability analysis, we contribute to a more nuanced understanding of avalanche initiation mechanisms. By offering a comprehensive model that can be applied in diverse geophysical settings (https://github.com/2phi/weac), this work extends the scope of avalanche science, promising new strategies for hazard assessment and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Brusselator diffusion–reaction model involving complex forming reaction with the activator species, an amplitude equation has been derived in the framework of a weakly nonlinear theory. Complexing reaction with the activator species strongly influences the time-dependent amplitudes such as in Hopf-wave bifurcations, whereas time-independent amplitudes such as in Turing—bifurcations, are independent of complexing reaction with the activator species. Complexing reaction arrests the arrival of Hopf—bifurcations and the domain of excitable non-oscillations such created may be used effectively for Turing-structure generation by inducing inhomogeneous perturbations of nonzero wavenumber mode. Any major complexing interaction with the activator species in a biological oscillatory network is bound to alter the domains of Hopf/Turing bifurcations affecting the course of physiological self-organization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global public health problem with increased morbidity and mortality. Agrimol B, a natural polyphenol, has been proved to be a potential anticancer drug. Our recent report showed a favorable anticancer effect of agrimol B in HCC, however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we found agrimol B inhibits the growth and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro as well as in an HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Notably, agrimol B drives autophagy initiation and blocks autophagosome-lysosome fusion, resulting in autophagosome accumulation and autophagy arrest in HCC cells. Mechanistically, agrimol B downregulates the protein level of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1 (NDUFS1) through caspase 3-mediated degradation, leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) accumulation and autophagy arrest. NDUFS1 overexpression partially restores mROS overproduction, autophagosome accumulation, and growth inhibition induced by agrimol B, suggesting a cytotoxic role of agrimol B-induced autophagy arrest in HCC cells. Notably, agrimol B significantly enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our study uncovers the anticancer mechanism of agrimol B in HCC involving the regulation of oxidative stress and autophagy, and suggests agrimol B as a potential therapeutic drug for HCC treatment. [Display omitted] • Agrimol B exhibits potent anticancer effects against HCC. • Agrimol B leads to mitochondrial ROS accumulation and autophagy arrest. • Agrimol B downregulates the protein level of NDUFS1 by caspase 3-mediated cleavage. • Agrimol B significantly enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand how allostatic load – cumulative physiologic burden of stress – varies by amount and timing of arrests stratified by race/ethnicity and by sex. Using The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we calculated descriptive statistics and mean differences in bio-marker measured allostatic load by arrest history stratified by race/ethnicity and sex. One-third of participants experienced at least one arrest, and most experienced arrests only as adults. Allostatic load scores were higher for those that had ever experienced an arrest compared to never (mean difference: 0.58 (0.33, 0.84)). Similar results held for men and women and across race/ethnicity, but Black non-Hispanic individuals had higher allostatic load at all levels compared to other individuals. Experiencing both any arrest and multiple arrests were associated with higher allostatic load. The stress of arrests may contribute to physiological maladaptations and poor health. The public health and law enforcement fields must recognize the detrimental consequences of arrests on physiological stress and search for non-carceral solutions. • Allostatic load scores are elevated for those that have experienced an arrest • Black individuals had the highest allostatic load regardless of arrest history • The stress of arrests contribute to physiological maladaptations and poor health • Public health must search for non-carceral solutions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent numerical simulation studies suggest the existence of a seismic type that is distinct from regular earthquakes—the slow self‐arresting rupture (SSAR). Unlike regular earthquakes that propagate dynamically following the initiation, The SSARs automatically arrest within the nucleation zone without interference. Additionally, numerical simulations indicate that SSARs exhibit a significantly lower energy release compared to regular earthquakes, while also exhibiting a relatively long source duration. Given these distinctive properties, comprehending the source processes of SSARs assumes great strategic importance. However, our current understanding of SSARs, particularly regarding their response to different frictional conditions and their correlation with natural phenomena, remains limited in scope. To further explore the intricacies of SSARs, we employ a three‐dimensional fully dynamic source model to simulate SSARs under various slip‐weakening frictional conditions. The findings indicate that SSARs occur in frictional environments characterized by large normalized critical slip distances, with the seismic source process being primarily influenced by this parameter. Apart from displaying significantly smaller average slip and stress drop, which are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those of regular earthquakes of comparable magnitude, SSARs also showcase a decrease in duration, seismic moment, slip rate, and stress drop as the normalized critical slip distance increases. The moment‐duration scaling law of SSARs exhibits a linear pattern. Moreover, the observation of slow earthquakes offers further implications for the presence of SSARs, indicating their potential association with a wider range of intricate seismic phenomena. Plain Language Summary: The source process of earthquakes is an important issue that has been widely studied. Through numerical simulations, we have identified a distinct type of earthquake characterized by slow evolution process and relatively low moment release: slow self‐arresting rupture (SSAR). Here, we conduct simulations with different frictional conditions to gain insights into the unique source processes of SSARs and explore the influencing factors. Unlike regular earthquakes that dynamically propagate after the initiation of sliding, SSARs autonomously terminate within the same region of their initial occurrence, without encountering any barriers or obstructions. Additionally, SSARs occur on faults of different shapes and their occurrence is mainly influenced by frictional conditions. Unlike regular earthquakes, the source duration, slip, slip rate, stress drop, and seismic moment of SSARs decrease as the normalized critical slip distance increases. The similarity between the source characteristics of SSARs and observed slow earthquakes implies the possibility of detecting SSARs in real‐world scenarios and their association with intricate seismic phenomena. Key Points: The slow self‐arresting rupture releases less moment over a longer duration compared to regular earthquakesThe source process of slow self‐arresting rupture is predominantly governed by the normalized critical slip distanceThe slow self‐arresting rupture exhibits waveforms and spectra similar to low‐frequency earthquakes and very low‐frequency earthquakes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays at court are an everlasting and potentially consequential reality of criminal justice systems, although most would agree that the timely adjudication of cases is needed from both administrative, judicial, and individual perspectives. This paper uses administrative data and a policy reform in Denmark in 2007 to measure the unconfounded association between court delays – or, more specifically, time to adjudication – and criminal recidivism within 5 years. Results show that although court delays do not push more people into recidivism, the delays matter for how many crimes recidivists end up being convicted of. Also, criminality tends to be muted during the period from charge to adjudication (even in a context with low use of pretrial detention and no bail system), whereby court delays also matter for the timing of new crimes – a finding with important theoretical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work on deterrence demonstrates that high perceptions of formal sanctions (e.g., arrest) and informal sanctions (e.g., negative reactions from others) both relate to decreased offending behaviors. However, there are numerous contextual factors that influence the strength of formal and informal sanctions on crime. The current study uses the Pathways to Desistance data to explore how formal and informal sanctions relate to offending, and how legal cynicism moderates this process. Findings from a series of longitudinal models show that higher perceptions of both formal and informal sanctions are related to decreased offending, while higher legal cynicism is linked to increased offending. Legal cynicism moderates the relationship between formal—but not informal—sanctions and offending. Policy implications are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the rolling process and microstructure on the brittle crack initiation and arrest of marine steel were systematically investigated. The microstructures of two steel plates produced by different rolling processes were observed and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the rolling process significantly influenced the microstructure. As the rolling temperature decreased, the grain size decreased, the high‐angle grain boundary (HAGB) content increased, and the average grain misorientation angle increased. The brittle crack initiation and the arrest abilities were evaluated by initiation fracture toughness and crack arrest toughness, respectively. The initiation fracture toughness and crack arrest toughness increased with the decreasing grain size and the increasing content of HAGBs. Finally, the influence of microstructure on the brittle crack initiation and arrest ability was explained from two aspects: (1) the critical event of crack initiation at low temperatures, and (2) the hindering effect of HAGB on the propagation of brittle cracks. Highlights: The average grain size decreased with the decreasing rolling temperature.The high‐angle grain boundary content and the grain misorientation angles increased with the decreasing rolling temperature.The critical fracture stress increased with the decrease in the critical crack size.The high‐angle grain boundary altered the brittle crack propagation path and improved the crack arrest ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amir Ahmadi Arian is well known to readers of The New York Times, Harper's, New York Review of Books, Paris Review, and London Review of Books. Though he began as a successful writer in Iran, writing in Farsi, by 2010 the Iranian authorities had banned three of his books, and shuttered the publishing house and newspaper where he worked. He emigrated first to Australia (2014) and then New York (2018) writing now in English and becoming, for anglophone readers, a vital source of news about Iran. In this interview, the topic is Arian's first English-language novel, Then the Fish Swallowed Him, a fictional account of the arrest, torture, and interrogation of a Tehran public bus driver, whom the Iranian authorities implausibly frame as the mastermind of revolutionary opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran. The interview examines the coincidence in the novel of interrogation, dramatic dialogue, and traditional literary interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depth-averaged models of snow avalanches have hitherto lacked an objective arrest criterion. In this study, we investigate the stoppage mechanisms of simulated avalanches, considering the interplay between mesh resolution, simple/complex topographies, and cohesion. We use a second-order depth-averaged model including a modified Voellmy model with cohesion and a physical yielding criterion. Simulated results were found to be sensitive to the mesh resolution, until the cell width is less than 20 % of the characteristic flow depth. The yielding criterion is sufficient to unambiguously define flow arrest for highly cohesive avalanches, even on the complex topography with feature sizes comparable to the typical flow depth. In contrast, for weakly-cohesive avalanches on the complex topography, a fully static state is never reached, due to numerical diffusion enhanced by local non-zero slopes. We hence investigated different global and local arrest criteria applied during post-processing, complementing the yielding criterion. Most of these criteria require setting ad-hoc thresholds, the values of which depend on numerous factors. However, tracking the evolution to a static state of the highest point of the flow material in the runout zone appears to offer an objective and practical solution to indicate when the model enters a numerical-diffusion-dominated regime, whereupon simulations can reasonably be terminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary Policy Implications: The average length of jail stays is increasing despite national efforts to reduce these populations. The current study examines variations in lengths of stay, differentiating between short and long pretrial stays. Using data from two large jails in metropolitan jurisdictions, we take an intersectional perspective and model potential differences among race, gender, and residing in a high‐poverty area. In both locations, we find that Black men are the most likely to have long lengths of stay, but that length of stay varies depending on the intersection of gender, race, and neighborhood poverty.The human costs of pretrial detention are paid unequally by different groups of people. Given the downstream costs of pretrial detention, this work suggests that focusing policy efforts on the barriers to release among people of color, particularly Black men, would be fruitful. There is evidence that bail reform can reduce some barriers to release without increases in crime. Further, attending to obstacles to case processing could lead to pretrial system reform. This work also highlights another area of the criminal legal system where Black males, compared to their White counterparts, are disparately affected and denotes the continuing need for intersectional perspectives on reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1974, Iraqi-born Ghāʾib Ṭuʿmah Farmān (1927–1990) published his novel al-Makhāḍ (Labor Pains. Baghdad: Maktabat al-Taḥrīr, 1974). Farmān had subscribed to Communist ideas since his youth, a leaning for which he was also arrested, yet in this novel, he bluntly expresses his disappointment with the 1958 Iraqi revolution's consequences and his doubts about the concept of revolution itself. In this study, Farmān's novel will be placed within the broader historical and cultural context in which Leftist Arab intellectuals became critical of the Iraqi revolutions of 1958, 1963 and 1968 alike. A close reading of the novel, published six years after the Baʿth revolution of 1968 and the rise of Saddam Hussein to power, reveals admonitions on possible future turns of events. To wit, the concentration of power in the hands of the state and the regime, persecution of political rivals, favoring regime allies, economic disparities, as well as the discord between the noble goals of the revolution and its contradictions in the preservation of the post-revolutionary order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]