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Background: Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic, multi‐symptom disorder affecting 25%–32% of Gulf War veterans. Veterans with GWI disproportionately suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Given the increasing evidence supporting a gut‐brain axis, we explore the relationship between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), GWI, and self‐reported GI disorders among GW veterans. Methods: Veterans from the Gulf War Era Cohort and Biorepository responded to a mail‐based survey (N = 1058). They were stratified by GWI (Centers for Disease Control definition) and PTSD status. This yielded three groups: GWI−, GWI+/PTSD−, and GWI+/PTSD+. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographic and military characteristics examined associations between GWI/PTSD groups and GI disorders. Results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Key Results: The most frequently reported GI disorders were irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and colon polyps (CP). The GWI+/PTSD+ group had a higher odds of these disorders than the GWI+/PTSD− group (aORIBS = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.93–5.05; aORGERD = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.44–2.90; aORCP = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.23–2.80), which had a higher odds of these disorders than the GWI− group (aORIBS = 4.38, 95% CI: 1.55–12.36; aORGERD = 2.51 95% CI: 1.63–3.87; aORCP = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.53–4.32). Conclusions & Inferences: GW veterans with GWI and PTSD have significantly higher odds of specific self‐reported GI disorders than the other groups. Given the known bidirectional influences of the gut and brain, these veterans may benefit from a holistic healthcare approach that considers biopsychosocial contributors to the assessment and management of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Excess rates of Gulf War illness (GWI) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), two chronic multisymptom illnesses, have long been documented among nearly 700,000 veterans who served in the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War. We sought to report the prevalence, characteristics, and association of GWI and IBS decades after the war in a clinical cohort of deployed Gulf War veterans (GWVs) who were evaluated at the Department of Veterans Affairs' War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC) for unexplained chronic symptoms., Materials and Methods: We analyzed data gathered from clinical intake questionnaires of deployed GWVs who were evaluated at WRIISC clinics between 2008 and 2020. We applied Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria to determine the prevalence of severe GWI. IBS was identified using Rome IV diagnostic criteria (current IBS) and veterans' self-reported "history of physician-diagnosed IBS." We examined associations between IBS and GWI using bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression., Results: Among the N = 578 GWVs evaluated by the WRIISC, severe GWI (71.8%), history of physician-diagnosed IBS (50.3%) and current IBS (42.2%) were all highly prevalent. Nearly half of GWVs with severe GWI met Rome criteria for IBS (45.8%), and over half reported a history of physician-diagnosed IBS (56.1%). In multivariable models, severe GWI was significantly associated both with current IBS (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.68, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.54) and with veteran-reported history of physician-diagnosed IBS (aOR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.43, 2.23). IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) was the most common subtype among GWVs with current IBS (61.1%). However, IBS-mixed affected a significantly greater proportion of veterans with severe GWI, compared to veterans who did not have severe GWI (P = .03)., Conclusions: More than 20 years after the Persian Gulf War, our findings indicate a high degree of comorbidity between severe GWI and IBS among deployed GWVs seeking care for unexplained illnesses. Our results suggest GWVs with GWI should be screened for IBS for which evidence-based treatments are available and could potentially reduce symptom burden. Conversely, symptoms of IBS should trigger additional evaluation for non-gastrointestinal symptoms in deployed Gulf War veterans to identify possible GWI and ensure a comprehensive approach to care., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2024. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic multisymptom illness with a complex and uncertain etiology and pathophysiology, is highly prevalent among veterans deployed to the 1990-1991 GW. We examined how GWI phenotypes varied by demographic and military characteristics among GW-era veterans. Data were from the VA's Cooperative Studies Program 2006/Million Veteran Program (MVP) 029 cohort, Genomics of GWI. From June 2018 to March 2019, 109,976 MVP enrollees (out of a total of over 676,000) were contacted to participate in the 1990-1991 GW-era Survey. Of 109,976 eligible participants, 45,169 (41.1%) responded to the 2018-2019 survey, 35,902 respondents met study inclusion criteria, 13,107 deployed to the GW theater. GWI phenotypes were derived from Kansas (KS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) GWI definitions: (a) KS Symptoms (KS Sym+), (b) KS GWI (met symptom criteria and without exclusionary health conditions) [KS GWI: Sym+/Dx-], (c) CDC GWI and (d) CDC GWI Severe. The prevalence of each phenotype was 67.1% KS Sym+, 21.5% KS Sym+/Dx-, 81.1% CDC GWI, and 18.6% CDC GWI severe. These findings affirm the persistent presence of GWI among GW veterans providing a foundation for further exploration of biological and environmental underpinnings of this condition.

The role of smoking in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear. We used a retrospective cohort design to study data from veterans' Electronic Medical Record to assess the impact of smoking on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Veterans tested for the SARS-CoV-2 virus from 02/01/2020 to 02/28/2021 were classified as: Never Smokers (NS), Former Smokers (FS), and Current Smokers (CS). We report the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for potential confounders obtained from a cascade machine learning algorithm. We found a 19.6% positivity rate among 1,176,306 veterans tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The positivity proportion among NS (22.0%) was higher compared with FS (19.2%) and CS (11.5%). The adjusted odds of testing positive for CS (aOR:0.51; 95%CI: 0.50, 0.52) and FS (aOR:0.89; 95%CI:0.88, 0.90) were significantly lower compared with NS. Four pre-existing conditions, including dementia, lower respiratory infections, pneumonia, and septic shock, were associated with a higher risk of testing positive, whereas the use of the decongestant drug phenylephrine or having a history of cancer were associated with a lower risk. CS and FS compared with NS had lower risks of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. These findings highlight our evolving understanding of the role of smoking status on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.