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Surface electric potential measurements are widely used in non-destructive inspection and testing of precision surfaces, for example, in the production of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Features of the construction and application of devices for measuring the surface electric potential using an immovable reference electrode are considered. Despite the need to increase the area of the probe compared to devices with a vibrating probe, measurement techniques with an immovable probe have a number of advantages and could expand the scope of surface electric potential measurements in the inspection of samples with precise surfaces. Models of the formation of a measuring signal in the presence of a spatial inhomogeneity of surface electric potential are presented and discussed.

Measuring devices and systems containing sensors that require sinusoidal excitation are widely used in information and measurement technology both in production conditions and in research practice. Examples include various types of metal detectors, eddy current flaw detectors, analyzers of liquid media, electrometers with a dynamic capacitor, etc. The aim of the work was to develop the optimal architecture and algorithms for the operation of intelligent sensors intended for use in measuring systems operating according to the sinusoidal excitation – response scheme.This paper describes the approach proposed by the authors to the construction of intelligent sensors based on modern microcontrollers, the distinctive feature of which is the continuous generation of sinusoidal excitation and reading responses in the background, as well as setting the readiness flags for data processing in the main process of the microprocessor, which ensures uninterrupted execution of background processes, the main of which is the generation of a sinusoidal excitatory action.This approach has been tested in the development of charge-sensitive surface mapping systems, such as the Kelvin probe based on a vibrating capacitor, and the surface photo voltage probe for the case of semiconductors.

Involutional hormonal processes characteristic of the postmenopause are accompanied by disorders that deteriorate the quality of life in the female population and lead to an increased risk of developing metabolic diseases of the bones and cardiovascular system. In modern medicine, it is extremely important to understand the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in association with cardiovascular diseases, which are the main causes of mortality in the population.This review is devoted to determining the key aspects of the pathogenesis of PMO and identifying their relationships with cardiovascular pathology. Epidemiological data are assessed, the main mechanisms of PMO and vascular pathology development are considered, the fundamental role of hormone deficiency, immune dysregulation disorders, and disorders of macrophage polarization is described, and data on the association between the pathogenesis links of the studied pathological processes are analyzed.The obtained data will form a unified approach to reducing the growing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and complications of PMO and contribute to the development of new research areas in disease prevention.

Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of pAKT1 expression by tumor cells in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Materials and methods. The study included 90 patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), who were treated at the clinic of Kirov Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion from 2014 to 2017 and received standard first-line polychemotherapy according to the R-CHOP regimen. Using immunohistochemical and morphometric methods, the relative number of tumor cells expressing pAKT1 was determined. Using the two-sided Fisher’s exact test, the relationship of different levels of marker expression with clinical and laboratory parameters of patients and long-term treatment results was analyzed. The impact of pAKT1 on the risk of an adverse event was assessed using the Cox regression analysis.Results. Overexpression of pAKT1 is associated with unfavorable clinical characteristics of patients with DLBCL, excessive expression of the BCL2 and c-Myc oncoproteins, as well as with low rates of overall and progressive survival. Overexpression of pAKT1 is an independent prognostic factor and statistically significantly affects the risk of an adverse outcome in DLBCL.Conclusion. The degree of pAKT1 expression is an informative criterion that allows to predict the course of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is advisable to use the indicated marker when stratifying patients into risk groups.