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AIM: To describe the distribution of refractive errors by age and sex among schoolchildren in Soacha, Colombia. METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in five urban public schools in the municipality of Soacha. A total of 1161 school-aged and pre-adolescent children, aged 5-12y were examined during the school year 2021-2022. Examinations included visual acuity and static refraction. Spherical equivalent (SE) was analysed as follows: myopia SE≤-0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or worse; high myopia SE≤-6.00 D; hyperopia SE≥+1.00 D (≥7y) or SE≥+2.00 D (5-6y); significant hyperopia SE≥+3.00 D. Astigmatism was defined as a cylinder in at least one eye ≥1.00 D (≥7y) or ≥1.75 D (5-6y). If at least one eye was ametropic, children were classified according to the refractive error found. RESULTS: Of the 1139 schoolchildren included, 50.6% were male, 58.8% were aged between 5 and 9y, and 12.1% were already using optical correction. The most common refractive error was astigmatism (31.1%), followed by myopia (20.8%) and hyperopia (13.1%). There was no significant relationship between refractive error and sex. There was a significant increase in astigmatism (P

La clasificación de hongos es un paso crucial para conocer su diversidad. Este proceso se realiza con el análisis de sus formas macroscópicas y microscópicas, lo cual requiere de mucha paciencia y entrenamiento. Hoy en día es posible usar la información del ADN con el objetivo de clasificar hongos. En tal sentido, se obtiene todo el ADN del hongo y de ahí se sustrae un pequeño fragmento, conocido como código de barras genético. Al igual que los productos del supermercado, este código de barras es único para cada hongo; de este modo, es fácil compartir estos datos por Internet, lo cual ha facilitado los estudios de biodiversidad el intercambio de información entre científicos.

This study presents data on the concentration of Alternaria spores in the atmosphere of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. A non-viable volumetric method was used to collect the samples, resulting in a database of 70 annual. When the annual averages for each locality are calculated, Ourense stands out with 2152 spores/m3, followed by Vigo and Lugo, while Santiago de Compostela recorded the lowest concentrations. Focusing on the total data for each locality, the main sporulation period started in May and ended in October in all localities, centered on a single phase, with an earlier onset and longer duration in Ourense and Vigo. The number of days with concentrations in excess of 100 spores/m3 was very low in Santiago de Compostela, Ourense, and Vigo and null in Lugo. Temperature was the meteorological parameter for which the highest statistical correlation was obtained in all locations, being favorable to the concentration of spores in the air. Temperature ranges favorable to the presence of airborne spores in the study area ranged from 25.5 to 31.2 °C. Based on the analysis of the data collected, it is concluded that Alternaria spore concentrations are low throughout most of the year.

Aeromycological studies on cereal crops allow to determine the temporal variation of plant pathogens affecting the crop and to determine the appropriate time to apply fungicides. However, this topic has not been systematically reviewed. The aim of this work was to systematically analyze all aeromycological studies carried out on corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley, rye, sorghum, and millet. A systematic search was carried out in Scopus from the start of the database until 1 August 2022. Inclusion criteria were that they were aeromycological studies on wheat or rice or corn or oats or sorghum or rye or barley or millet and studies published in peer-reviewed journals indexed in Journal Citation Reports and written in English or Spanish. Forty-three studies (21 in wheat, 15 in rice, 5 in corn, 1 in sorghum, and 2 in barley) that met all eligibility criteria were included (one of the studies in corn was also conducted in wheat). No aeromycological studies were found in oats, rye, and millet. It was noted that most aeromycological research has been conducted on wheat crops and predominantly in countries in the Americas. Also, fungal propagules are mainly collected by non-viable methods, using various types of collectors. Generally, the studies were aimed at identifying a specific pathogen and not at the diversity of pathogens that can be found. The relationship of the fungi identified with meteorological parameters was variable in the different studies. This systematic review helps to summarize aeromycological studies that have been conducted on wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, and barley crops. It also suggests where future studies in this area should be directed, based on the limitations encountered.

La evaluación precisa de la presión intraocular (PIO) permite el diagnóstico oportuno del glaucoma infantil. El objetivo fue analizar la PIO medida con el tonómetro de rebote iCare ic100 en niños. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra consecutiva de niños que asistieron a consulta de optometría. Fueron atendidos 100 pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 7,5±2,6 años y 55 % eran de sexo masculino. La medida se realizó con éxito en 97 % de los ojos. La PIO fue en promedio 13,8±3,5 mmHg para ojo derecho (OD) y 13,9±4,1 mmHg (OI) para ojo izquierdo (OI) (p=0,6411); en niñas fue de 13,8±3,1 mmHg [IC 95 % 12,8-14,7] en OD y de 13,6±3,0 mmHg [IC 95 % 12,7-14,5] en OI. La PIO en niños fue de 13,8±3,8 mmHg [IC 95 % 12,7-14,8] en OD y de 14,1±4,9 mmHg [IC 95 % 12,8-15,4] en OI. La PIO con el tonómetro de rebote resultó dentro de los valores de normalidad clínica en niños, sin diferencias significativas entre sexo o edad. Por la alta tasa de éxito en la medición, se propone la valoración de la PIO con el tonómetro ic100 en niños, para la identificación temprana de casos de glaucoma.

Desde 2008, el Ecuador reconoció constitucionalmente a la naturaleza como sujeto de derechos, sin embargo, en un Estado constitucional de derechos y justicia como el ecuatoriano, la Corte Constitucional ha jugado un rol preponderante en el desarrollo de su contenido. El artículo estudia la evolución histórica de la jurisprudencia constitucional en esta materia. La investigación realizó un estudio crítico de las principales sentencias, para lo cual usó tres variables: patrimonio forestal, cuerpos hídricos y vida silvestre. En el trabajo se presentan los principales resultados, con énfasis en los casos del bosque protector Los Cedros, debido a la utilización del principio de prevención para el reconocimiento de los derechos de la naturaleza, y el caso "Estrellita", en el que se discutió sobre el reconocimiento de los animales silvestres como sujetos de derechos. El artículo concluye que, pese al avance en el desarrollo del contenido de estos derechos, es necesario que la academia, los gremios profesionales y abogados en libre ejercicio comprendan a cabalidad el contenido integral de este, y no intenten beneficiarse de párrafos aislados de las sentencias, lo que genera incertidumbres e interpretaciones erróneas, so pretexto de la protección de los derechos de la naturaleza.

This study presents data on the concentration of Alternaria spores in the atmosphere of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. A non-viable volumetric method was used to collect the samples, resulting in a database of 70 annual. When the annual averages for each locality are calculated, Ourense stands out with 2152 spores/m3, followed by Vigo and Lugo, while Santiago de Compostela recorded the lowest concentrations. Focusing on the total data for each locality, the main sporulation period started in May and ended in October in all localities, centered on a single phase, with an earlier onset and longer duration in Ourense and Vigo. The number of days with concentrations in excess of 100 spores/m3 was very low in Santiago de Compostela, Ourense, and Vigo and null in Lugo. Temperature was the meteorological parameter for which the highest statistical correlation was obtained in all locations, being favorable to the concentration of spores in the air. Temperature ranges favorable to the presence of airborne spores in the study area ranged from 25.5 to 31.2 °C. Based on the analysis of the data collected, it is concluded that Alternaria spore concentrations are low throughout most of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies about representations of Latinidad in US and European media have identified stereotypes like criminalization and hypersexualization. Furthermore, it has been argued that comedy operates as a double-edged sword in exposing racism, as humor can be deployed to simultaneously mask/justify and show/denounce racial discrimination and monolithic representations of Latinidad. Using a feminist intersectional perspective that foregrounds constructions of masculinities and racialization/migration as exclusionary factors, this essay discusses how RTVE Playz, the digital platform of the Spanish public television aimed at young audiences, represents Latinidad in its series Riders (2021). Situated within the dynamics of racialization in Spain, Riders stands out as an example of dark humor that both complicates and reinforces stereotypes. Through a close reading of the series, we assess its response to current social, political and cultural citizenship challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rust is one of the main diseases affecting wheat crops in Spain, causing significant yield and quality losses. Research on its identification and quantification in the air is a worldwide priority due to the importance of this crop as a source of food and feed. The objective of this study is to determine the temporal variation of airborne spores of Puccinia and their relationship with meteorological variables and the phenological development of a wheat crop in Northwestern Spain during two growing seasons. The study was conducted in A Limia, Ourense, located in Northwestern Spain, during the wheat growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. The Lanzoni VPPS 2010 spore trap was used to collect airborne spores, which were identified using optical microscopy. The wheat growing season was less than 95 days during both years, and wheat rust spores were detected during all phenological stages of the crop. Concentrations were higher than 100 spores/m3 from the booting stage to senescence, mainly in 2021. Statistical analyses showed that temperature was the meteorological variable that most influenced Puccinia concentrations in the air in both years. The modification of a prediction model proposed by other authors for wheat rust, which takes into account mean temperature (10–25 °C), dew point temperature (Puccinia concentrations in the year 2022 when these conditions occurred for four or five consecutive days. This research is the first in Spain to report the presence of rust-causing Puccinia spores in the air during all phenological stages of the wheat crop and provides useful information for designing management strategies, considering temperature values.

Looking for regular statistical trends of relations in schools, we constructed 42 independent weighted directed networks of simultaneous friendship and animosity from surveys we made in the Mexico City Metropolitan area in classrooms with students of different ages and levels by asking them to nominate and order five friends and five foes. However, the data show that older students nominated fewer than the five required five foes. Although each classroom was independent of the others, we found several general trends involving students of different ages and grade levels. In all classrooms, friendship entropy was found to be higher than enmity entropy, indicating that fewer students received enmity links than received friendship nominations. Popular agents exhibited more reciprocal nominations among themselves than less popular agents, and opposite-sex friendships increased with age.

The Fusarium wilt disease of banana caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is currently considered the most prominent disease that threatens the global fruit production. Control of this pathogen is essential to guarantee the supply of banana fruits. The use of chemical pesticides is a common practice for its control; however, this causes contamination of soils, water and atmosphere, and also affects the human health. The knowledge of natural antagonists of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is a reliable alternative to develop crop protection strategies. Concerning this, the genus Trichoderma comprises mycoparasitic species adapted to distinct environmental and soil conditions. The features of Trichoderma have enabled its use as an effective biological control agent, but this potential must be extended in order to prevent the economic losses caused by the Fusarium wilt. In this review we present essential information about two contrasting fungal inhabitants of the soil: a group of phytopathogens that produces deleterious consequences in banana plants and its potential antagonists that will provide novel methods of biological control.

RESUMEN El estudio de la aeromicobiota de los museos contribuye a la conservación de los materiales que allí se resguardan y a la prevención de enfermedades alérgicas en los visitantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la diversidad y calidad fúngica del aire de la Casa Museo Polo Montañez mediante una metodología volumétrica no viable. Se calculó la razón entre las concentraciones fúngicas del aire interior y exterior para evaluar su calidad. Además, se realizó un análisis ecológico de los hongos detectados. La calidad del aire interior de las salas fue buena y se comprobó la similitud entre los taxones del interior y exterior. El tipo esporal Aspergillus/Penicillium destacó por su abundancia en el aire interior y el tipo esporal Cladosporium en el exterior. De la micobiota detectada 12 géneros se informan con propiedades biodeteriorantes y nueve alergénicas. Los cuatro tipos esporales identificados pueden manifestar ambas potencialidades.

El presente texto hace una revisión sistemática de alcance sobre lo publicado en bases de datos científicas iberoamericanas con sistema open Access (acceso abierto) de la temática deporte y homosexualidad. La técnica a utilizar es la revisión sistemática de alcance también llamada scoping review basada en la metodología del Instituto Joanna Briggs: fuentes consultadas, criterios de inclusión y exclusión, estrategia de búsqueda, tamización y selección de estudios, extracción de datos, análisis y presentación de resultados. Entre los hallazgos y resultados más relevantes encontramos: la heterogeneidad como estilo de práctica y vida; la discriminación y necesidades de los grupos LGBTTT; estereotipos por el tipo de práctica deportiva; experiencias de vida en el deporte; activismo mediante el deporte y el trabajo inconcluso de la educación física en temas de diversidad sexual.

Queerfeminist strategies in the reconstruction of memories, such as performative uses of fantasy in (auto)biographical (non)fiction texts, can bring out what has been repressed by androcentric narratives of History. Through memory dispositives, which trigger frictions between past and present, fiction and reality, creators manage to confront trauma. This is illustrated by close reading two works dealing with (post)memories of the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship: Carmen Martín Gaite's novel El cuarto de atrás (1978) and Maite García Ribot's documentary film Cartas a María (2015). While Martín Gaite navigates through her own fictionalized memories, García Ribot reconstructs her grandfather's exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus is one of the most common fungal genera found indoors; it is important because it can cause a wide range of diseases in humans. Aspergillus species identification is based on a combination of morphological, physiological, and molecular methods. However, molecular methodologies have rarely been used for the identification of environmental isolates of Aspergillus in Cuba. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify the species of the genus Aspergillus obtained from houses in Havana, Cuba, through the construction of phylogeny from a partial sequence of the benA gene region, and to analyze the diversity and richness of Aspergillus in the studied municipalities. Isolates of Aspergillus spp. included in this study presented the typical macro- and micromorphology described for the genus. According to this polyphasic characterization, A. niger, A. flavus, A. welwitschiae, A. heteromorphus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus, A. clavatus, and A. tubingensis were the most abundant species. Most of the identified species constitute new records for outdoor and indoor environments in Cuba and contribute to the knowledge of fungal biodiversity in the country. These results constitute an alert for the health authorities of the country, since prolonged exposure of the inhabitants to Aspergillus spores can cause severe persistent asthma, among other diseases.

The aim of this work was to compare the curricula of three different agricultural engineering courses and to determine the competence of graduating students in three subject areas in order to identify possible shortfalls in the number of hours of instruction (HI) required for full competence to be attained. A total of 132 students sat a voluntary examination in the final year of their studies to determine their competence in three subject areas: electrical facilities, machinery and construction. The degree courses completed by these students are meant to provide them with the legal standing required to undertake infrastructure projects in agricultural installations. This work detected significant differences in the competence of graduates in the mentioned subjects, depending on the number of HI they had received. Students who had received under 120 HI in these subjects were found to be significantly less competent than those who had received more.

En el presente artículo se revisan las principales relaciones entre la génesis y la mineralogía de Andisoles, Alfisoles y Ultisoles en Colombia, con el fin de entender su evolución y clasificación y proponer alternativas técnicas para la utilización y el manejo sostenible de este importante recurso de suelos en Colombia. De igual manera, se analizó la relación entre la mineralogía de estos suelos y su fertilidad, de acuerdo con las especies presentes en sus fracciones gruesa (arena y limo) y fina (arcilla); teniendo en cuenta que la fracción gruesa constituye una reserva potencial de nutrientes, en tanto que la arcillosa determina el comportamiento físico-químico del suelo (Mejía 1980). El artículo es producto de la respuesta al examen escrito de candidatura, presentado por el autor en el marco de sus estudios doctorales. Para ello se hizo una revisión bibliográfica del estado del arte sobre el conocimiento de la génesis y evolución de estos Órdenes de suelos en el país.

The use of wireless networks (WLAN) offers a more affordable implementation alternative with respect to wired networks, due to its simplicity in installation and administration, allowing superior adaptability to most structures or environments. Mesh networks, which are a derivation of WLANs, offer many advantages and benefits, which satisfy higher coverage levels, in places where you want to maintain constant connectivity with the network, since it has multiple nodes communicating with each other, which help to maintain a stable connection. This article deals with a review of the projects, articles and works that refer to Mesh networks. It will also talk about the different routing protocols and standards, which allow optimizing routes for the exchange of information in the network, and where rules are specified on the operation in a WLAN respectively.

Rust is one of the main diseases affecting wheat crops in Spain, causing significant yield and quality losses. Research on its identification and quantification in the air is a worldwide priority due to the importance of this crop as a source of food and feed. The objective of this study is to determine the temporal variation of airborne spores of Puccinia and their relationship with meteorological variables and the phenological development of a wheat crop in Northwestern Spain during two growing seasons. The study was conducted in A Limia, Ourense, located in Northwestern Spain, during the wheat growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. The Lanzoni VPPS 2010 spore trap was used to collect airborne spores, which were identified using optical microscopy. The wheat growing season was less than 95 days during both years, and wheat rust spores were detected during all phenological stages of the crop. Concentrations were higher than 100 spores/m3 from the booting stage to senescence, mainly in 2021. Statistical analyses showed that temperature was the meteorological variable that most influenced Puccinia concentrations in the air in both years. The modification of a prediction model proposed by other authors for wheat rust, which takes into account mean temperature (10–25 °C), dew point temperature (<5 °C), and nighttime temperature (10–20 °C), allowed us to tentatively predict the increase in Puccinia concentrations in the year 2022 when these conditions occurred for four or five consecutive days. This research is the first in Spain to report the presence of rust-causing Puccinia spores in the air during all phenological stages of the wheat crop and provides useful information for designing management strategies, considering temperature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking for regular statistical trends of relations in schools, we constructed 42 independent weighted directed networks of simultaneous friendship and animosity from surveys we made in the Mexico City Metropolitan area in classrooms with students of different ages and levels by asking them to nominate and order five friends and five foes. However, the data show that older students nominated fewer than the five required five foes. Although each classroom was independent of the others, we found several general trends involving students of different ages and grade levels. In all classrooms, friendship entropy was found to be higher than enmity entropy, indicating that fewer students received enmity links than received friendship nominations. Popular agents exhibited more reciprocal nominations among themselves than less popular agents, and opposite-sex friendships increased with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has as purpose to identify the level of knowledge about signs and symptoms that presents a patient with HIV/AIDS, in pregnant adolescents of 14 – 19 years old, this study was conducted in with population attending seven Health Centers of Public Institution and three units of family medicine social security. The instrument was applied “Survey for Pregnant”, elaborated based on the objectives and population chosen, and validated with KR20 of Richardson 0.95 reliability. The work was supported in quantitative methodology with descriptive statistics. The observed results were, 50(35.5%) with average knowledge with secondary education, 40(28.3%) with midlle and 4(2.8%) presented low knowledge with primary and secondary and the high level was absent. In relation to knowledge of signs and symptoms, only 58.44% correctly identified.

This contribution explores the relationship between Thomas Hardy and his contemporary readers from The Poor Man and the Lady, his first, unpublished, novel, to The Well- Beloved, his last one. It discovers a writer split into two, with Hardy, the artist, striving to cohabitate with Hardy-the serial writer for the three decades his career as a novelist lasted. In order to fully appreciate Hardy's novels as they have reached us nowadays, after the 1912 Wessex edition, we should focus on the contradictions between their initial manuscripts, their edited versions for the family magazines and their final reconstructions into volume forms. Although Hardy certainly wanted quick success with the Victorian masses he never let go of his "higher aspirations" to be received differently by a more select readership, even if this alternative reading had to be done between the lines at a later stage.

From the years 2001 to 2017, per capita nominal and real (adjusted to inflation) GDP at purchasing power parity (PCGDP-PPP) distributions for cities and regions are fitted to various functions. For most years and regions, real PCGDP-PPP data are very well adjusted to the one-parameter Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution (BGD), in accordance with the exponential behavior predicted by the simple econophysics analogy between conserved money in economic trade and energy in elastic collisions in gases. Overall, fittings are better for large regions in recent years, which may reflect an increasing economic globalization in time. Cities, small regions and large regions values are well fitted by stretched exponential distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]