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The DIII-D tokamak has elucidated crucial physics and developed projectable solutions for ITER and fusion power plants in the key areas of core performance, boundary heat and particle transport, and integrated scenario operation, with closing the core-edge integration knowledge gap being the overarching mission. New experimental validation of high-fidelity, multi-channel, non-linear gyrokinetic turbulent transport models for ITER provides strong confidence it will achieve Q ⩾ 10 operation. Experiments identify options for easing H-mode access in hydrogen, and give new insight into the isotopic dependence of transport and confinement. Analysis of 2,1 islands in unoptimized low-torque IBS demonstration discharges suggests their onset time occurs randomly in the constant β phase, most often triggered by non-linear 3-wave coupling, thus identifying an NTM seeding mechanism to avoid. Pure deuterium SPI for disruption mitigation is shown to provide favorable slow cooling, but poor core assimilation, suggesting paths for improved SPI on ITER. At the boundary, measured neutral density and ionization source fluxes are strongly poloidally asymmetric, implying a 2D treatment is needed to model pedestal fuelling. Detailed measurements of pedestal and SOL quantities and impurity charge state radiation in detached divertors has validated edge fluid modelling and new self-consistent ‘pedestal-to-divertor’ integrated modeling that can be used to optimize reactors. New feedback adaptive ELM control minimizes confinement reduction, and RMP ELM suppression with sustained high core performance was obtained for the first time with the outer strike point in a W-coated, compact and unpumped small-angle slot divertor. Advances have been made in integrated operational scenarios for ITER and power plants. Wide pedestal intrinsically ELM-free QH-modes are produced with more reactor-relevant conditions, Low torque IBS with W-equivalent radiators can exhibit predator-prey oscillations in T _e and radiation which need control. High- β _P scenarios with q _min > 2, q _95 –7.9, β _N > 4, β _T –3.3% and H _98y2 > 1.5 are sustained with high density ( $\bar n$ = 7E19 m ^−3 , f _G –1) for 6 τ _E , improving confidence in steady-state tokamak reactors. Diverted NT plasmas achieve high core performance with a non-ELMing edge, offering a possible highly attractive core-edge integration solution for reactors.

The objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to demonstrate the consistency between the anomalous transport results produced by updated Multi-Mode Model (MMM) version 9.0.4 and those obtained through gyrokinetic simulations; and secondly, to showcase MMM’s ability to predict electron and ion temperature profiles in low aspect ratio, high beta NSTX discharges. MMM encompasses a range of transport mechanisms driven by electron and ion temperature gradients, trapped electrons, kinetic ballooning, peeling, microtearing, and drift resistive inertial ballooning modes. These modes within MMM are being verified through corresponding gyrokinetic results. The modes that potentially contribute to ion thermal transport are stable in MMM, aligning with both experimental data and findings from linear CGYRO simulations. The isotope effects on these modes are also studied and higher mass is found to be stabilizing, consistent with the experimental trend. The electron thermal power across the flux surface is computed within MMM and compared to experimental measurements and nonlinear CGYRO simulation results. Specifically, the electron temperature gradient modes (ETGM) within MMM account for 2.0 MW of thermal power, consistent with experimental findings. It is noteworthy that the ETGM model requires approximately 5.0 ms of computation time on a standard desktop, while nonlinear CGYRO simulations necessitate 8.0 h on 8 K cores. MMM proves to be highly computationally efficient, a crucial attribute for various applications, including real-time control, tokamak scenario optimization, and uncertainty quantification of experimental data.

The edge localized mode (ELM) frequency ( f _ELM ) decreased by 63% when electron cyclotron heating (ECH) deposition location is shifted from ρ = 0.4 to ρ = 0.8 in DIII-D discharges where the power ratio between neutral beam injection (NBI) and ECH ( P _NBI / P _ECH ) is kept at ∼1. The performance of the pedestal in the ECH heated case is compared with a pure NBI reference discharge while keeping the total input power constant. All these discharges are performed at balanced input torque conditions. Furthermore, in the pure NBI discharge a strong decoupling of the peeling–ballooning (PB) thresholds is observed. The PB decoupling is preserved when the ECH is deposited at ρ = 0.8 and P _NBI / P _ECH ∼ 1, while the thresholds manifest a closed stability boundary when the ECH is deposited at ρ = 0.4. The inter-ELM pedestal recovery time is considerably larger for the ECH at ρ = 0.8 case. Increased pedestal turbulence is observed in beam emission spectroscopy (BES), Doppler backscattering and magnetic diagnostics for the ECH at the ρ = 0.8 case. Strong growth of a TEM-like mode is observed in BES and the mode growth is correlated with the decrease in f _ELM . In view of these observations, the increased pedestal turbulence seems to be the plausible reason behind the delayed pedestal recovery following an ELM event in the ECH at ρ = 0.8 case, and the preservation of PB decoupling through temperature pedestal profile widening. TRANSP interpretative simulations show that the ECH at the ρ = 0.8 case is more susceptible to ITG/TEM turbulence.

The article considers the organizational and pedagogical bases of the realization of the program on еthnosocial security through ethno-cultural connotation of educational content. The author describes the essence of the project «The ethno-cultural connotation of educational content».

The article is dedicated to determination of characteristics and criteria of tolerance as the conceptual notion of a number of human sciences and as a property of the person. The authors analyzed different approaches to understanding of identity of tolerance and its features.

Andreybulakhite, ideally Ni(C2O4) ⋅ 2H2O, is a new member of the humboldtine group, named in honour of Andrey Glebovich Bulakh of Saint Petersburg State University. The mineral was discovered at the Nyud-II (Nud-II) Cu–Ni sulfide deposit, Monchegorsk mafic–ultramafic pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Andreybulakhite forms segregations of platy to prismatic crystals up to 2×1×1 µm in size that are localized in the upper part of the fruiting bodies (apothecia) of Lecanora cf. polytropa lichen, whose colonies overgrow the oxidized surfaces of pyrrhotite–pentlandite–chalcopyrite ore. The mineral is monoclinic, with space group C2/c, a=11.8392(5) Å, b=5.3312(2) Å, c=9.8357(7) Å, β=126.723(5)°, V=497.59(3) Å3 and Z=4. The Raman spectrum of andreybulakhite contains the following bands (cm−1): 1701 (C=O stretching vibrations and/or multiphonon processes); 1621 (H2O bending vibrations); 1454 and 924 (C–O and C–C stretching modes); 597 (Ni–O stretching, C–C–O and O–C–O bending vibrations); and 550, 307 and 226 (predominantly Ni–O stretching and deformation modes). The absorption bands of the infrared spectrum are (cm−1) 3389 (O–H stretching vibrations), 1640 (H2O bending vibrations), 1357 and 1315 (C–O stretching, C–C stretching), and 818 (Ni–O stretching, C–O and C–C stretching, C–C–O and O–C–O bending vibrations). The empirical formula calculated on the basis of (Ni + Cu + Mg + Co) =1 atom per formula unit is (Ni0.63Cu0.27Mg0.08Co0.02)Σ1.00(C2O4) ⋅ 2H2O. The absence of iron in the mineral is a result of oxidative Ni2+/Fe3+ fractionation during the secondary aqueous alteration of Ni- and Cu-rich sulfides. Andreybulakhite has synthetic Ni and Co counterparts; the latter implies the possibility of formation of its Co analogue in a related cobalt-rich environment.

Abstract Obligatory parthenogenesis in vertebrates is restricted to squamate reptiles and evolved through hybridisation. Parthenogens can hybridise with sexual species, resulting in individuals with increased ploidy levels. We describe two successive hybridisations of the parthenogenetic butterfly lizards (genus Leiolepis) in Vietnam with a parental sexual species. Contrary to previous proposals, we document that parthenogenetic L. guentherpetersi has mitochondrial DNA and two haploid sets from L. guttata and one from L. reevesii, suggesting that it is the result of a backcross of a parthenogenetic L. guttata × L. reevesii hybrid with a L. guttata male increasing ploidy from 2n to 3n. Within the range of L. guentherpetersi, we found an adult tetraploid male with three L. guttata and one L. reevesii haploid genomes. It probably originated from fertilisation of an unreduced triploid L. guentherpetersi egg by a L. guttata sperm. Although its external morphology resembles that of the maternal species, it possessed exceptionally large erythrocytes and was likely sterile. As increased ploidy level above triploidy or tetraploidy appears to be harmful for amniotes, all-female asexual lineages should evolve a strategy to prevent incorporation of other haploid genomes from a sexual species by avoiding fertilisation by sexual males.

Quinolizidine derivatives are an important class of substances that are used in the pharmaceutical industry. In previous studies, the synthesis of these substances is carried out using lupinine azide (IUPAC: 1-(azidomethyl)octahydro-2H-quinolizine), which is often used to obtain new biologically active compounds. In this regard, its structural characterization is critically important. In this work, the conformational diversity of the molecular structure of this compound has been studied. It is shown that the structure with the axial position of the methyl azide group contains a number of low-energy conformer states with energies higher than the ground state by 0.15–0.60 kcal/mol. Such structural ambiguity should manifest itself in the chemical reactions and biological activity of lupinine azide. The spectroscopic properties of the conformers were studied by modeling chemical shifts for carbon and hydrogen atoms, as well as by simulating IR absorption spectra. An analysis of the most specific spectroscopic features of all of the conformers was carried out. Based on the correlation of the theoretical results and the experimental spectroscopic data, a conclusion was made for the first time regarding the most probable conformational states in the solution.

Film-based cellulose nitrate negatives are a unique class of objects that contain important information about life, historical buildings, and the natural landscapes of past years. Increased sensitivity to storage conditions makes these objects highly flammable and can lead to irretrievable loss. In this regard, timely identification of the degradation process is a necessary step towards further conservation and restoration. This work studies the possibility of detecting the degradation process based on cellulose nitrate artifact yellowing. A total of 20 normal and 20 yellowed negatives from the collection of Karl Kosse (The State Museum and Exhibition Center ROSPHOTO) were selected as objects for statistical study. The novelty of this work is in its demonstration of the possibility to divide negatives into normal and yellowed areas with different shades based on different B/R and B/G ratios of both light and dark negatives, i.e., regardless of the distribution of RGB component values for the obtained digital photo from the negative. Moreover, the obtained differentiation result was demonstrated for individual image pixels, without the need for averaging over a certain area.

The effect of cadmium ions introduced into fluorophosphate glass on the growth and photoluminescence (PL) of the CsPb1–xCdxBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) is systematically studied. The x-ray diffraction patterns have shown that cadmium ions are really incorporated into the NCs that results in a decrease in the lattice constant from 5.85 (x = 0) to 5.75 Å (x = 0.45). At the large cadmium content in the glass (x > 0.38), simultaneous formation of the perovskite CsPb1–xCdxBr3 NCs and the non-luminescent CsCdBr3 NCs in the hexagonal phase is found. It is also found that the lattice contraction leads to an increase in the bandgap energy and a noticeable shift of the PL band to the blue region of the spectrum (from 2.42 to 2.68 eV) with a drop in quantum yield from 85% for CsPbBr3 NCs down to 4% for CsPb0.55Cd0.45Br3 NCs. It is shown that the PL quantum yield decreases due to the formation of deep trap states, which manifest themselves as a PL band in the energy range of 1.6–2.5 eV at cryogenic temperatures. A simple model explaining the behavior of the PL band as a function of temperature in the range from 30 to 300 K is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinolizidine derivatives are an important class of substances that are used in the pharmaceutical industry. In previous studies, the synthesis of these substances is carried out using lupinine azide (IUPAC: 1-(azidomethyl)octahydro-2H-quinolizine), which is often used to obtain new biologically active compounds. In this regard, its structural characterization is critically important. In this work, the conformational diversity of the molecular structure of this compound has been studied. It is shown that the structure with the axial position of the methyl azide group contains a number of low-energy conformer states with energies higher than the ground state by 0.15–0.60 kcal/mol. Such structural ambiguity should manifest itself in the chemical reactions and biological activity of lupinine azide. The spectroscopic properties of the conformers were studied by modeling chemical shifts for carbon and hydrogen atoms, as well as by simulating IR absorption spectra. An analysis of the most specific spectroscopic features of all of the conformers was carried out. Based on the correlation of the theoretical results and the experimental spectroscopic data, a conclusion was made for the first time regarding the most probable conformational states in the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obligatory parthenogenesis in vertebrates is restricted to squamate reptiles and evolved through hybridisation. Parthenogens can hybridise with sexual species, resulting in individuals with increased ploidy levels. We describe two successive hybridisations of the parthenogenetic butterfly lizards (genus Leiolepis) in Vietnam with a parental sexual species. Contrary to previous proposals, we document that parthenogenetic L. guentherpetersi has mitochondrial DNA and two haploid sets from L. guttata and one from L. reevesii, suggesting that it is the result of a backcross of a parthenogenetic L. guttata × L. reevesii hybrid with a L. guttata male increasing ploidy from 2n to 3n. Within the range of L. guentherpetersi, we found an adult tetraploid male with three L. guttata and one L. reevesii haploid genomes. It probably originated from fertilisation of an unreduced triploid L. guentherpetersi egg by a L. guttata sperm. Although its external morphology resembles that of the maternal species, it possessed exceptionally large erythrocytes and was likely sterile. As increased ploidy level above triploidy or tetraploidy appears to be harmful for amniotes, all-female asexual lineages should evolve a strategy to prevent incorporation of other haploid genomes from a sexual species by avoiding fertilisation by sexual males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Film-based cellulose nitrate negatives are a unique class of objects that contain important information about life, historical buildings, and the natural landscapes of past years. Increased sensitivity to storage conditions makes these objects highly flammable and can lead to irretrievable loss. In this regard, timely identification of the degradation process is a necessary step towards further conservation and restoration. This work studies the possibility of detecting the degradation process based on cellulose nitrate artifact yellowing. A total of 20 normal and 20 yellowed negatives from the collection of Karl Kosse (The State Museum and Exhibition Center ROSPHOTO) were selected as objects for statistical study. The novelty of this work is in its demonstration of the possibility to divide negatives into normal and yellowed areas with different shades based on different B/R and B/G ratios of both light and dark negatives, i.e., regardless of the distribution of RGB component values for the obtained digital photo from the negative. Moreover, the obtained differentiation result was demonstrated for individual image pixels, without the need for averaging over a certain area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Reliable operation of in-core neutron detectors improves the quality of measurement data processing and make fields of the neutron and power distributions in the nuclear reactor core more efficient. Materials and methods. The article discusses a new method for monitoring the technical condition of self-powered neutron detector (SPND) that is used to measure neutron flux in the nuclear reactor core. The method is based on the measurement of current values of the detector measuring circuit under steady and dynamic conditions. To monitor the state of this neutron detector, it is proposed to determine not only the insulation resistance of the measuring cable, as it is done in traditional methods, but also the generating capacity of the detector emitter. In addition to the given diagnostic parameters, a new diagnostic feature of the controlled object – capacitance of the measuring circuit of the reactor – has been is introduced in this article. Results and conclusions. Determination of the generating capacity of SPND emitter significantly (by 3–4 orders of magnitude) extends the operating range of the detector by the permissible insulation resistance value (less than 106 Ohms). At the same time, we obtain a new method to estimate the degree of electron emitter burnup caused by neutron flux and to monitor the technical condition of detector by the magnitude of its sensitivity to this flux, which increases the reliability of SPND. Determining the capacitance of the measuring cable of the electrical circuit allows you to properly consider this value when measuring the current signal of the activation detector in order to find the reactor neutron flux under the transient modes of operation.

Abstract The present work focuses on the revealing the patterns of copper oxalates formation under the influence of lichens and fungi by combination of the results of field studies and model experiments. These findings create the scientific basis for the potential microbial technology applications (ore enrichment, monuments conservation, environment bioremediation, etc.). Copper oxalate moolooite Cu(C2O4)·H2O was discovered in saxicolous lichen Lecidea inops on the weathered chalcopyrite ore of Voronov Bor deposit (Central Karelia, Russia). Bioinspired syntheses of moolooite and wheatleyite Na2Cu(C2O4)2 2H2O with the participation of the microscopic fungi Aspergillus niger (active producer of oxalic acid) were carried out on weathered Cu-ore from the Voronov Bor deposit. It was shown that morphology of moolooite crystals is controlled both by the underlying rock and by the species composition of microorganisms. Iron ions (sourced from the underlying rock) in the crystallization medium inhibits the moolooite formation. The observed intensive dissolution of moolooite crystals are well explained by washing effect of the intratalline solutions which depends on repeatedly dehydration / rehydration cycles in the lichens. Joint interpretation of original and published data shows that moolooite along with other cooper oxalates are biominerals.