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Business schools seek to prepare students for the workplace with employer-valued skills such as communication, teamwork, and application of knowledge. As such, a common practice for business and management educators is to involve students in collaborative team-based assignments and community projects. For example, to facilitate the development of teamwork skills, faculty members may have students create a team charter, which involves student teams identifying goals, roles, and norms. However, empirical evidence of the value of team charters is limited. This study examined student perceptions of team charters to determine if they played a role in effective teamwork or if other variables accounted for team success. The study entailed an analysis of a mid-semester team evaluation survey and an end-of-semester team charter survey. Findings indicated that overall, including the development and application of student charters in student group projects leads to several significant benefits and learning outcomes. However, the perceived usefulness of charters varies among students by level of experience and year in school.

Cyber-slacking interrupts classroom teaching and learning activities and is associated with poor academic performance. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study aimed to investigate whether both cognitive (i.e., attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control) and affective (i.e., fear of missing out [FoMO]) factors contribute to classroom cyber-slacking intention and behavior among Chinese university students. We recruited a convenience sample of 431 undergraduate students (M = 19.34, SD = 1.08; 66.4% female; 33.6% male) from mainland China who completed an online survey (i.e., items measured cognitive factors of cyber-slacking, cyber-slacking behavior, FoMO, and demographic information). The findings of correlational, hierarchical multiple regression, and path analysis with bootstrapping approach showed that both cognitive and affective factors were positive correlates of cyber-slacking intention and behavior and explained the variance in cyber-slacking intention. Moreover, attitudes, perceived norms, perceived behavioral control, and FoMO had statistically significant indirect effects (via intention) on cyber-slacking behaviors, whereas perceived behavioral control alone has a direct impact on cyber-slacking behaviors. The findings not only lend more credence to TPB, suggesting that cognitive factors are reliable correlates of both classroom cyber-slacking intention and behavior, but also showed affective factors, such as FoMO, can be used to reduce students' cyber-slacking intention and, subsequently, their behavior. Based on these findings, interventions for reducing classroom cyber-slacking are discussed.

We document 26 incidents of sunning behavior in 5 species of Accipitridae, including Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis), Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus), Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus omatus), Roadside Hawk (Rupomis magnirostris), and White Hawk (Pseudastur albicollis), during a camera-trap survey conducted in Madre de Dios, Peru, in 2014. The sunning behavior was observed in forest clearings along logging trails and on a dirt road. We recorded 2 high-intensity sunning postures: 'full-spreadeagle,' in which the bird lies horizontally on the ground with wings outstretched, tail fanned, and head somewhat raised; and 'full-spread,' in which the bird stands while holding its wings out at right angles to the body. Sunning is a maintenance behavior observed in many bird species and has been reported in Accipitriformes in various habitats, but it is not commonly observed in tropical rainforests because of low visibility. Our camera traps recorded sunning behavior from 0931 h to 1400 h, a period in which ambient temperature increased until reaching its maximum around 1400 h. The most likely function of sunning in Accipitriformes in the rainforest is an anti-ectoparasite strategy. Camera-trap monitoring has been useful in detecting unusual interactions and diel patterns of activity, and researchers can obtain a wide range of natural history, ecological, and behavioral insights that would be difficult to obtain using traditional methods. We recommend analyzing 'bycatch' data from camera traps to recover information about bird behaviors that would otherwise be unattainable. Received 1 October 2023. Accepted 10 June 2024 ... Key words: Accipitridae, Amazon, birds, camera traps, maintenance, sun-bathing. (Spanish)--Se documenta 26 eventos de comportamiento de asoleamiento en cinco especies de Accipitridae, incluyendo el Aguila Crestada (Morphnus guianensis), Aguila Negra (Spizaetus tyrannus), Aguila Penachuda (Spizaetus omatus), Aguilucho Caminero (Rupomis magnirostris) y Gavilan Blanco (Pseudastur albicollis), registrados durante un estudio con camaras trampa en Madre de Dios, Peru, en 2014. El comportamiento de asoleamiento se observo en claros del bosque y trochas. Se registraron dos posturas de asoleamiento intenso, tambien llamadas 'Posturas de Alas Extendidas' segun Simmons (1986): 'aguila con alas extendidas completas', en que el ave se acuesta horizontalmente en el suelo con las alas extendidas, la cola abanicada y la cabeza algo elevada; y 'extension completa', en que el ave se para con las alas extendidas en angulo recto al cuerpo. El comportamiento de asoleamiento es un comportamiento de mantenimiento observado en muchas especies de aves y ha sido registrado en Accipitriformes en varios habitats, pero no es comunmente observado en bosques lluviosos tropicales debido a la baja visibilidad. Nuestras camaras trampa registraron comportamiento de asoleamiento entre las 0931 h y las 1400 h, periodo en el cual la temperatura aumento hasta alcanzar su valor maximo alrededor de las 1400 h. La funcion mas probable del asoleamiento en Accipitriformes en la selva tropical es una estrategia and ectoparasitaria. El monitoreo con camaras trampa ha sido util para detectar interacciones inusuales y patrones de actividad diarios, permitiendo a los investigadores obtener una amplia gama de conocimientos sobre historia natural, ecologia y comportamiento que seria dificil de obtener utilizando metodos tradicionales. Recomendamos analizar los datos de 'captura incidental' para recuperar informacion que de otra manera seria inaccesible. Palabras clave: Accipitridae, Amazonas, asoleamiento, aves, camaras trampa, mantenimiento., Sunning is the behavior by which a bird adopts postures to expose itself to sunlight. It has been described in more than 50 bird families, including passerines and large non-passerines, [...]

Students report experiencing elevated levels of academic stress while in Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate Diploma (IBD) classes. In response, we developed a classwide, preventative coping and connectedness curriculum, which consists of 12 50-minute modules for 9th-grade students enrolled in accelerated coursework. In this pilot study, we implemented the curriculum in 2 schools and sought user feedback. After describing the curriculum, we examine the acceptability of this social-emotional curriculum at three stages: prior to, during, and following implementation. Overall, all stakeholders--including students, parents, and educators--deemed the curriculum highly acceptable. Teachers, administrators, and parents rated the content and lessons as highly acceptable for addressing students' academic stressors and development of necessary coping and strategies. Included is a discussion of these findings relative to prior acceptability research, including research with gifted learners, limitations, and the role of acceptability in the line of inquiry for this curriculum intervention development.

Abstract The dataset presents a 43 year-long reanalysis of pollen seasons for three major allergenic genera of trees in Europe: alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), and olive (Olea). Driven by the meteorological reanalysis ERA5, the atmospheric composition model SILAM predicted the flowering period and calculated the Europe-wide dispersion pattern of pollen for the years 1980–2022. The model applied an extended 4-dimensional variational data assimilation of in-situ observations of aerobiological networks in 34 European countries to reproduce the inter-annual variability and trends of pollen production and distribution. The control variable of the assimilation procedure was the total pollen release during each flowering season, implemented as an annual correction factor to the mean pollen production. The dataset was designed as an input to studies on climate-induced and anthropogenically driven changes in the European vegetation, biodiversity monitoring, bioaerosol modelling and assessment, as well as, in combination with intra-seasonal observations, for health-related applications.

In the ever-evolving landscape of education, you have most likely experienced a significant expansion in your teaching responsibilities. Your role may have stretched to encompass being proficient in various technology platforms, nurturing the social and emotional learning of your students, and adjusting to amplified documentation requirements. Additionally, you may be grappling with an increased demand for assessment, analysis, professional development, and parent communication. To fulfill these escalating expectations, you often end up working well beyond your regular hours. Wouldn't it be great if there was an innovative tool to better support you in your work?

Community-based learning (CBL) is a mutually beneficial partnership involving higher education institutions (HEIs), students, faculty, and the community. It provides students with the opportunity to apply academic concepts to real-life situations and community organizations with the opportunity to gain insights from evidence-based theories and current research. Significant changes for HEIs and businesses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, such as online course delivery, business lockdowns, telecommuting, and physical distancing, suggest a large potential impact on CBL practice and increased challenges for faculty members who manage CBL processes. This study explores the faculty perspective on CBL practices with a specific focus on the impact of COVID-19. Findings indicate that both institutions and faculty within them found innovative solutions for overcoming disruptions caused by the pandemic. The findings also indicate a range of practices related to support and training for CBL and overwhelming indicate strong faculty commitment to pedagogical approaches that deepen student learning while also benefiting local communities.

Author(s): Letty Y.-Y. Kwan [sup.1] , Yu Sheng Hung [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.437123.0, 0000 0004 1794 8068, The University of Macau, , Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China (2) [...], Our behaviors are often inconsistent with our attitudes. In the current Study, we took a norm approach to understand why car owners continue to use private cars despite their support for environmentalism. In an experience sampling study, a large representative sample of 610 commuters from a megacity participated in a 2-part study. In the first part, they completed measures of their pro-environmental attitudes and their beliefs about society's perception of users using transportation types. After ten days, they recorded their commute behaviors on every trip they made over seven days (including a public holiday, four workdays, and a weekend). The results, which included recorded trips from 193 car owners, showed that car owners with strong pro-environmental attitudes used their cars more often when motivated by intersubjective norms. Interestingly, the results were reversed when car owners with strong pro-environmental attitudes were motivated by personal norms. The results concluded that pro-environmental attitudes alone could not predict pro-environment behaviors; instead, activating one's norms or changing one's perceived intersubjective norms are needed alongside strong pro-environmental attitudes to change one car driving behaviors.

Agricultural price fluctuations impact the economy and society, highlighting the importance of price stability for sustainable development, poverty alleviation, food security, and economic stability. This issue is particularly pronounced in the cocoa industry, where volatile prices and inefficient supply chains often harm the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. This study aimed to develop a mitigation plan to address cocoa price volatility at the farm level. The study was conducted in Tubbi Taramanu Sub-district, Polewali Mandar District, Indonesia. Through the innovative use of Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM), the key elements are delineated in their hierarchical relationships and categorized into four quadrants: autonomous, independent, dependent, and linkage, to formulate a strategy for stabilizing cocoa prices at the farm level. This research’s findings underscored the importance of reducing farmers’ dependency on middlemen as the primary strategy for mitigating fluctuations in cocoa bean prices at the farm level. This approach is particularly vital due to the excessive reliance on middlemen, a key driver of price instability at the farm level. Furthermore, it is evident that promoting and nurturing cooperation between farmers and cocoa industry stakeholders can prove highly effective and significant when fortified by the local government’s support through the implementation of appropriate public policies.

Contract farming is widely recognised as an empowering tool to improve the welfare of farmers in developing countries and as an institutional solution to address issues related to market failure, credit, insurance, and information. This research endeavours to scrutinise the socio-economic distinctions between farmers engaged in contract farming and those not involved in such agreements. Additionally, it seeks to identify the factors influencing farmers’ participation in contract farming schemes and assess the impact of such arrangements on the income of red chilli farmers. The study, conducted in Magelang District, included 40 respondents from contract farmers and 45 from non-contract farmers. Employing the probit model, the ordinary least square model, and the treatment effect by Heckman, the research aimed to estimate the income impacts of existing contract farming. The findings revealed a noteworthy 57.50% increase in farmers’ incomes attributed to enhanced productivity and effective product management within the context of contract farming. Moreover, contracted farmers demonstrated advanced socio-economic conditions, boasting higher levels of education, knowledge, productivity, and agricultural assets compared to their non-contracted counterparts.

Maize is a significant food crop in Indonesia’s agricultural development endeavors. In South Sulawesi Province, Bantaeng Regency is one of the regencies that developed corn farming with a large land area. This study aimed to examine the impact of input application on maize yield and assess the degree of efficiency and inefficiency in maize farming. The study was conducted in Bantaeng Regency, utilizing a sample size of 180 households engaged in maize farming as the primary data collection method. The data collected was analyzed using the Stochastic Frontier Cobb-Douglas Model, Technical Efficiency Analysis, Allocative Efficiency Analysis, Economic Efficiency Analysis, and Inefficiency Model. The findings indicated that the variables of land area, seed application, urea fertilizer, insecticide, and herbicide exhibited a significant positive impact on yields of maize. Conversely, the variable of NPK fertilizer had a significant negative impact. In the meantime, it is observed that the labor variable demonstrates a negative impact. The observed values in technical (0.544), allocative (1.840), and economic (1.001) suggest that maize cultivation has not attained technical, allocative, or economic efficiency. Meanwhile, it was also found that the variables significant positive to the technical inefficiency of maize farming are farming experience and education level. Therefore, in a short-term perspective, from a technical-managerial perspective, expanding the area of land under management, increasing the volume of seeds, urea fertilizer, insecticides, and herbicides to the optimum use is the right choice and an effective way for farmers to increase maize production. On the local government side, reviewing the price of certified seeds, subsidizing the price of maize seeds, ensuring the availability of urea and NPK fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides, and intensifying extension activities and technical guidance on maize cultivation are alternative agricultural policies that the government can implement to support the efficiency and effectiveness of maize farming management.

Abstract Infectious diseases can cause considerable mortality in vertebrate populations, especially when a new pathogen emerges. Quantifying the impact of diseases on wild populations and dissecting the underlying mechanisms requires longitudinal individual monitoring combining demographic and epidemiologic data. Such longitudinal population studies are rare. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is one of the main causes of the decline in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations. A new genotype of RHD virus (RHDV), called RHDV2 or GI.2, emerged in 2010, posing a new threat to previously weakened populations, particularly as this virus can infect individuals already immune to classical RHDV strains. Taking advantage of intensive monitoring from 2009 to 2014 by physical captures and microchip detections of a semi‐captive population of rabbits, we finely assessed the demographic impact of an initial RHDV2 outbreak that occurred in the population and identified the most affected demographic parameters. A multi‐event modeling analysis revealed decreased survival in both juveniles and adults in 2011 and 2012, suggesting an RHDV2 outbreak for two consecutive years. The short‐term survival benefit of vaccination against classical RHDV strains only during these years, and the recovery of carcasses with RHDV2 detection, supported this hypothesis. Variations in population vaccination coverage also explain the difference in adult survival between the two years of the outbreak. And the transient protective effect of vaccination could explain the prolonged duration of the outbreak. A brief episode of myxomatosis in 2011 seems to have had only a limited impact on the population. During outbreak years, in individuals not recently vaccinated, monthly juvenile survival crashed (0.55), and annual adult survival was three times lower than in normal years (0.21 vs. 0.69). The combination of successive juvenile and adult survival estimates for unvaccinated rabbits during the outbreak years resulted in a very low recruitment rate in the breeding population. Finally, RHDV2 outbreaks appear to have caused mortalities comparable to those caused by older classical RHDV strains and may have a strong demographic impact on wild populations of European rabbit. This work highlights the importance of long‐term observational and experimental studies to better understand the impact of epidemics on animal populations.

ABSTRACT Peru holds a high mammalian diversity in its Amazonian region, with 326 species. However, our knowledge about the actual diversity is still considered incomplete, and the molecular information for those species in genetic databases is even less comprehensive. To assess the availability of genetic information for Peruvian Amazonian mammals relative to known diversity, we surveyed the Amazonian mammals with at least one molecular marker in the most widely used repositories for nucleotide sequences, GenBank and BOLD Systems. Our survey focused on widely used molecular markers in evolutionary biology-cytochrome b [cyt-b], cytochrome oxidase I [COI], 12S ribosomal RNA [12S], and the mitogenome [mit]-derived from Peruvian Amazon mammals. Additionally, to gain insights into the current mammalian sampling effort in Peruvian Amazonia, we generated a map of unique sampling localities and a heat map, utilizing 41951 records, which identified six major information gaps. This comprehensive analysis found 1597 genetic sequences corresponding to 180 mammalian species (55.2% of Peruvian Amazonian species): COI (38 species), cyt-b (167 species), 12S (56 species), and mitogenome (16 species). Taxonomically, Rodentia (53 species, four markers), Chiroptera (63 species, three markers), and Didelphimorphia (27 species, four markers) represented most molecular data, with a concentration of molecular markers in the orders Chiroptera (703) and Rodentia (499). Geographically, the Loreto department has the largest genetic information (530 records, 99 species). These results confirm a worrying underrepresentation of Peruvian Amazonian diversity in molecular databases. Consequently, we advocate for the use of scientific collections as an alternative source to systematically generate genetic information for the Amazonian mammal diversity in Peru to compensate for the current underrepresentation.

Through a project undertaken under a programme funded by United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) called Transforming Education for Sustainable Futures (TESF), alternative learning approaches associated with the introduction of a form of vertical farming called ‘tower gardens’ at primary schools were explored. Methods that were new to the local education context were used to support the learning process, for example role-playing sketches that allowed learners to share their own knowledge about gardening activities with their peers, teachers and staff from the non-governmental organisation that facilitated the process. This collective sharing and recall were key elements of the social learning process, building into individual and group knowledge. Corroborated memory recall contributed to group learning and also built into the collective storage of knowledge. Learning was firmly embedded in social interaction, in collective symbolism and arts – music specifically. These forms of learning and storing of knowledge resonated with the learners as it was a continuation of life as they know it in their community. It became clear from the project that educators saw the value of introducing concepts from classroom subjects when constructing and managing the tower gardens and were pleasantly surprised by the responses of the learners to this new way of learning, suggesting that creating scope within the curriculum and schoolwork plan is necessary in tandem with building the required capacity to replicate this without external support.

A dual-factor model (DFM) of mental health conceptualizes complete mental health as both low levels of psychopathology and high levels of subjective well-being (SWB). Although middle adolescence (ages 14 to 18 years old) is associated with increases in symptoms of psychopathology and declines in SWB, further research is needed to understand how youths' membership in a DFM changes across multiple time points. This study analyzed the stability of a DFM for students enrolled in accelerated coursework, and the relationship between initial mental health status and immediate and distal academic outcomes (i.e., student engagement and grade point average). A sample of 328 students reported on well-being, symptoms of psychopathology, and engagement (affective, behavioral, and cognitive) during the 9th grade fall, 9th grade spring, and 10th grade spring. School records indicated grade point averages at the end of 9th and 10th grade. Findings indicated that approximately 53% of youth changed mental health status over time, frequently due to a simultaneous increase in psychopathology and decrease in SWB. Results from multilevel modeling indicated that, regardless of level of psychopathology, initial low levels of SWB significantly predicted lower academic performance and student engagement over time compared to complete mental health (i.e., high SWB in combination with low psychopathology). Given students' declining mental health across 9th and 10th grade, and the relationship between mental health and academic outcomes, educators should consider monitoring and fostering both positive and negative indicators of mental health during the start of high school.

Currently, two-level Mokken scale analysis for clustered test data is being developed. This paper contributes to this development by providing model-fit procedures for two-level Mokken scale analysis. New theoretical insights suggested that the existing model-fit procedure from traditional (one-level) Mokken scale analyses can be used for investigating model fit at both level 1 (respondent level) and level 2 (cluster level) of two-level Mokken scale analysis. However, the traditional model-fit procedure requires some modifications before it can be used at level 2. In this paper, we made these modifications and investigated the resulting model-fit procedure. For two model assumptions, monotonicity and invariant item ordering, we investigated the false-positive count and the sensitivity count of the level 2 model-fit procedure, with respect to the number of model violations detected, and the number of detected model violations deemed statistically significant. For monotonicity, the detection of model violations was satisfactory, but the significance test lacked power. For invariant item ordering, both aspects were satisfactory.

Abstract Background Nursing homes (NHs) have been particularly affected by COVID-19. The aim of this study is to estimate the burden of COVID-19 and to investigate factors associated with mortality during the first epidemic wave in a large French NHs network. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in September-October 2020. 290 NHs were asked to complete an online questionnaire covering the first epidemic wave on facilities and resident characteristics, number of suspected/confirmed COVID-19 deaths, and preventive/control measures taken at the facility level. Data were crosschecked using routinely collected administrative data on the facilities. The statistical unit of the study was the NH. Overall COVID-19 mortality rate was estimated. Factors associated with COVID-19 mortality were investigated using a multivariable multinomial logistic regression. The outcome was classified in 3 categories: “no COVID-19 death in a given NH”, occurrence of an “episode of concern” (at least 10% of the residents died from COVID-19), occurrence of a “moderate episode” (deaths of COVID-19, less than 10% of the residents). Results Of the 192 (66%) participating NHs, 28 (15%) were classified as having an “episode of concern”. In the multinomial logistic regression, moderate epidemic magnitude in the NHs county (adjusted OR = 9.3; 95%CI=[2.6–33.3]), high number of healthcare and housekeeping staff (aOR = 3.7 [1.2–11.4]) and presence of an Alzheimer’s unit (aOR = 0.2 [0.07–0.7]) were significantly associated with an “episode of concern”. Conclusions We found a significant association between the occurrence of an “episode of concern” in a NH and some of its organizational characteristics and the epidemic magnitude in the area. These results can be used to improve the epidemic preparedness of NHs, particularly regarding the organization of NHs in small units with dedicated staff. Brief summary Factors associated with COVID-19 mortality and preventive measures taken in nursing homes in France during the first epidemic wave.

Schools of business aim to help students develop employer-valued skills, which include communication, teamwork, critical thinking, and application of learning. This can be achieved through team assignments and community-based learning. Such approaches help students apply the concepts they are learning, collaborate with others, develop managerial skills, and solve real-life workplace issues. Teamwork is commonly thought to be enhanced when students establish a team charter outlining their goals, norms, and processes. Research on the value of team charters in business education, however, is limited. This study examined the role of team charters on student perceptions of working well together. Data was collected and analyzed from a mid-term team evaluation and a final team charter assessment. Findings indicated that perceived value of team charters differs across the year in school and tends to be higher for less experienced students. The provision of a structured project roadmap clarified team member roles, responsibilities, personal accountability, and team vision.

This study is a meta-analytical study that examines the effectiveness of gamification in learning performance in educational settings (n = 29; year-span = 2011-2019). Specifically, it aimed to investigate (a) whether gamification could improve learning performance, and (b) whether peer interaction (i.e., peer competition and peer collaboration) moderated the effectiveness of gamification in learning performance. Results from random-effects models showed significant effects of gamification in learning performance (g = 0.595, 95% CI [0.432, 0.758], N = 3515). This effect remained robust after excluding outliers and was stable in a sub-split analysis that excludes studies with low methodological rigor (i.e., studies with pre-post test design). Subgroup analyses revealed a moderating effect of peer competition in gamification in learning, suggesting that competitive games were better than non-competitive games for promoting learning performance in educational settings. However, this effect was not robust and no evidence of subgroup differences were found in the sub-split analysis. Peer collaboration did not moderate the effectiveness of gamification in learning as no subgroup differences were found between collaborative games and non-collaborative games. The effectiveness of games that were both competitive and collaborative did not differ from those that were only competitive. Other moderators such as education level and research design were also investigated. No subgroup differences were found for these two moderators. Educational implications and limitations were further discussed.

John Hines & Nelleke Ijssennagger-Van der Pluijm (ed.). 2021. Frisians of the Early Middle Ages (Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology 10). Woodbridge: Boydell; 978-1-78327-561-8 hardcover 90 [pounds sterling]. The 10th volume [...]

Road traffic related death and injury continues to be a major challenge globally. Unsafe road use is particularly evident in low- and middle-income countries while also being a growing concern for private sector organisations. The Safe System approach is recognized internationally as the leading approach to improving road safety and previous work has codified the essential management functions and interventions evident in its successful implementation. Tracking the development of Safe System adoption within the public and private sectors is of interest for several reasons. This paper presents recent development and use of road safety maturity frameworks and discusses the utility of these approaches for road safety practitioners and researchers.

Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui sistem pembelajaran dalam pengembangan karakter peserta didik di SDN 7 LAWANG. Pendidikan di sekolah sampai saat ini masih dipercaya sebagai media yang sangat ampuh dalam membangun kecerdasan, keterampilan dan kepribadian peserta didik. Sekolah merupakan suatu tempat yang mengelola dan menyelenggarakan kegiatan belajar yang memiliki konsistensi intensitas dan berkesinambungan agar transformasi ilmu menjadi tuntas, mengembangkan keperibadian dan karakter disekolah yang intensif merupakan usaha untuk membangkitkan dan meningkatkan kegiatan belajar secara efektif dalam menanamkan nilai dan karakter kepada setiap siswa. Pendekatan yang dapat diterapkan di sekolah dasar antara lain sebagai berikut: (1) Model Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL), (2) Pendekatan Kontruktivisme, (3) Pendekatan Religi.

Science is the study of the world around us, and a scientist's job is to ask questions about the world and then experiment to find the answers. There is not a more natural scientist than the Elementary child, whose reasoning mind is eager to ask questions, investigate, and discuss and compare findings with their peers. In this article, the authors discuss some ideas that can take science offerings beyond the common lessons and use of nomenclature and into the realm of deep investigation. They also discuss the importance of equity in science education and talk about some of the ways that the environment and the topics addressed can help foster critical thinking around science and ethics and support the Elementary child in using their skills to ultimately improve their immediate communities and the broader world.

Abstract Effective wildlife monitoring and management are reliant on unbiased estimators of population parameters. Most standard survey approaches ignore spatial pattern in the data although spatial relationships can be leveraged to produce more efficient designs for future surveys, thereby reducing project cost. Landscape‐scale surveys for brown bears are notoriously expensive and difficult to complete, leading to the development of a non‐invasive mark–resight aerial survey approach as a practical alternative to more commonly employed approaches for estimating brown bear density across large areas. Here we extend that model to accommodate spatial covariate information and explicitly model residual spatial autocorrelation. Using brown bear survey data from northwestern Alaska, USA from 2015 to 2021, we demonstrate how our extension can be useful in exploring ecological factors related to spatial variation in bear density and detection probability. We found that detection probability was higher in more rugged terrain, and occurrence probability was higher at mid‐elevations where denning habitat was more prevalent and in areas with more salmon streams. The descriptive model of residual autocorrelation confirmed that additional unmeasured factors were associated with bear distribution. While these findings were not unexpected, they are very useful when considering future survey effort. Using this information, we explored a hypothetical redesign of the 2021 brown bear survey that removed 50% of the survey subunits with elevation values below the mean, where bears were least likely to occur. We demonstrated that the resulting estimates were unbiased, suggesting that adopting the spatial approach to analysis could reduce overall project costs by ~20%–30% going forward. Overall, our work indicates that directly accounting for spatial pattern within the non‐invasive mark–resight framework has substantive advantages over the original non‐spatial approach and may be useful in increasing the amount of information available for brown bear populations.