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为制备性质与天然可可脂接近的类可可脂，以Lipozyme RM IM为催化剂，棕榈油中熔点分提产物和硬脂酸为原料，在无溶剂条件下进行酶法酯交换反应，并通过分子蒸馏和溶剂结晶纯化制备类可可脂。对酶法酯交换制备工艺及分子蒸馏和溶剂结晶纯化工艺进行单因素试验优化。同时以天然可可脂为对照，对制备的类可可脂进行理化性质及结晶性能分析。结果表明：酶法酯交换工艺的最优条件为底物质量比1∶ 1、酶添加量8%（以底物总质量计）、反应温度70 ℃、反应时间2 h；分子蒸馏纯化工艺的最优条件为蒸馏温度210 ℃、进料速度2 mL/min、刮板速度150 r/min；以正己烷为溶剂结晶纯化工艺的最优条件为结晶温度15 ℃、结晶时间18 h。在最优条件下制备的类可可脂各项指标与天然可可脂基本一致，且二者经调温后均表现出稳定的β结晶趋势。综上，该工艺适用于性质接近天然可可脂的类可可脂的工业化生产。In order to prepare the cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) similar to the natural cocoa butter (CB), palm oil mid-fraction and stearic acid were used to prepare CBE through interesterification with Lipozyme RM IM as catalyst in solvent free system. Therewith, molecular distillation and solvent crystallization were employed to purify the reaction product.The single factor experiment was carried out to optimize the process conditions of interesterification reaction,molecular distillation process and solvent crystallization. At the same time, the physicochemical properties and crystallization properties of CBE prepared were analyzed using natural CB as a control.The results showed that the optimal conditions of interesterification reaction were as follows: substrate mass ratio 1∶ 1, enzyme dosage 8%（based on the total mass of the substrates）, reaction temperature 70 ℃, and reaction time 2 h. The optimal molecular distillation process conditions were as follows: distillation temperature 210 ℃, feeding rate 2 mL/min, wiper rotation speed 150 r/min. The optimal conditions for n-hexane solvent crystallization were as follows: crystallization temperature 15 ℃ and crystallization time 18 h. The indexes of CBE prepared under these conditions were basically consistent with those of natural CB, and both showed stable β crystallization trend after temperature regulation. In conclusion, the preparation technology had a favorable prospect in the industrial production of the CBE with the similar characteristics of the natural CB.

为了降低高温棉籽粕中游离棉酚的含量，促进其在畜禽饲料和水产饲料上的应用，总结了高温棉籽粕的生产工艺改进情况及实际生产过程中的问题及其解决方法。结合实际生产，在高温棉籽粕的生产工艺的预处理工序中调整壳仁分离和筛分工序，在光籽剥壳前增加风力清籽机、自卸式磁选器和蛛网式除尘机组等设备，调整阶梯筛各层筛网孔经，并将平面回转筛改为旋振筛，筛分后物料经软化、蒸炒和膨化工序，箱链式浸出器浸出脱脂以及控制蒸脱工序蒸汽量脱溶，保证高温棉籽粕产品的质量，同时控制膨化进料水分在9%~10%，建立提前质量预警机制。经工艺改进后，高温棉籽粕的游离棉酚含量可稳定控制在800 mg/kg以下，产品质量得到明显提高。In order to reduce the content of free gossypol of high-temperature cottonseed meal and promote its application in livestock and poultry feed and aquafeed, the improvement of the production process of high-temperature cottonseed meal and the problem and its solution in the actual production process were introduced. Combined with the actual production, in the high-temperature cottonseed meal production process of the pretreatment process shell-kernel separation and screening process was adjusted, before the bare seed shelling adding wind power seed cleaning machine, self-unloading magnetic separator and spider mesh dust removal unit and other equipments, and adjusting the mesh size of riffle screen, using rotary vibration sieve stead of plane rotary sieve, and after screening, the material was softened, stir-fried and extruded, then defatted by box-chain extractor as well as removed solvent by controlling of the steam to ensure the quality of the high-temperature cottonseed meal. In addition, the feed moisture of extruding was controlled at 9%-10%, and an early quality warning mechanism was established. After the improvement of the process, the content of free gossypol in high-temperature cottonseed meal can be stably controlled below 800 mg/kg, and the quality of the product has been significantly improved.

The development of thorium-based nuclear fuel is of significance for the long-term sustainable development of nuclear power. Among these, Th1−xPuxO2 stands as a highly promising nuclear fuel with proven applications in various reactor types. This study aims to explore the structural and qualitative characteristics of thorium-based mixed oxide (Th-MOX) fuel Th1−xPuxO2. With the substitution of Ce for Pu, the sol-gel method was employed to synthesize Th1−xCexO2 (x=0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1) at varying sintering temperatures (800, 1 000, 1 200, 1 400, 1 600 ℃). The morphology and structure of Th1−xCexO2 were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectrometer. The lattice constant and electronic density of state (DOS) of Th1−xCexO2 were calculated using the first-principles calculation software VASP based on density functional theory. The experimental findings demonstrate that the prepared Th1−xCexO2 material exhibits excellent properties in terms of density and particle uniformity. With the increase in sintering temperature, the results of density testing indicate that the material’s density exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing, ultimately reaching a maximum of 98.4% of the theoretical density. This phenomenon occurs due to as the sintering temperature increases, the diffusion process induces the migration of grain boundaries, enlarging the contact area between grains and reducing the presence of pores, thereby increasing the material density. However, further elevating the sintering temperature results in the formation of a liquid phase on the material surface, impeding the migration of grain boundaries. This leads to an expansion of gaps between particles, an increase in the number of pores, and ultimately a reduction in density. The XRD analysis reveals that variations in sintering temperature have a negligible effect on the lattice constant of Th1−xCexO2. Nevertheless, the grain size demonstrates a trend of initial enlargement followed by reduction as the sintering temperature increases, indicative of a migration-driven process. SEM images reveal a uniformly dense structure in samples sintered at 1 400 ℃. In comparison to CeO2 and ThO2, the Raman spectrum of Th1−xCexO2 (x=0.25, 0.50, 0.75) reveals an additional, relatively weaker peak at around 582 cm−1, suggesting the occurrence of oxygen vacancies within the lattice during the formation process of the mixed oxide. In addition, as the Th content increases in the mixed oxide, there is a reduction in grain size, an expansion of the bandgap, and a narrowing of the conduction band width, the differences in atomic radii contribute to an increase in the average bond length of the lattice constant, Th—O bond and Ce—O bond. The lattice constant of Th1−xCexO2, as determined through VASP calculations, closely match experimental value and follow Vegard’s law. The local DOS (LDOS) of Th and Ce atoms increases with the increase of the element content. Near 2.2 eV, the LDOS of Th atom is very low but Ce atom is very large due to the contribution of Ce 4f state electrons. This study offers a practical approach for the preparation of Th-MOX fuels.

A large amount of artificial radionuclides have been released into the ocean, contributing to serious nuclear pollution in marine environment, and arising public concerns and worry around the world. The Fukushima-derived artificial radionuclides can also be used as tracers to reveal the migration, transformation processes, and fate of artificial radionuclides in the ocean. The most polluted port within less than 1 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) was focused on in this study. The most polluted port near the FDNPP serves as windows to reflect progresses and effectiveness of decommissioning of the FDNPP, which is inaccessible for public and many other counties around the world. Historical activities of 134,137Cs in seawater, marine sediment, and marine fish were reconstructed from April 2011 to October 2023 on the basis of over 1 000 reports from Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, Nuclear Regulation Authority of Japan, and Tokyo Electric Power Company. The patterns of the three-stage evolution of 134,137Cs in seawater, the four-stage evolution of 134,137Cs in sediments, and the three-stage evolution of 134,137Cs in marine fish were proposed to quantify the activity levels and effective half-lives (EHL) of 134,137Cs at different stages. The evolutions of historical 134,137Cs in seawater, sediment, and marine fish were closely related to multiple countermeasures of decommissioning at the FDNPP, including the relocation of the drainage channels during June 2014 to April 2015, seabed covering of port in April 2015, removal of highly contaminated retained water in December 2015, filling of tunnels and towers in December 2015, and completed construction of sea-side impermeable walls in February 2016. The longest EHL of 134,137Cs in marine sediment indicates the memory effect of marine sediment and its persistent and dominated contribution to 134,137Cs in marine fish. Additionally, a highly consistent activity ratio of 134Cs to 137Cs (about 1.0) was simultaneously calculated in seawater, sediment, and marine fish, indicating the transferring of the Fukushima-derived 134,137Cs in multiple matrices in the marine environment. The temporal variation of concentration factor of 137Cs in marine fish was also constructed to reveal the dynamic processes of the enrichment and uptake of 137Cs in marine fish from seawater. The relatively high value of concentration factor of 137Cs in marine fish was observed during the initial period of nuclear accident followed by a decline in concentration factor of 137Cs to about 100 L/kg. This study would provide scientific evaluations for the effectiveness of the decommissioning of the FDNPP and the consequences of Fukushima contaminated water discharged into the ocean.

旨在为开发高附加值鸡油产品提供原料，以黄羽肉鸡腹脂为原料，利用二次干法分提技术提取富含不饱和脂肪酸的鸡液油。以鸡液油得率、碘值为评价指标，通过单因素试验和正交试验对一次干法分提和二次干法分提工艺条件进行优化，并对分提前后鸡油的脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明：一次干法分提最优工艺条件为冷却速率8 ℃/h、结晶温度24 ℃、养晶时间9 h，在此条件下鸡液油得率为77.71%，碘值(I)为75.89 g/100 g，不饱和脂肪酸含量由原料粗鸡油的63.87%提高至70.44%；二次干法分提最优工艺条件为结晶温度16 ℃、冷却速率2 ℃/h、养晶时间15 h，在此条件下鸡液油得率为78.85%，碘值(I)为81.52 g/100 g，不饱和脂肪酸含量为73.40%。综上，与原料粗鸡油相比，一次干法分提后鸡液油的不饱和脂肪酸含量有所提高,二次干法分提后鸡液油的不饱和脂肪酸含量进一步提高。In order to provide raw materials for developing high value-added chicken oil products, the chicken olein rich in unsaturated fatty acids was fractionated from yellow feather broiler belly fat by secondary dry fractionation technology. The extraction conditions of single and secondary dry fractionation were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test with the yield and iodine value of the chicken olein as indexes. The fatty acid composition of chicken oil before and after fractionation was analyzed. The results showed that the optimal conditions for single dry fractionation were cooling rate 8 ℃/h, crystallization temperature 24 ℃, and crystallization time 9 h. Under these conditions, the yield of chicken olein was 77.71%, the iodine value was 75.89 gI/100 g, and the content of unsaturated fatty acids increased from 63.87% to 70.44%. Under the optimal conditions for secondary dry fractionation of cooling rate 2 ℃/h, crystallization temperature 16 ℃, and crystallization time 15 h, the yield of chicken olein was 78.85%, the iodine value was 81.52 gI/100 g, and the content of unsaturated fatty acids was 73.40%. In conclusion, compared with raw chicken oil, the content of unsaturated fatty acid of chicken olein increases after single dry fractionation, and the unsaturated fatty acid content of chicken olein can be further increased after the secondary dry fractionation.

旨在为米糠酸化油的产业化应用提供参考，以米糠酸化油为原料，经丙酮提取预处理后，采用酶法催化制备生物柴油。通过单因素实验考察脂肪酶种类、酶添加量、醇油物质的量比和反应温度对生物柴油产率的影响，结合正交实验对生物柴油制备的工艺条件进行优化，并采用分子蒸馏对生物柴油进行精制，同时对精制生物柴油进行表征。结果表明：米糠酸化油经预处理后，过氧化值、谷维素及不皂化物含量无显著变化，酸值、皂化值显著升高，水分及挥发物含量、磷脂含量、灰分和皂含量显著降低；生物柴油制备的最优工艺条件为醇油物质的量比3∶ 1、液体脂肪酶Lipozyme TL100L添加量4%、反应温度30 ℃、反应时间4 h，在此条件下生物柴油产率达（86.77±0.54）%，经分子蒸馏纯化后脂肪酸甲酯含量达（97.00±0.04）%；精制生物柴油理化指标均符合GB 25199—2017 要求；傅里叶红外光谱分析证实了产物中含脂肪酸甲酯，热重分析表明精制生物柴油在178.0~293.2 ℃区间内失重最快，差示扫描量热分析表明-37.5～-47.2 ℃的峰与不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的晶体有关，-7.9～-3.7 ℃的峰与饱和脂肪酸甲酯的晶体相关，生物柴油的结晶起始温度为-8.87 ℃。综上，以米糠酸化油为原料采用酶法制备生物柴油具有极大的发展潜力。Aiming to provide reference for the industrial application of acidified rice bran oil, biodiesel was prepared by enzyme catalysis of acetone extract of acidified rice bran oil. The effects of lipase type, enzyme dosage, alcohol-oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on biodiesel yield were investigated through single factor experiments. The process conditions for biodiesel preparation were optimized by orthogonal experiments. The biodiesel prepared was refined by molecular distillation, and the refined biodiesel was characterized. The results showed that after the pretreatment of the acidified rice bran oil with acetone extraction, the peroxide value, oryzanol content and unsaponifiable matters content did not change significantly, the acid value and saponification value increased significantly, and the contents of moisture and volatile matter, phospholipid, ash and soap reduced significantly. The optimal process conditions for biodiesel preparation were as follows: alcohol-oil molar ratio 3∶ 1, liquid lipase Lipozyme TL100L dosage 4%, reaction temperature 30 ℃, and reaction time 4 h. Under the optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield reached (86.77±0.54)%, and the content of fatty acid methyl ester reached (97.00±0.04)% after purification by molecular distillation. The physicochemical indexes of refined biodiesel were in accordance with the requirements of GB 25199-2017. Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the product contained fatty acid methyl ester, thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis showed that the weight loss of refined biodiesel was the fastest in the temperature interval of 178.0-293.2 ℃; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the peaks at temperatures from -37.5 ℃ to -47.2 ℃ were related to the crystals of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester, and the peaks at temperatures from -7.9 ℃ to -3.7 ℃ were related to the crystals of saturated fatty acid methyl ester, and the crystallisation starting temperature of biodiesel was -8.87 ℃. In conclusion, the enzymatic preparation of biodiesel from acidified rice bran oil has great potential for development.

为了快速检测食用植物油中的16种多环芳烃（PAHs)，以氨基化多壁碳纳米管（NH2-MWCNTs）作为样品前处理的吸附剂，采用分散固相萃取（d-SPE）/气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）同时测定食用植物油中的16种PAHs。通过单因素实验对样品前处理条件（吸附剂用量、吸附时间、洗脱剂类型及用量、洗脱时间）进行了优化，对所建立的方法进行了方法学考察，并与已有检测方法进行了对比分析，同时采用所建立的方法对实际样品进行了测定。结果表明：样品前处理最优条件为吸附剂用量15 mg(样品食用植物油质量1.0 g)、吸附时间1 min、洗脱剂甲苯、洗脱剂用量500 μL、洗脱时间5 min；16种PAHs在1～200 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好，方法的检出限在0.05～043 μg/kg之间，定量限在0.17～1.42 μg/kg，加标回收率和相对标准偏差分别为70.67%～10183%和1.34%～9.32%；与已有前处理方法相比，d-SPE高效、简便，且最大程度地减少了有机溶剂的消耗；6种市售食用植物油中苯并\[a\]芘含量均小于2 μg/kg。综上，所建立的方法适用于食用植物油中16种PAHs的测定。To rapidly detect 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible vegetable oil, the aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-MWCNTs) were used as adsorbents for sample pretreatment, and the dispersion solid phase extraction (d-SPE) with GC-MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 PAHs in edible vegetable oil samples. The sample pretreatment conditions (the adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, the type and amount of eluent, elution time) were optimized by single factor experiments, and the methodology of the established detection method was investigated and compared with existing methods. Meanwhile, actual samples were detected using the established method. The results showed that the optimal conditions for sample pretreatment were as follows: adsorbent dosage 15 mg (for 1.0 g edible vegetable oil sample), adsorption time 1 min, toluene as the eluent, eluent dosage 500 μL, elution time 5 min. The 16 PAHs showed good linear relationship in the range of 1-200 μg/kg, and the detection limits of the method ranged from 0.05 μg/kg to 0.43 μg/kg, with quantitative limits between 0.17 μg/kg and 1.42 μg/kg. The spiked recovery rate and relative standard deviation were 70.67%-101.83% and 1.34%-9.32%, respectively. Compared to existing pretreament methods, d-SPE is efficient, simple and minimizes the consumption of organic solvents. The content of benzo \[a\] pyrene in 6 commercial edible vegetable oils was less than 2 μg/kg. In summary, the established method is suitable for the determination of 16 PAHs in edible vegetable oil.

为了调查市售植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染情况并为市场监管和行业质量提升提供技术依据，采用13C同位素稀释-气相色谱-串联质谱法，对市售13种共48批次植物油样品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）酯、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇（2-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯含量进行检测，采用气相色谱-质谱法对植物油中豆甾二烯含量进行检测，分析氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯和豆甾二烯含量之间的相关性，并考察精炼工序（脱色、脱臭）对植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响。结果表明：所采用的氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯检测方法平均回收率为102.0%~110.4%，相对标准偏差小于或等于11.10%，且该方法测试结果均为满意；39批次样品中3-MCPD酯含量超过100 μg/kg，范围为126~4 252 μg/kg，超过欧盟限量的有1批次，超标率为2.1%；32批次样品中2-MCPD酯含量超过100 μg/kg，范围为101~2 192 μg/kg；34批次样品中缩水甘油酯含量超过100 μg/kg，范围为109~4 593 μg/kg，超过欧盟限量的有6批次，超标率为12.5%；未精炼油脂（豆甾二烯含量小于01 mg/kg）中氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量均在定量限（100 μg/kg）以下；3-MCPD酯含量与2-MCPD酯含量之间具有明显的相关性，而与缩水甘油酯、豆甾二烯含量之间不具有相关性，缩水甘油酯含量与豆甾二烯含量之间同样不具有相关性；精炼过程，特别是脱臭过程会导致氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯的产生。综上，市售植物油中缩水甘油酯污染情况相对较为严重，其污染原因与植物油精炼过程有关，需要引起重视。In order to investigate the pollution of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in commercially available vegetable oils and to provide technical basis for market regulation and quality improvement of the industry, 13C isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was used to analyse the contents of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) esters, 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in a total of 48 batches of 13 types of vegetable oils available in the market, stigmastadiene content was measured by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the correlation between chloropropanol esters, glycidyl esters and stigmastadiene contents, and the effects of refining processes (bleaching and deodorization) on the contents of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters were investigated. The results showed that the average recoveries of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters were 102.0%-110.4% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) less than or equal to 11.10%, and the results of this method were satisfactory. The content of 3-MCPD esters in 39 batches exceeded 100 μg/kg, ranging from 126 μg/kg to 4 252 μg/kg and one batch exceeded the EU limit, with an exceeding rate of 2.1%. The content of 2-MCPD esters in 32 batches exceeded 100 μg/kg, ranging from 101 μg/kg to 2 192 μg/kg. The content of glycidyl esters in 34 batches exceeded 100 μg/kg, ranging from 109 μg/kg to 4 593 μg/kg, and 6 batches exceeded the EU limit, with an exceeding rate of 12.5%. The contents of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in unrefined oils (with a content of stigmastadiene less than 0.1 mg/kg) were both below the limit of quantification (100 μg/kg). There was a significant correlation between 3-MCPD esters content and 2-MCPD esters content while there was no correlation between 3-MCPD esters content, glycidyl esters content and stigmastadiene content, and no correlation between glycidyl esters content and stigmastadiene content. The refining process, especially the deodorization process, led to the production of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters. In conclusion, the pollution of glycidyl esters in vegetable oils on the market is relatively serious, and the cause of pollution is related to the refining process of vegetable oils, which needs to be paid attention to.

为进一步提高莱茵衣藻的生物量和油脂含量，在前期已明确最佳碳氮水平的基础上，通过分析不同磷水平下莱茵衣藻生物量、油脂含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量、油脂脂肪酸组成及含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量等指标的变化，探究高碳低氮条件下培养基中磷水平（0P、1/8P、1/4P、 2/4P、4/4P、5/4P）对该藻生长及油脂积累的影响。结果表明：随着培养基中磷水平的增加，莱茵衣藻生物量、油脂含量和油脂产率呈先增加后降低的趋势，培养5 d，磷水平1/8P时的生物量、油脂含量和油脂产率最高，分别为2.27 g/L、43.35%和191.31 mg/（L·d)，分别比0P时提高9155%、13.09%和123倍；培养5 d，磷水平5/4P时叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量最高，分别达到515 mg/L和3.46 mg/L，分别比0P时高230倍和0.65倍;当磷水平为1/8P～5/4P时，莱茵衣藻油中各脂肪酸含量总体差异不显著，但其多不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著低于0P时的，饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量则显著高于0P时的；随培养基中磷水平的增加，可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势，而可溶性蛋白含量呈降低趋势。综上，在高碳低氮条件下，与常规磷水平培养基培养相比，适当降低培养基中磷水平可进一步提高莱茵衣藻的生物量和油脂含量，同时获得较高的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。To further increase the biomass and oil content of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, based on the optimized carbon and nitrogen levels in previous research, the effects of various phosphorus(P) levels(0P, 1/8P, 1/4P, 2/4P, 4/4P, 5/4P) on the growth and oil accumulation were investigated under high carbon and low nitrogen conditions by analyzing the changes of biomass, oil content, fatty acid composition and content of oil, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, as well as soluble sugar and soluble protein contents. The results showed that the biomass, oil content and oil productivity of C. reinhardtii tended to increase and then decrease with the increase of P levels. The algal cells cultured for 5 d under 1/8P treatment displayed the highest biomass, oil content, and oil productivity of 2.27 g/L, 43.35%, and 191.31 mg/(L·d), which improved by 91.55%, 1309%, and 1.23 times in contrast with the 0P treatment, respectively. The maximal contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were achieved at 5/4P, with values of 5.15 mg/L and 3.46 mg/L, respectively. These values were 230 times and 0.65 times higher than those of 0P, respectively. When P levels ranged from 1/8P to 5/4P, the differences in the percentage of each fatty acid in the oil of C. reinhardtii were non-significant, but polyunsaturated fatty acid content were remarkably lower than those of the cultures grown in the 0P substrate. Meanwhile, the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were obviously higher than those in the 0P treatment. In addition, the increase in P levels was accompanied by a marked enhancement in soluble sugar content, while soluble protein levels declined. In conclusion, under high carbon and low nitrogen conditions, the biomass and oil content of C. reinhardtii can be further increased by reasonably lowering the P level in the medium compared with the cultured cells in the conventional P levels, simultaneously obtaining higher soluble sugar and soluble protein contents.

为提高低温压榨菜籽饼的附加值和应用价值，采用石油醚对低温压榨菜籽饼进行脱脂，然后利用超声预处理分别辅助木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶直接酶解制备菜籽肽，通过单因素试验探究超声功率、超声时间及酶添加量对菜籽肽得率的影响，通过响应面法优化超声辅助酶解工艺条件，并对所得菜籽肽的组成、物理特性以及结构进行分析。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶酶解的菜籽肽得率高于木瓜蛋白酶的；最佳超声辅助碱性蛋白酶酶解工艺条件为酶添加量12 289.79 U/g、超声时间21.82 min、超声功率306.56 W，该条件下菜籽肽得率为55.19%；最佳条件下所得菜籽肽的分子质量范围为88.02~1 290.00 Da，其中9840%的菜籽肽分子质量小于500 Da，相较于未超声辅助酶解，所制备的菜籽肽氨基酸含量增加，粒径变小，Zeta电位绝对值变大，二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠含量增加，β-转角含量减少，二级结构更有序、稳定。综上，超声辅助酶法不使用有机溶剂，环境友好，且产品品质较好，可以用于高效提取菜籽肽。 To enhance the added value and application potential of low temperature pressed rapeseed cake, the low temperature pressed rapeseed cake was defatted with petroleum ether, then ultrasound pretreatment was employed to assist in the direct enzymatic hydrolysis using both papain and alkaline protease to prepare rapeseed peptides. Single-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of ultrasound power, ultrasound time, and enzyme addition amount on the yield of rapeseed peptides, followed by optimization of process conditions using response surface methodology. The composition, physical properties and structure of the obtained rapeseed peptides were analyzed.The results indicated that the yield of rapeseed peptides obtained by alkaline protease hydrolysis was higher than that of papain. The optimal process conditions were alkaline protease addition amount 12 289.79 U/g, ultrasound time 21.82 min, and ultrasound power 306.56 W. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of rapeseed peptide was 55.19%, and the molecular weight of rapeseed peptides ranged from 88.02 Da to 1 290.00 Da, with 98.40% of rapeseed peptides less than 500 Da. Compared with the product without ultrasound assisted enzymatic treatment, the content of amino acid of rapeseed peptides increased, the particle size decreased, the absolute value of Zeta potential increased, α-helix and β-folding in the secondary structure increased, β-angle decreased, and the secondary structure was more orderly and stable. In conclusion, ultrasound assisted enzymatic methods does not use solvent, is environmentally friendly and has good product quality, and can be used for the efficient and direct extraction of rapeseed peptides.

为生产高品质的一级大豆油，以大豆原油为原料，采取深度酶法脱胶、预复脱色、填料塔和板式塔脱臭、双捕集器捕集工艺生产一级大豆油。对于磷含量600~800 mg/kg的大豆原油，采用磷脂酶C(PLC)、磷脂酶A1(PLA1)/磷脂酶A2(PLA2)脱胶，选用低酸性活性白土脱色，先进填料塔脱酸，再进8层板式塔脱除微量组分，脱臭条件为温度230~240 ℃（可调）、真空度100~150 Pa、时间100 min（可调），采取双捕集器分别捕集维生素E含量10%~12%、酸值（KOH)40~50 mg/g和维生素E含量低于1%、酸值（KOH)130~140 mg/g的馏出物。在该工艺条件下，一级大豆油3-氯丙醇酯含量678.9 μg/kg，2-氯丙醇酯含量310.3 μg/kg，缩水甘油酯含量860 μg/kg，反式脂肪酸含量0.886%，精炼得率提高2%左右。In order to produce high-quality first-grade soybean oil, with crude soybean oil as raw material, first-grade soybean oil was produced using deep enzymatic degumming, pre-decolorization, packed tower and plate tower deodorization, and double catchers processes. For crude soybean oil with phosphorus content of 600-800 mg/kg, PLC, PLA1/PLA2 were used for degumming, low acidic active clay was used for decolorization, packed tower was used for deacidification, and then an 8-layer plate tower was used for deodorizing microcomponent and the deodorization conditions were temperature 230-240 ℃ (adjustable), vacuum degree 100-150 Pa, and time 100 min (adjustable), and double catchers were used to capture distillates with VE content 10%-12% and acid value 40-50 mgKOH/g, and VE content less than 1% and acid value 130-140 mgKOH/g. Using this process, the contents of 3-chloropropanol ester, 2-chloropropanol ester, glycidyl ester and trans fatty acid in first-grade soybean oil were 678.9, 310.3, 860 μg/kg and 0.886%, respectively, and the refining yield increased by about 2%.

Titanium base alloys can be used as potential candidate of structural materials in nuclear reactor due to their outstanding corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. By using molecular dynamics (MD) methods, this paper simulated the displacement cascade processes in α-Ti metal at various temperatures (T=300, 500, 700 and 900 K) with primary knock-on atom (PKA) (EPKA=1, 5, 10 and 20 keV) incident in various directions ([0001], [1010] and [1100]). The displacement cascades were designed as follows, the model was initially relaxed at each specified temperature for 10 ps with periodic boundary conditions applied. Then, a PKA was randomly selected and assigned specific kinetic energy to initiate the displacement cascade. At length, the data production, defect analysis and visualization were done to elucidate the irradiation cascade processes. The results show that the defect number increases with the increase of PKA energy or temperature, whereas the incident directions of PKA does not affect the defect number during the evolution a lot. With the increase of temperature, the number of peak defects in α-Ti increase significantly, and the time required for the defect recombination process extends. With the increase of PKA energy, the number of defect in the entire defect evolution process increases significantly, and the steady-state defect number also shows an increasing tendency. However, the PKA incident direction has slightly effect on the defect evolution during the cascade process. The Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) model was used to calculate the trendency of defect number as functional of PKA energy and it is consistent with the MD calculations. Considering the simulated temperature and PKA energy, and the number of remaining defects after cascade collision accounted for about 30% of NRT. The results in this paper help to understand the primary irradiation defect and atomic effect evolution mechanisms in α-Ti from the perspective of theoretical calculations. Moreover, discussing how to enhance the radiation resistance of metallic titanium and titanium alloys under the current theoretical research content has certain guiding significance for the design of future nuclear reactor shell materials.

The end-window Geiger-Miller counter (end-window GM counter) is one of the core detectors in the field of radiation detection. End-window GM counter has many advantages such as low cost, high reliability, and strong versatility, especially in being able to measure alpha, beta, and gamma rays simultaneously, and meets various radiation measurement needs. The electric field distribution of the end-window GM counter is one of the important parameters for evaluating its working performance. The paper aims to solve the difficulty in determining core design parameters such as operating voltage and anode/cathode structure, during the development and design process of a new type of end-window GM counter. The international advanced type of end-window GM counter was took as the research object, key simulation input parameters were identified, refined electromagnetic simulation model was established, and the electric field distribution characteristics inside the counter was analyzed. Finally, the influence mechanism and pattern of the core design parameters of the counter on electric field distribution were researched. The simulation results show that parameters such as operating voltage, power supply mode, anode structure, relative position of anode and cathode, and end-window structure all have an impact on the electric field distribution in the counter. The electric field intensity in the bottom area of the counter is higher than that in the top area of the counter, and is relatively highest in the central area at the bottom, the charged particles mainly drift between the reticulated anode and the bottom surface of the counter. The electric field inside the counter is mainly distributed near the anode, which is the main area where particle multiplication effects occur. The peak electric field intensity appears at the edges of each anode ring and increases with the increase anode ring radius. The peak and mean electric field intensity inside the counter increase linearly with the operating voltage, and uniformity of the electric field is not affected. Negative power supply method can improve the dead time of the counter, but the peak and mean electric field intensity inside the counter decrease, and the uniformity deteriorates. The electric field distribution is more sensitive to thickness of the anode. The anode is more suitable to be arranged in bottom of the counter. The conductive coating can further improve working performance of the counter. The paper provides theoretical, methodological and data support for the development, optimization design, and engineering practice of new and advanced end-window GM counter, and has certain guiding significance for the simulation analysis methods of other gas radiation detectors.

Stability analysis is a crucial step in the design process for rotating machinery’s rotordynamics properties, which include static stability and dynamic stability. Static stability means that the rotor must be stable within the radius clearance formed with the stationary parts under normal operating conditions, and the system must be resistant to external disturbances. Besides, the rotor must smoothly pass multiple orders of critical speed while accelerating to the operating speed in order to achieve dynamic stability. In fact, dynamic parameters such as stiffness and damping coefficients are important indicators influencing the stability of high-speed rotating machinery, and the installation of an oil film damper assembly to the rotor has proven to be a reliable strategy for ensuring and optimizing system stability. In contrast to the motion form of a standard sliding bearing’s journal section, the damping mandrel of an oil film damper normally whirls around its pivot point in the form of a conical pendulum, i.e., the damping mandrel’s radial displacement and tangential velocity are linearly distributed along its axis, resulting in a wedge-shaped oil film clearance between the damping mandrel and the shell. As a result, oil film force and supporting parameters differ between the damper and the bearing. Therefore, when calculating and designing the supporting parameters of an oil film damper, the effect of wedge clearance on the damper’s supporting properties should be considered. This study firstly proposed a modification to the traditional Reynolds equation for characterizing the oil film pressure distribution when considering the wedge clearance, and the specific form of the equation was derived by adding items corresponding to the eccentricity and velocity distribution caused by this clearance. Next, the finite difference method based on successive over-relaxation was used to solve the modified problem iteratively. In order to verify the accuracy of the calculation results, the article contrasted them to ANSYS Fluent calculation results and previous experimental results. After comparison, it is discovered that the calculation results are in good agreement with the other two results, proving the dependability of this calculation method, which can make parameter setting more convenient and reduce calculation time. Finally, the oil film pressure distribution was computed under various parameter settings that characterize the wedge clearance. Using calculation tools of numerical integration and regression analysis, the function expressions for the relevant supporting property parameters and the corresponding linearized values were obtained. In summary, the calculation results demonstrate that while assessing the dynamic properties of oil film dampers, the effect of wedge clearance has to be taken into account. The calculation tool based on the modified Reynolds equation can improve computation efficiency and serve as a reference point for damper performance research and optimization.

In order to predict the life of the auxiliary bearing in the design stage, it is crucial to calculate the friction heating power of the auxiliary bearing during the rotor drop process. In many cases, the auxiliary bearing has no lubrication or only solid lubrication. Therefore, the local method was chosen to calculate the friction power, focusing on analyzing the rolling elastic hysteresis power between the ball and raceway, the spin power of the ball and the differential sliding power between the ball and raceway. The calculation formulas of these powers were provided in this paper, along with the derivation of an analytical formula for the differential sliding power, which facilitates practical applications. These formulas are based on the quasi-static analysis and the raceway control theory. When the rotation speed of the inner ring of the auxiliary bearing, the radial force acting on the auxiliary bearing and the axial preloading force are all known, the friction heating power of the auxiliary bearing can be calculated by these formulas. The free drop experiment of an electromagnetic bearing high-speed motor without braking was carried out to test the calculation, under 3 000, 5 400, and 6 600 r/min. The rotor axis trajectory and the horizontal and vertical impact force acting on the auxiliary bearing were measured. The rotation speed of the inner ring of the auxiliary bearing was assumed to be the same as the speed of the rotor, calculated by the rotor axis trajectory. The radial force acting on the auxiliary bearing was calculated based on the horizontal and vertical impact force. The axial preloading force, which is about 410 N in this paper, was determined by the experimental data under 3 000 r/min with the method of trial calculation. With these parameters, the friction heating power of the auxiliary bearing was calculated, and compared with the change rate of the kinetic energy of the rotor observed in the experiment. It is found that the heating power calculated by the local method is approximately equivalent to the change rate of the kinetic energy, which proves the feasibility of the theoretical calculation. During the drop process of a non-lubricated auxiliary bearing, the spin of the ball generates the most heat, followed by the differential sliding between the ball and the raceway. The sum of the two accounts for the main part of the total heat, and the rolling elastic hysteresis between the ball and the raceway generates less heat.

To address the need for rapid acquisition of gamma radiation field information in nuclear facility sites and digital radiation protection systems, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology was combined with gamma dose detection technology in this paper. This combination aims to solve the problem of efficiently measuring gamma dose rate radiation fields in indoor scenarios while ensuring compatibility with digital systems. The study leverages the characteristics of scene sensors, focusing on visual SLAM (VSLAM) algorithms and methods for synchronizing and locating radiation measurement data using an RGBD camera. A gamma dose rate measurement device based on VSLAM was developed, employing an RGBD camera to capture the device motion trajectory and scene information. The gamma dose rate data was temporally and spatially matched with the trajectory test data by utilizing timestamps and the integral path midpoint method. This approach ensures precise synchronization between the spatial data from the VSLAM system and the temporal data from the gamma dose measurements. The quality of the scene point cloud, the accuracy of trajectory localization, and the performance of the gamma dose rate detection module were thoroughly tested. The measurement efficiency, localization accuracy, and compatibility with digital systems were analyzed at the experiments conducted at a nuclear facility site. The results show that more than 80% of the VSLAM scene point cloud matches the reference point cloud with a nearest neighbor distance of less than 0.2 m. This high level of accuracy in point cloud matching indicates that the VSLAM system can reliably reconstruct the 3D environment of the nuclear facility. The average matching distance between the measured trajectory and the motion capture system trajectory is 4.2 cm, with a standard deviation of 0.4 m. This demonstrates the high precision of the trajectory localization achieved by the VSLAM system. Within a dose rate range of 20 μGy/h to 20 mGy/h, the relative error in dose rate measurement is less than ±5%, indicating the reliability of the gamma dose detection module. Compared to traditional measurement methods, the new method improves the measurement efficiency of radiation dose rate fields by 10 times. This significant enhancement in efficiency can greatly reduce the time and effort required for radiation monitoring in nuclear facilities. The average matching distance between the measured trajectory and traditional tracking equipment (total station) was 18 cm, further validating the accuracy of the SLAM-based approach. Integration with digital systems achieves 3D spatial interpolation of radiation fields, with a single gamma source localization error of less than 0.8 m. This integration allows for a comprehensive visualization and analysis of radiation fields, facilitating better decision-making for radiation protection and safety. The developed VSLAM gamma dose rate measurement method and corresponding device offer high measurement efficiency, accurate localization, and good compatibility with digital systems, indicating a broad application prospect in the field of nuclear safety and radiation protection.

为了推动甘肃省油菜产业高质量发展，从油菜种植面积、油菜籽产量、油菜生产机械化程度、主栽品种类型和主推技术等方面分析了甘肃省油菜生产现状，分析了甘肃省油菜生产中存在的问题，并提出了对策。甘肃省油菜生产存在油菜品种搭配不合理，机械化生产技术与装备落后，绿色生产技术研发、应用不够和油料加工业发展滞后等突出问题。为此，提出了加强政策扶持，引导和推动规模种植，加强适宜机械化收获品种的选育，加快研制和筛选油菜机械化装备，发展产业基础性研究，以及培育加工龙头企业等建议。In order to promote the high-quality development of rapeseed industry in Gansu Province, the status of rapeseed production in Gansu Province was analyzed from the aspects of rapeseed planting area, rapeseed yield, mechanization degree of rapeseed production, main varieties and main promotion technology. The problems in rapeseed production in Gansu Province were analyzed, and the countermeasures were put forward. There were some outstanding problems in rapeseed production in Gansu Province, such as unreasonable collocation of rapeseed varieties, backward mechanized production technology and equipment, insufficient research and application of green production technology, and lagging development of oilseed processing industry. Therefore, some suggestions were put forward, such as strengthening policy support, guiding and promoting large-scale planting, strengthening the breeding of varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting, accelerating the development and screening of mechanized equipment for rapeseed, developing basic research of industry, and cultivating leading enterprises in processing.

DTDC的设计和操作关系到工厂管理的安全、环保和能源消耗，在保证豆粕质量的前提下，降低DT的蒸汽消耗和降低豆粕的残溶是关键。论述了DTDC的预脱溶层、脱溶层、干燥层和冷却层的结构及关键操作参数设置，改进的DT功能性结构部件，DT的关键控制点、控制点及关键安全装置控制参数，另外论述了降低豆粕残溶及节能的措施。生产实践中，适度增加预脱溶盘数量，控制气相温度在68~70 ℃,保持脱溶层总料层高度不小于3.4 m,改进脱溶层逆流盘透气孔、搅拌叶、料位和落料控制机构和直接蒸汽喷孔，控制层料之间的压力降，延长蒸脱时间至45~55 min,经脱溶后，美国大豆豆粕和巴西大豆豆粕的残溶分别在50~80 mg/kg、 100~150 mg/kg，溶耗分别在0.3 kg/t和0.5 kg/t，KOH蛋白质溶解度分别在84%和80%~82%，尿素酶活性等指标合格，压榨厂蒸汽消耗控制在170~190 kg/t。The design and operation of DTDC is related to the safety, environmental protection and energy consumption of plant management, and it is critical to reduce the steam consumption of DT and reduce the residual solvent of soybean meal under the premise of ensuring the quality of soybean meal.The structure and key operating parameters of pre-desolventization layer, desolventization layer, drying layer and cooling layer of DTDC, improved DT functional structural components, DT key control points, control points and key safety device control parameters were discussed. Measures for reducing the residual solvent of soybean meal and energy consumption were introduced. In production practice, moderately increasing the number of pre-stripping discs, controlling the gas-phase temperature at 68-70 ℃, keeping the total material layer height of the desolventization layer not lower than 3.4 m, improving the desolventization layer countercurrent disc ventilation holes, stirring blades, level of material and material control mechanism and direct steam injection holes, controlling the pressure drop between the layers of material, prolonging the steaming time to 45-55 min. After desolventization, in US soybean meal and Brazilian soybean meal, the residual solvent were 50-80 mg/kg and 100-150 mg/kg, solvent consumption were 0.3 kg/t and 0.5 kg/t, KOH protein solubility were 84% and 80%-82%, respectively, urease activity and other indicators of soybean meal were qualified, and steam consumption in the pressing plant was controllled in 170-190 kg/t.

为推动我国木本油料高质量发展，更好地践行大食物观，从供给、需求和国际贸易3个方面对2001—2021年间我国木本油料发展情况进行定量分析，对木本油料未来发展潜力和现实约束进行系统分析，并提出高质量发展的对策建议。我国木本油料产业发展迅速，总产量、总产值不断提高，在国家粮油安全中的作用不断增强。利好政策持续释放、种植面积有望扩大、单产提升潜力较大以及市场环境不断改善等，是我国木本油料高质量发展的潜力所在。但产业政策扶持力度不够、种植成本攀升、生产效率低下、科技服务保障支撑不足、产业链延伸不足、市场占有率低等问题，成为阻碍我国木本油料高质量发展的瓶颈。基于此，提出持续优化产业发展格局、积极培育新型经营主体、大力推动科技创新与成果转化、加强品牌建设等建议。In order to promote the high-quality development of woody oilseeds in China and better practice the perspective of all-encompassing approach to food, the development of woody oilseeds in China from three aspects including supply, demand and international trade was quantitatively analyzed from 2001 to 2021, the future development potential and realistic constraints of woody oilseeds were systematically analyzed, and countermeasures for the high-quality development were put forward. The woody oilseeds industry in China developed rapidly, with a continuous increase in total output and total output value, and its role in national grain and oil security was constantly strengthened. The continuous release of favorable policies, the expected expansion of planting area, the great potential for per unit yield improvement, and the continuous improvement of market environment were the potential for high-quality development of woody oilseeds in China. However, problems such as insufficient support from industrial policies, rising planting costs, low production efficiency, insufficient support for science and technology service guarantee, insufficient extension of the industrial chain and low market share had become bottlenecks that hindering the high-quality development of woody oilseeds in China. Based on this, suggestions were proposed, such as continuously optimizing the industrial development pattern, actively cultivating new business entities, vigorously promoting scientific and technological innovation and achievement transformation, and strengthening brand building.

旨在为羊尾油对动物健康效应的研究提供基础数据，创建了自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）模型，将8周龄SHR分为试验组苏尼特羊尾油组（Y组）、阴性对照大豆油组（D组）、阳性对照菜籽油组（C组）和芥花油组（J组），并分别饲喂添加10%相应油脂的饲料，记录日摄食量，每周测量血压，饲喂14周后解剖采血,摘取肝脏，检测血清血脂水平、肝脏功能指标和肝脏病理学特征。结果表明：第14周时，Y组雌、雄SHR日摄食量显著高于对照组(p

旨在为绿色天然草原羊脑中磷脂型二十二碳六烯酸（DHA-PL）的开发利用提供科学数据，以苏尼特冻干羊脑为原料，采用溶剂萃取其中的粗脂肪，用冰丙酮沉淀得到磷脂，再采用硅胶柱层析法分离其中的磷脂酰胆碱（PC）和磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）。测定了粗脂肪中胆固醇含量，以及磷脂中PC和PS的含量，分析了粗脂肪、磷脂、PC和PS中DHA含量，以及PC和PS中sn-2位的DHA含量。结果表明：采用体积比2∶ 1乙醇-正己烷萃取冻干苏尼特羊脑中粗脂肪，粗脂肪得率较高，为45%；羊脑粗脂肪中胆固醇含量为29.42 mg/g，粗脂肪的脂肪酸组成中DHA含量为8.89%；磷脂的脂肪酸组成中DHA含量为11.41%；磷脂中PC和PS含量分别为27.67 μg/g和10.69 μg/g，PC和PS的sn-2位脂肪酸组成中DHA含量分别为8.06%和2.59%。综上，可以从苏尼特羊脑中制备易于吸收的DHA-PL。To provide scientific data for the development and utilization of phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-PL) in green natural grassland sheep brain, the crude fat was extracted with solvent from the freeze-dried Sunite sheep brain and precipitated with ice acetone to obtain phospholipid, and then the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) were separated by silica gel column chromatography from phospholipid. The total cholesterol content in the crude fat was determined, as well as the PC and PS contents in the phospholipid. The contents of DHA in crude fat, phospholipid, PC and PS, and the contents of DHA at sn-2 position in PC and PS were analyzed. The results showed that the higher crude fat yield of 45% was obtained by extraction with ethanol-n-hexane (volume ratio of 2∶ 1). The cholesterol content in the crude fat was 29.42 mg/g, and the DHA content in the crude fat was 8.89%. The DHA content in the phospholipid was 1141%. The contents of PC and PS in phospholipid were 27.67 μg/g and 10.69 μg/g, respectively. The DHA content in the sn-2 position of PC and PS was 8.06% and 2.59%, respectively. In summary, DHA-PL that is easily absorbed can be prepared from the Sunite sheep brain.

For concrete, the strain tends to grow when the stress is kept at a constant level. This phenomenon is usually referred to as creep. Creep is an important physical property of concrete. For a prestressed concrete containment, creep could lead to prestress losses, stress redistribution, additional displacements, and even cracking. In general, the stress-strain relation of creep is nonlinear, but the principal stresses of concrete remain within the service stress range which is below 40% to 50% of the uniaxial strength. Therefore, the superposition principle can be utilized in linear elasticity, which works with the current values of stress and strain. Based on the theory of linear viscoelasticity, the principle of superposition can be used to characterize creep at a constant stress and the compliance function is used to describe the concrete creep mathematically, which facilitates numerical calculations. However, when the exponential algorithm is used to solve the creep effect of concrete, it is necessary to express the concrete creep compliance function by Dirichlet series and the calculation of the Dirichlet series corresponding to the compliance function is the key to implementing the exponential algorithm. The Weeks method for the inverse Laplace transform was used to approximate the Dirichlet series based on the continuous retardation spectrum method. The problem of approximating the concrete creep compliance function by the Weeks method was examined. First, the process of using the Weeks method to solve the continuous retardation spectrum was introduced. By taking the CEB MC90 creep model commonly used in engineering as an example, the equations for solving the concrete creep compliance function were derived by the Weeks method. The idea for improving the performance of the Weeks method was proposed. Based on this idea, the ranges of the various parameters that play a role in this solution were proposed. The numerical integration formula for the time-dependent term in the compliance function was derived. The results show that the calculation relative error with this method is no larger than ±1% when the duration is larger than 10 days. The validity of the algorithm was checked by comparing the numerical algorithm with the exact solution. This method is well suited for calculating the concrete creep compliance function for a long-term duration. The solution based on the Weeks method only requires the first-order derivative of the concrete creep compliance function to obtain the explicit function in the time domain, avoiding the complex computations of high-order derivatives and the low computational efficiency. Finally, the efficient Weeks method developed for the concrete creep model of CEB MC90 can also be extended and applied to other concrete creep models such as ACI 209R-92, JSCE, and GL2000.

With the rapid development of nuclear energy, the nuclear technology has been widely used in various fields, such as industry, agriculture and medicine. However, the development of the nuclear industry also produces a large amount of radioactive waste, especially high-level radioactive waste (HLW), which has a quantity of nuclides with high radioactivity, high toxicity, long half-life and high heat generation. How to realize the long-term safe isolation of HLW from the environment is an important issue in global environmental protection. If it is not safely disposed, it will cause serious damage to the natural environment and human society. Therefore, the safe disposal of HLW is a key and difficult issue in nuclear waste management, and has been widely concerned by the international community. The deep geological disposal is generally considered to be the most effective and feasible method for disposing HLW. The main idea of deep geological disposal is to establish a geological disposal repository of HLW at a depth of 500-1 000 m underground where the processed HLWs are buried, and isolate HLWs from the biosphere through a multiple barrier system. The study of radioactive nuclide migration in geological barriers is one of the key topics for safety evaluation of deep geological disposal of HLW. In this paper, firstly the geological disposal of HLW and the study of radioactive nuclide migration were summarized, and then the key technologies of numerical simulation (the physical and mathematical models) for radioactive nuclide migration were discussed. Finally, the application progress of numerical simulation for migration of different radionuclides was analyzed. At present, there are the following main issues to be addressed in the study of radioactive nuclear migration: 1) The mechanism and law of nuclear migration are not completely clear, requiring more basic research and data support; 2) The experimental technology and equipment of nuclear migration need to be improved, requiring higher accuracy and sensitivity; 3) The numerical simulation of nuclear migration still has uncertainty and error, which needs more effective verification and optimization. The future research directions mainly include: 1) strengthening the theoretical study of nuclide migration and revealing the migration behavior and its control mechanism under complex conditions; 2) developing the experimental technology of nuclide migration and improving the quality and credibility of experimental data; 3) innovating the numerical simulation method of nuclide migration and enhancing the adaptability and prediction ability of the model; 4) improving the safety evaluation system of nuclide migration and establishing more reasonable evaluation indicators and methods.

旨在为米糠油适度加工提供数据支撑，对来自国内3个工厂的不同加工阶段米糠油的理化指标、组成、色泽和微量成分进行了测定。结果表明：A、B、C 3个工厂的米糠油在精炼后酸值（KOH）分别由24.22、18.95、17.21 mg/g降至0.15 mg/g以下，脂肪酸脱除率高达99%以上，过氧化值分别降至0.99、1.54、0.71 mmol/kg，精炼后米糠油酸值、过氧化值均达到GB/T 19112—2003中一级油标准；3个工厂的米糠油在加工过程中其游离脂肪酸含量变化趋势与酸值的变化趋势一致；精炼后米糠油甘一酯含量降低了58.9%~84.9%，主要在物理脱酸和脱臭时脱除，甘二酯含量变化不大，甘三酯含量增加了12.8%~23.9%；3个工厂米糠油脂肪酸组成在加工过程中没有明显变化；精炼后米糠油中叶绿素被有效脱除，色泽均达到国标一级油标准；米糠油的微量成分在加工过程中变化极大，其中谷维素出现明显的损失，损失率高达80.8%~94.1%，主要在化学脱酸时损失，甾醇损失率为21.2%~42.6%，主要在化学脱酸时损失，维生素E含量变化趋势存在差异，A工厂维生素E含量增加30.2%，B、C工厂维生素E损失率分别为31.7%、55.6%；角鲨烯损失率为659%~963%，主要发生在脱臭工序。综上，企业应根据自己的定位，合理调整精炼工序，优化精炼工艺参数，生产出符合企业追求的米糠油产品。Aiming to provide data support for the moderate processing of rice bran oil, the physicochemical indexes, composition, colour and trace components of rice bran oil at different processing stages from three different plants in China were determined. The results showed that the acid value of rice bran oil from three plants A, B and C after refining reduced from 24.22, 18.95 mgKOH/g and 17.21 mgKOH/g to less than 0.15 mgKOH/g respectively, and the fatty acid removal rate is more than 99%. The peroxide value was reduced to 0.99, 1.54 mmol/kg and 0.71 mmol/kg respectively. The acid value and the peroxide value of the refined rice bran oil reached the standard of first-grade oil in the GB/T 19112-2003. The change trend of free fatty acid content in rice bran oil in three plants was consistent with that of acid value. The monoglyceride content in rice bran oil decreased by 58.9%-84.9%, mainly removed in the physical deacidification and deodorization, the diglyceride content did not change much, and the triglyceride content increased by 128%-239%. The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil in the three plants did not change significantly during processing. After refining, chlorophyll in rice bran oil was effectively removed, and the colour reached the national standard of first-grade oil. The trace componens of rice bran oil changed greatly during processing, among which oryzanol appeared obvious loss, with the loss rate 80.8%-94.1%, mainly loss in chemical deacidification; sterol loss rate was 21.2%-42.6%, mainly loss in chemical deacidification; vitamin E changed differently, vitamin E content increased by 30.2% in plant A, but reduced by 31.7% and 55.6% in plant B and plant C respectivevly. The loss rate of squalene was 659%-96.3%, mainly occurred in the deodorization. To sum up, the enterprise should adjust the refining process reasonably according to its own position, optimize the refining parameters, and produce the rice bran oil products in line with the enterprise′s pursuit.

旨在寻找油茶果最佳采后处理方式，为其后续研究奠定基础，采用液相色谱-质谱联用法（LC-MS/MS）对油茶果采后不同处理〔不处理（F8）、堆沤处理（FC）、去壳摊晒（NS）、带壳摊晒（WS）〕10、30 d种仁代谢物进行测定，并用相关软件对代谢产物进行分析。结果表明：鉴定出1 107种特征代谢物，其中正离子模式和负离子模式下鉴定的代谢物数量分别为763种和344种，代谢物主要为脂类和类脂分子（277种），苯丙烷类和聚酮类（193种），有机酸及其衍生物（172种），类苯（97种），有机杂环化合物（94种），有机氧化合物（84种），核苷、核苷酸和类似物（33种）；通过比较差异代谢物不饱和脂肪酸发现，去壳摊晒处理30 d（NS2） vs 10 d（NS1）比较组中检测到亚油酸、顺式-9-十六碳烯酸、8（9）-环氧-5Z，11Z，14Z-二十碳三烯酸、亚麻酸、蓖麻油酸、9,10-环氧十八碳烯酸共6种不饱和脂肪酸，且都表达上调；对差异代谢物进行富集分析发现，主要参与的代谢途径有苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油酯代谢、玉米素生物合成、植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢、氨基酸的生物合成、次生代谢产物的生物合成。综上，油茶果采后最佳处理方式为去壳摊晒30 d。In order to find the optimal postharvest treatment of Camellia oleifera fruit, and lay the foundation for subsequent research, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the metabolites of the kernels of different postharvest treatments of Camellia oleifera fruit 〔without treatment （F8）, composting treatment（FC） , sun dried without shell （NS）, and sun dried with shell（WS）〕 for 10 d and 30 d, and relevant software was used to analyze the metabolites. The results showed that a total of 1 107 characteristic metabolites were identified, with 763 and 344 metabolites identified in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The main metabolites were lipids and lipid-like molecules( 277 kinds), phenylpropanoids and polykettides (193 kinds), organic acids and derivatives(172 kinds), benzenoids (97 kinds), organoheterocyclic compounds (94 kinds), organic oxygen compounds (84 kinds), nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues(33 kinds). By comparison of the unsaturated fatty acid of differential metabolites, six unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid, cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, 8 (9) - epoxy-5Z, 11Z, 14Z-eicosatrienoic acid, linolenic acid, ricinolic acid, 9,10-epoxy-octadecenoic acid, were detected in 30 d (NS2) and 10 d (NS1) of the sun dried without shell treatment, and their expressions were up-regulated. The enrichment analysis of differential metabolites results showed that the main metabolic pathways included phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, glycerol ester metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, plant secondary metabolites biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Overall, the best postharvest treatment of Camellia oleifera fruit is sun dried without shell treatment for 30 d.

为保障公众饮食安全和促进废弃油脂资源的合理利用，通过相关文献的系统调研与全面分析，结合专家咨询与实地考察，系统分析我国废弃油脂回收利用技术发展现状、产业化竞争优势及面临的挑战，并提出产业化建议。我国对废弃油脂的回收利用技术研究与成果转化非常活跃，已形成产业化。我国废弃油脂回收利用产业化具有市场规模大、能源转型与环保需求高、国家政策支持等竞争优势，但目前仍存在废弃油脂集运、处理技术及管理水平低，加工技术与管理水平不足，产品质量与利用水平有待提升等问题。从建立企业认证规范，统筹废弃油脂回收监督，加快产业技术创新，激发公众主体意识等方面提出了产业化发展的建议。综上，我国废弃油脂回收利用产业发展前景广阔，但仍面临较大挑战，亟待政府、高校、企业及公众共同努力推动废弃油脂回收利用的产业化发展。To ensure public food safety and promote the rational utilization of waste oil resources, the development status, industrial competitive advantages, and challenges faced by China′s waste oil recycling and utilization technologies were systematically analyzed, and industrialization suggestions were provided through systematic literature review, expert consultations, and field investigations. China′s research and achievement transformation in waste oil recycling and utilization technologies are active, forming an industrialized scale. The industrialization of waste oil recycling and utilization in China has competitive advantages such as large market scale, high demand for energy transformation and environmental protection, and government policy support. However, challenges still exist, including low levels of waste oil collection, processing technology, and management, insufficient processing technology and management levels, and needing to improve product quality and utilization level. Suggestions for industrial development include establishing enterprise certification standards, coordinating waste oil recycling supervision, accelerating industrial technological innovation, and stimulating public awareness. In conclusion, the prospects for the industrial development of waste oil recycling and utilization in China are promising, but significant challenges remain. It is urgent for the government, universities, enterprises, and the public to jointly promote the industrialization of waste oil recycling and utilization.

为了促进亚麻籽的开发和利用，基于2013—2023年Web of Science核心合集数据源，采用CiteSpace软件的文献计量分析方法，对亚麻籽相关论文发表数量，主要发文国家、机构和作者，关键词共现，文献共被引进行了可视化分析，基于此归纳出亚麻籽的研究热点，并提出研究趋势。结果表明：2013—2023年，亚麻籽领域的年发表论文数量和被引频次总体均呈现先上升后下降的趋势；中国、印度和加拿大等国家发表论文数量最多；埃及知识库、加拿大农业与农业食品部和中国农业科学院等是主要的研究机构；邓乾春是该领域发表论文数量最多的作者，其次是Boaventura和Reaney；大多数研究集中在亚麻籽油、脂肪酸、亚麻籽油的质量和性能等方面。近年来，亚麻籽活性成分的研究以及功能性食品、药物、生物材料等开发成为新的热点。未来几年可以从亚麻籽在医药与保健品、化工和化妆品等领域中的应用，亚麻籽的安全性研究，亚麻籽产品质量稳定方面的研究，亚麻籽种质资源和种植的研究等进行深入探索。In order to promote the development and use of flaxseed, based on the data source of Web of Science Core Collection during 2013-2023, the bibliometric analysis method of CiteSpace software was used to analyze the number of publications, major issuing countries, institutions and authors, keyword co-occurrence, and literature co-citation of papers related to flaxseed were visualized and analyzed, based on this, the research hotspots of flaxseed were summarized, and the trends were analyzed. The results showed that from 2013 to 2023, the annual number of papers and citation frequency in the field of flaxseed showed an increasing and then decreasing trend overall.China, India, and Canada were the countries with the most published papers. Egyptian Knowledge Bank, Agriculture & Agric Food Canada, and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences were the major research institutions. Deng Qianchun was the author with the most published papers in this field, followed by Boaventura and Reaney. Most of the studies focused on flaxseed oil, fatty acids, quality and properties of flaxseed oil. In recent years, the study of active components of flaxseed and the development of functional foods, drugs and biomaterials have become new hotspots.The research in the next few years can be explored in depth from the application of flaxseed in the fields of medicine, health product, chemical industry, cosmetics and other fields, the safety of flaxseed, the stabilization of the quality of the product of flaxseed, the germplasm resources and cultivation of flaxseed.

旨在为大豆加工厂仓型选择提供参考，以仓容1.5万t的3 000 t/d的大豆加工厂为研究案例，对比分析了大豆粕混凝土立筒仓与机械化房式仓的进出仓工艺和设备，结合国内部分工厂的实际建设和运营数据，总结分析了两种仓型的占地面积、仓容利用率及投资运营费用等。结果表明，相较于混凝土立筒仓结合出仓机方案，机械化房式仓结合强力出仓机方案在控制大豆粕水分含量和存储风险方面具有一定优势，且每年能够节约26.56%的用电成本。以10年的运营期为计算基准，机械化房式仓结合强力出仓机的方案可降低46.2%（对应2 430万元）的费用现值。综上，机械化房式仓结合强力出仓机方案具有投资低、仓容利用率高、运行成本低、维修费用少、维修便利等优点，且物料分级少，品质有保障，可作为投资者的选项。In order to provide reference for the selection of warehouse types for soybean oil processing plants, taking a 3 000 t/d soybean processing plant with a storage capacity of 15 000 t as a case study, the process and equipment of soybean meal concrete vertical silo and mechanized warehouse were compared and analyzed, the floor area, warehouse capacity utilization rate and investment and operation expenses of the two warehouse types were summarized and analyzed based on the actual construction and operation data of some plants in China. The results showed that compared with the concrete vertical silo combined with reclaimer, the mechanized warehouse combined with powerful reclaimer had certain advantages in controlling the moisture content and storage risk of soybean meal, and could save 26.56% of the electricity cost per year. Based on the 10-year operation period, the solution of mechanized warehouse combined with powerful reclaimer could reduce the present value of expenses by 46.2% (corresponding to 24.3 million yuan). To sum up, the solution of mechanized warehouse combined with the powerful reclaimer has the advantages of low investment, high warehouse capacity utilization rate, low operating cost, less maintenance cost, convenient maintenance, etc. ， and less material classification, quality assurance, and it can be used as an option for investors.

Ammonia nitrogen wastewater is one of the most difficult water treatment problems in the world. In the process of uranium mining, beneficiation and smelting, radioactive solid waste will be produced which cann’t be effectively treated, and will be stored in uranium tailings pond for a long time. Due to the role of rainwater, tailings pond will produce a large amount of wastewater, leach harmful substances into the water to form percolation drainage. Uranium tailings percolation drainage has the characteristics of high salt, high ammonia nitrogen, poor biodegradability and high chloride ion content, and the components in different regions of tailings pond are greatly different. Existing ammonia nitrogen treatment methods can’t effectively treat complex wastewater. Electro-oxidation method is a clean and efficient method to remove ammonia nitrogen in wastewater. By using electric energy and catalytic oxidation of anode and cathode plates, as well as indirect oxidation, chlorine ions in water are converted into highly oxidizing hypochlorite ions, and ammonia nitrogen is converted into harmless nitrogen by strong oxidation, so as to achieve harmless treatment of wastewater and no secondary waste is generated. In this paper, the principle and chemical reaction process of ammonia nitrogen removal by electro-oxidation were analyzed, and the factors affecting the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen were clarified, including chloride ion concentration, plate material, current density, pH, etc., and the influence of each factor on the electro-oxidation process was determined by single factor test. Through orthogonal analysis, the influence degree of each factor on the ammonia nitrogen removal rate was explored, and the influence degree of each factor was ranked from high to low, in order of chloride ion concentration>plate material>current density. pH is a secondary factor, which provides alkaline environment for electrochemical reaction and has little effect on ammonia nitrogen removal. The removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is significantly improved under different conditions, among which chloride ion is the most obvious, and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen increases from 43.4% at 369 mg/L chloride ion concentration to 96% at 1000 mg/L. Finally, the Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2 electrode set is recommended. The optimal conditions are chloride ion concentration of 1 000 mg/L, current density of 20 mA/cm2, electrolytic time of 3 h, pH=9-11, under which the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is 100%. The effluent of ammonia nitrogen meets the requirements of ‘Regulations on Radiation Protection and Radiation Environment Protection for Uranium Mining and Metallurgy’ and ‘Comprehensive Sewage Discharge Standard’.

Supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) technology, an indigenous fusion fueling technique in China, have been implemented widespread in international nuclear fusion devices. The effective distance stands out as a pivotal parameter for the system, defined by the span between the injector outlet and the front of the first Mach disk. Notably, the effective distance of SMBI on fusion devices must surpass the expanse from the injector outlet to the plasma boundary. This study conducted an in-depth investigation into the application of the SMBI system within nuclear fusion devices, with a specific focus on analyzing how gas source pressure affects the effective distance of the beam, which is crucial for ensuring the supersonic beam’s efficient penetration to the plasma boundary. To achieve this, a hybrid approach combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with experimental testing was employed. The design of the SMBI system was based a modified conical structure developed from the Laval nozzle structure, which was modeled using SolidWorks and then subjected to detailed fluid dynamics simulations within the Fluent software environment. These simulations were aimed at examining the impact of varying cone angles and gas source pressures on the airflow’s velocity and density distribution. The results from the simulations indicate that while the cone angle of the injector has a limited effect on the effective distance, the gas source pressure is a decisive factor. Research is found that the effective distance is directly proportional to the square root of the gas source pressure, a finding that aligns with existing scaling relationships within a certain pressure ratio range. However, beyond the conventional scaling range of 5 to 17 000, the existing relationships are found to be insufficient for accurately predicting the effective distance at higher pressure ratios. In response to this, the study introduced a novel scaling relationship that was applicable to a broader pressure ratio range, specifically from 10 000 to 50 000. This new relationship was validated through experimental testing, confirming the accuracy of the simulation outcomes. Particularly within the HL-3 Tokamak, it is demonstrated that even at the minimum gas source pressure of 9×104 Pa, the effective distance achieved is adequate to fulfill the requirements for fusion fueling, ensuring that the beam maintains supersonic characteristics throughout its journey from the injector exit to the plasma boundary. This research significantly contributes to the field by providing valuable insights for the design of SMBI systems, taking into account the broader pressure ratio range that is often encountered in practical nuclear fusion applications. The findings not only validate the simulation methods used but also offer a scientific foundation for the design and optimization of SMBI systems in other magnetic confinement fusion devices, paving the way for more efficient and effective fueling strategies in nuclear fusion research.

油脂体是植物种子储油细胞器，由单层磷脂与界面蛋白共同稳定。为增加油脂体的pH稳定性，选用葡萄糖和乳糖为羰基供体，通过糖基化修饰油茶油脂体的界面结构。通过粒径及Zeta-电位的变化综合评估油脂体物理稳定性，采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳考察油脂体膜蛋白分子质量变化，采用Thermo Scientific Pierce BCA试剂盒分析油脂体膜蛋白溶解度的变化，并利用拉曼共聚焦显微镜观察油脂体界面结构的变化。结果表明：糖基化反应增大了油茶油脂体粒径，但粒径分布更均一，而Zeta-电位未发生显著变化（p>0.05）；葡萄糖和乳糖与油脂体质量比分别为2∶ 1和5∶ 1时糖基化油脂体膜蛋白溶解度最高，分别比对照组（未糖基化油脂体）提升了26.8倍和16.1倍。糖基化后油脂体膜蛋白分子质量小幅增大；拉曼光谱分析表明糖与油脂体膜蛋白成功接枝。综上，糖基化有利于提高油茶油脂体稳定性。Oil body is the oil storage organelle in oilseeds, which is stabilized by a monolayer of phospholipids and membrane proteins. In order to increase the pH stability of oil body, glucose and lactose were used as carbonyl donors to modify the interfacial structure of oil bodies (OBs) extracted from Camellia oleifera seed via glycosylation. The physical stabilities of OBs were evaluated via particle size and Zeta-potential. The molecular weight and solubility of OBs membrane protein were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Thermo Scientific Pierce BCA kit, respectively. The interfacial structure of OBs was observed by Raman-confocal microscope. The results showed that the glycosylation reaction increased the particle size of Camellia oleifera OBs, but the particle size became more uniform, and the Zeta-potential did not change significantly (p>0.05). Under the conditions of mass ratio of glucose to OBs 2∶ 1, and mass ratio of lactose to OBs 5∶ 1, the glycosylated OBs membrane protein exhibited the highest solubility, with increase of 26.8 times and 16.1 times compared with the control (unglycosylation), respectively. The molecular weight of OBs membrane protein increased slightly after glycosylation. Raman spectra analysis showed that the glucose and lactose were successfully grafted on membrane proteins of OBs. In conclusion, glycosylation is beneficial for improving the stability of OBs.

为了明确不同加工方式的油茶籽油对变应性接触性皮炎（ACD）的治疗效果，并探究油茶籽油中的主要抗炎物质，分别制备低温压榨油茶籽油、热榨油茶籽原油、热榨精炼油茶籽油、土榨油茶籽油和超临界CO2油茶籽油，分析不同加工方式及添加不同活性物质的油茶籽油对ACD模型小鼠耳廓肿胀的影响，并结合ELISA法、HE染色和免疫组化探究其对小鼠炎症的抑制效果。结果表明：超临界CO2油茶籽油对ACD小鼠耳廓肿胀的抑制率最高，与阳性对照组相比其小鼠血清中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量降低率超过10%，炎症细胞浸润程度明显好转，耳廓肿胀组织中NF-κB阳性表达量与阴性对照组相比无显著差异；预防性给药的抗炎效果普遍低于造模后给药；倍数添加角鲨烯和生育酚的油茶籽油对ACD小鼠耳廓肿胀的抑制率显著提高，在50%左右，且角鲨烯、生育酚处理组小鼠耳廓组织中NF-κB阳性表达量与阴性对照组无显著差异。因此，外用超临界CO2萃取的油茶籽油治疗小鼠ACD效果最佳，其抗炎效果并非源于单一活性成分，与角鲨烯和生育酚等活性成分均密切相关。In order to clarify the therapeutic effect of oil-tea camellia seed oil extracted by different methods on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and further explore the potential active substances of anti-inflammatory in oil-tea camellia seed oil, cold pressed oil-tea camellia seed oil, hot pressed crude oil-tea camellia seed oil, hot pressed-refined oil-tea camellia seed oil, native pressed oil-tea camellia seed oil, and supercritical CO2 extracted oil-tea camellia seed oil were prepared, the effects of different processing methods of oil-tea camellia seed oils and different active substances added with oil-tea camellia seed oils on auricular swelling in ACD model mice were analyzed, and their anti-inflammatory effect in mice were studied by combining ELISA method, HE staining, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the supercritical CO2 extracted oil-tea camellia seed oil showed the highest inhibition rate on auricular swelling of ACD mice, and the inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced more than 10% compared with positive control. The degree of inflammatory infiltration significantly improved, and there was no significant difference in NF-κB positive expression of auricular tissue between supercritical CO2 extracted oil-tea camellia seed oil treatment group and negative control. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of prophylactic administration was generally lower than that of post modeling administration.The oil-tea camellia seed oil that supplemented with multiple squalene and tocopherol increased the inhibition rate of auricular swelling about 50%. There was no significant difference in NF-κB positive expression of auricular tissue between the squalene and tocopherol group and the negative control. In general, supercritical CO2 extracted oil-tea camellia seed oil exhibits the best therapeutic effect on ACD mice, and the active anti-inflammatory ingredients are closely related to squalene and tocopherol.

为促进乳化猪油在烘焙食品中的应用，分析了甘草提取物及其组分（甘草酸、光甘草定）对乳化猪油氧化稳定性的影响，同时将乳化猪油应用于蛋糕中，研究了乳化猪油的含油量对蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明：甘草提取物及其组分均能大幅延缓乳化猪油的氧化酸败，其中甘草提取物的延缓效果最显著；含有0.02%甘草提取物的乳化猪油（含油量80%）在40 ℃下储藏28 d，其酸值、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值与空白组相比分别下降了72.53%、47.45%、62.98%；含油量80%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕的膨胀体积与含油量50%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕相比增加了99.75%，硬度、弹性和咀嚼性分别降低了21.37%、14.58%、31.74%，但各指标均比猪油制备的蛋糕的差。综上，乳化猪油具有替代猪油应用于蛋糕制备的潜力，但仍需进一步深入探究乳化猪油组分与蛋糕中其他组分间的相互作用，进而提高蛋糕品质。To promote the application of emulsified lard in baked goods, the effects of liquorice extract and its components (glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin) on the oxidative stability of emulsified lard were analyzed. The emulsified lard was used in cake, and the effect of fat contents in emulsified lard on the quality of cake was investigated. The results showed that liquorice extract and its components markedly inhibited the oxidation rate of emulsified lard, and liquorice extract had the most significant inhibition effect. After storage at 40 ℃ for 28 d, the acid value, peroxide value and thiobarbital acid value of emulsified lard (fat content 80%) containing 0.02% liquorice extract decreased by 72.53%, 47.45% and 62.98% respectively, compared to emulsified lard without antioxidant. In addition, the expansion volume of the cake prepared with emulsified lard with 80% fat content increased by 99.75% compared to the cake prepared with emulsified lard with 50% fat content, and the hardness, elasticity and chewiness decreased by 21.37%, 14.58% and 31.74% respectively, but all indexes were worse than those prepared with lard. In conclusion, emulsified lard has the potential to replace lard in cake preparation, but further investigation of the interaction between emulsified lard components and other components in cake is needed to improve the quality of cake products.

为促进油茶蒲的高值化开发利用，推动油茶产业高质量发展，以油茶蒲为原料，采用超声辅助醇提法制备油茶蒲粗黄酮，并采用AB-8大孔树脂吸附法纯化。另外，对纯化的油茶蒲黄酮的结构进行了紫外光谱和红外光谱表征，利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS对其组分进行了鉴定。结果表明：采用超声辅助醇提法制备的油茶蒲粗黄酮中黄酮含量为32.41%，采用AB-8大孔树脂纯化后的黄酮含量为70.14%，黄酮总回收率为60.12%；紫外光谱与红外光谱分析表明，纯化物具有明显的黄酮类紫外、红外特征光谱，证明该纯化物主要成分为黄酮类化合物；UPLC-Q-TOF-MS从该纯化物中共鉴定出44种多酚类和黄酮类化合物，其中14种黄酮类化合物、30种多酚类化合物，油茶蒲黄酮多以黄酮苷类化合物形式存在，且多为山奈酚的糖苷类化合物，油茶蒲黄酮中含有原花青素、儿茶素、表儿茶素及没食子酸等抗氧化活性成分。根据油茶蒲黄酮的组成成分，推测其具有开发成为抗糖尿病食品以及与抗癌药物联用治疗疾病的潜力。In order to promote the high-value exploitation and utilisation of Camellia oleifera fruit shell and promote the high-quality development of Camellia oleifera industry, the crude flavonoids of Camellia oleifera fruit shell were prepared by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction and purified by adsorption using AB-8 macroporous resin. In addition, the structure of the purified flavonoids was characterized by UV spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy and their components were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The results showed that the flavonoids content in the crude flavonoids prepared by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction was 32.41%, and the flavonoids content after purification using AB-8 macroporous resin was 70.14%, and the total recovery of flavonoids was 60.12%. The analysis of UV spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed that the purified flavonoids had obvious flavonoids UV characteristic spectra and infrared characteristic spectra, which proved that the main components of the purified product was flavonoids. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that the purified flavonoids had 44 kinds of polyphenols and flavonoids, among which 14 kinds of flavonoids and 30 kinds of polyphenols were identified. The purified flavonoids existed in the form of flavonoid glycosides and were mostly glycosides of kaempferol. The purified flavonoids contained proanthocyanidins, catechins, epicatechins and gallic acid and other antioxidant active ingredients. Based on the composition of flavonoids from Camellia oleifera fruit shell, it is assumed that the purified flavonoids has the potential to be developed into an antidiabetic food as well as a synergistic treatment with anticancer drugs.

浸出车间第一蒸发器的有效利用对整体的蒸发效果和热能的节约有着重要的意义。旨在为工厂的生产稳定和工艺的不断改进提供理论参考，介绍了混合油的基本特性，引用了两种方法验证第一蒸发器是否得到有效利用，并对蒸馏工艺中需要注意的问题进行了总结。第一蒸发器是否得到有效利用的验证方法一是通过负压合理性进行验证，二是通过实际换热面积是否得到有效利用进行验证。工厂可以通过两种验证方法对第一蒸发器是否得到有效利用进行初步的判断，并对相关工艺条件作出相关调整。第一蒸发器的有效利用涉及多个工艺步骤，蒸发器进口混合油浓度、二次蒸汽中含粕量、混合油的杂质含量、冷凝系统的稳定性等因素在实际生产中均需被关注，以保证第一蒸发器的有效利用。Effective use of the first-stage evaporator in leaching plant is of great significance to the overall evaporation effect and heat energy saving. Aiming to provide theoretical reference for the production stability and the continuous improvement of the process, the basic characteristics of the miscella were introduced, two methods were cited to verify whether the first-stage evaporator was effectively utilized or not, and the problems that need to be paid attention to in the distillation process were summarised. The rationality of the effective use of the first-stage evaporator could be verified by the reasonableness of the negative pressure, and by examining whether the actual heat exchanger area was effectively utilized or not. Factory can make a preliminary judgement on the effective use of the first-stage evaporator through these two methods, and adjust the relevant process conditions accordingly. The effective use of the first-stage evaporator involves a number of process steps, and factors such as the evaporator inlet miscella concentration, the meal content in the secondary vapour, the impurity content in the miscella, the stability of condensing system and so on in the actual production need to be concerned to ensure the effective use of the first - stage evaporator.

旨在为低温压榨鲜青花椒油的工业生产、贮藏和质量控制提供借鉴，利用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器-高分辨质谱（UPLC-DAD-HRMS）技术对低温压榨鲜青花椒油中色素进行测定，并研究贮藏过程中光、氧、温度对低温压榨鲜青花椒油的色素含量和色泽L*、a*、b*的影响。结果表明：从低温压榨鲜青花椒油中鉴定出32种叶绿素和10种类胡萝卜素；叶绿素中主要含有叶绿素a、C132-羟基-叶绿素a、叶绿素b和脱镁叶绿素a；类胡萝卜素中主要含有叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素；叶绿素总量为9.44 mg/kg，类胡萝卜素总量为4.95 mg/kg。贮藏过程中影响低温压榨鲜青花椒油中色素降解最主要的因素是光，其次是温度，氧气几乎没有影响。另外，a*可以作为衡量低温压榨鲜青花椒油色素含量及色泽控制的指标。Aiming to contribute to the industrial production, storage and quality control of cold-pressed fresh green Huajiao oil, the change of pigment in cold-pressed fresh green Huajiao oil was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-HRMS), and the effects of light, oxygen, temperature on the pigment content and color(L*, a*, b*) of fresh green Huajiao oil in storage were determined. The results showed that 32 chlorophylls and 10 carotenoids were identified from the cold-pressed fresh green Huajiao oil. The main chlorophylls were chlorophyll a, C132-hydroxy chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and pheophytin a; the main carotenoids were lutein and β-carotene. The total chlorophyll content was 9.44 mg/kg, and the total carotenoid content was 4.95 mg/kg. During storage, the main factor affecting the degradation of pigment in fresh green Huajiao oil was light, followed by temperature, and oxygen had little effect. In addition, the color index a* can be used as an index for pigment content and color control.

为高值化开发长柄扁桃种仁蛋白，以长柄扁桃种仁为原料，脱脂后提取水溶性蛋白，采用蛋白酶对其酶解制备长柄扁桃肽。通过比较5种蛋白酶对长柄扁桃水溶性蛋白水解度及酶解产物抗氧化活性的影响，优选合适的酶解用酶，在此基础上，采用单因素实验和响应面实验优化了长柄扁桃多肽的制备工艺。结果表明：采用碱性蛋白酶酶解可以得到更高的长柄扁桃蛋白水解度（1603%）和酶解产物DPPH自由基清除率（59.49%），更适于长柄扁桃蛋白的酶解；长柄扁桃蛋白的最优酶解工艺条件为酶解温度57 ℃、酶解时间4 h、碱性蛋白酶用量1 192 U/g、pH 8.4，在此条件下长柄扁桃蛋白水解度为18.12%。酶解长柄扁桃蛋白制备多肽可提高长柄扁桃种仁的附加值，同时可为功能性肽产品提供优质原料。To develop Amygdalus pedunculata Pall seed protein for high-value, the water soluble protein was extracted from Amygdalus pedunculata Pall seed after defatting, then hydrolyzed by protease to prepare Amygdalus pedunculata Pall peptides. The effects of five proteases on the hydrolysis degree of the water soluble protein of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall seed and antioxidant activity of hydrolysate were studied, and the suitable hydrolytic enzyme was selected. Then the preparation process of Amygdalus pedunculata peptides was optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The results showed that the alcalase was more suitable for hydrolysis of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall protein with higher hydrolysis degree (16.03%) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (59.49%). The optimal hydrolysis conditions of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall protein were obtained as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 57 ℃, enzymatic hydrolysis time 4 h, dosage of alcalase 1 192 U/g, pH 8.4. Under the optimal conditions, the hydrolysis degree of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall protein was 1812%. It is feasible to prepare polypeptides by enzymatic hydrolysis of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall seed protein. It can improve the added value of Amygdalus pedanculata Pall seed, and can provide high-quality raw materials for functional peptide products.

生物酶技术在油脂精炼和结构脂制备中具有广阔的应用前景，而酶的固定化有利于实现酶的重复利用。为了促进固定化酶技术在油脂行业中的应用，就固定化酶技术在油脂脱胶、油脂脱酸和结构脂制备中的应用研究现状进行了综述，并对研究方向进行了展望。固定化酶技术的应用对于油脂产业提质增效具有积极的作用。未来应围绕新型生物酶的发掘以及生产过程中酶活的保持展开研究。Biological enzyme technology has broad application prospects in oil refining and structural lipid preparation, and enzyme immobilization is conducive to the reuse of enzymes. In order to promote the application of immobilized enzyme technology in the oil industry, the research status of immobilized enzyme technology applied in oil degumming, oil deacidification and structural lipid preparation was reviewed, and the research direction was prospected. The application of immobilized enzyme technology plays a positive role in improving the quality and efficiency of oil industry. In the future, the discovery of new biological enzymes and the maintenance of enzyme activity in the production process should be focused.

旨在为核桃品种应用推广、生产加工和区域化种植提供参考，探究了不同地区‘娘青’核桃坚果的品质差异。以6个地区的‘娘青’核桃坚果为原料，以坚果表观性状（纵径、横径、棱径、三径均值、果形指数、单果质量、出仁率和壳厚）和核仁内含物（粗脂肪含量、粗蛋白质含量、脂肪酸组成及含量）指标为依据，采用主成分分析和对比现行地方标准产品质量分类等级对核桃坚果品质进行综合评价。结果表明:不同地区核桃坚果的三径、三径均值、单果质量、出仁率均存在显著性差异，其中三径均值和单果质量最大的是云南迪庆维西县的（3.63 cm、13.33 g），最小的是广西南丹县的（3.16 cm、10.09 g），出仁率最高的是云南大理剑川县的（47.26%），最低的是广西南丹县的（4188%）；果形指数和壳厚均无显著性差异，果形指数在1.14~1.30之间，壳厚在1.03~1.19 mm之间；不同地区的核仁粗蛋白质含量存在显著性差异，其中最高的是云南漾濞县顺濞乡的（15.90%），最低的是广西南丹县的（11.80%），而粗脂肪含量最高的是广西南丹县的（70.23%），最低的是云南漾濞县平坡镇的（62.70%）；油酸含量最高的云南迪庆维西县的（38.90%），亚油酸含量最高的是广西凤山县的（56.70%），亚麻酸含量最高的是广西南丹县的（11.14%），亚油酸与亚麻酸比值均在4~7之间；6个地区的‘娘青’核桃综合品质得分从高到低依次为云南大理剑川县、云南迪庆维西县、云南漾濞县顺濞乡、广西凤山县、云南漾濞县平坡镇、广西南丹县；云南迪庆维西县、大理剑川县、漾濞县的核桃坚果达到特级标准，广西凤山县的达到Ⅰ级标准，广西南丹县的达到Ⅱ级标准。因此，原产地云南漾濞县的核桃坚果适宜加工蛋白类产品，引种地云南维西县和剑川县的可开发为商业果品，引种地广西凤山县和南丹县的宜开发油脂产品。The quality differences of the Niangqing walnut from different regions was explored so as to provide reference for variety application and promotion, production and processing, and regionalised cultivation. With Niangqing walnuts from six regions as raw materials, based on the index values of nut appearance traits (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, edge diameter, mean value of three diameter, fruit shape index, single fruit mass, kernel yield and shell thickness) and nucleolar contents (crude fat content, crude protein content, fatty acid composition and content), principal component analysis and the current local standard of nut classification were used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of walnut. The results showed that there were significant differences in the three diameter, mean value of three diameter, single fruit mass and kernel yield in different regions, among which the largest mean value of three diameter and single fruit mass was in Weixi County, Diqing, Yunnan (3.63 cm and 13.33 g) and the smallest was in Nandan County, Guangxi (3.16 cm and 10.09 g). The highest kernel yield was in Jianchuan County, Dali, Yunnan (47.26%), and the lowest was in Nandan County, Guangxi (4188%). There was no significant differences in the fruit shape index and shell thickness, with the fruit shape index between 1.14 and 130, shell thickness between 1.03 mm and 1.19 mm. There were significant differences in the crude protein content of walnut kernel in different regions, the highest in Shunbi Township,Yangbi County, Yunnan (15.90%) and the lowest in Nandan County, Guangxi (1180%). The highest crude fat content was in Nandan County, Guangxi (70.23%), the lowest was in Pingpo Town, Yangbi County, Yunanan (62.70%). The highest oleic acid content was in Weixi County, Diqing, Yunnan (38.90%), the highest linoleic acid content was in Fengshan County, Guangxi (56.70%), and the highest linolenic acid content was Nandan County, Guangxi (11.14%). The ratio of linoleic acid content to linolenic acid content in different regions was between 4 and 7. The comprehensive quality scores of Niangqing walnut in the six regions decreased in the order of Jianchuan County (Yunnan), Weixi County (Yunnan), Shunbi Township (Yunnan), Fengshan County(Guangxi), Pingpo Town (Yunnan), and Nandan County(Guangxi). The walnuts in Weixi County (Yunnan), Jianchuan County (Yunnan), Shunbi County (Yunnan) reached the super grade standard, the walnuts in Fengshan County (Guangxi) reached the grade Ⅰ standard, and the walnuts in Nandan County (Guangxi) reached the grade Ⅱ standard. Therefore, walnuts in Yangbi County are suitable for processing protein products, walnuts in Weixi County and Jianchuan County can be developed into commercial fruits, and walnuts in Fengshan County and Nandan County should be developed into oil products.