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This paper builds upon histories of Berwick Bridge, setting out a new interdisciplinary appraisal of its conception, design choices, and construction to account for its unique arch profile. Berwick Bridge is a sandstone bridge of 15 arches that spans the Tweed, a river that delimits much of the English-Scottish border on the east coast of Great Britain. Constructed between 1611 and 1624, after the Union of the Crowns in 1603, Berwick Bridge is a rare example of a state-funded building project during peacetime, and it represents an embryonic form of national infrastructure that would not re-emerge until the 19th century. However, the economic importance of Berwick-upon-Tweed belies the sufferance of the unreliable crossings that had previously served the town until the stone bridge was finished, and an explanation of the bridge's geometry is absent from current literature. By pairing a history of the town's experience of construction embodied in wooden iterations of the bridge and the fortifications, the technical confidence of the principal designers is affirmed in the shifting arch shapes as reflexive to material and monetary availability—as well as the site's challenging physical geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early quantification of the catchment water balance in the 17th century has been well documented. But there is one book, called L'Hydrographe or La Science des Eaux, that was published by a Jesuit priest, Père Jean François, in Rennes in 1653 (20 years before the publication of Pierre Perrault's De l'Origine des Fontaines) that has been largely overlooked. The book is split into four parts that deal with the formation, movement and mixing of waters and the origin of springs. Further parts were published with La Science des Eaux that deal with the arts of surveying and drawing of maps, and the construction of canals and fountains, with a final part on doing arithmetic with integers and real numbers "with pen and counters." François was convinced, much more than Perrault, that the waters of springs were the result of rainfall and snowmelt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, a well-preserved wooden sailing vessel was found near Tallinn, Estonia. Initial research suggested it to be a fluit, a merchant vessel from the first half of the 17th century. New and more thorough research was carried out in 2022 and this article summarises the results of the later fieldwork. New finds and measurements suggest a later dating than the initial one – construction in the second half of 17th century and sinking somewhere during the last quarter of the century. The vessel has a lot of similarities with other well-preserved fluit wrecks that are used here as a comparison. The origin of the vessel is yet unknown, but clay analysis of the brick used in the galley suggests a location somewhere around Lübeck – a well-known trading partner of Tallinn (then called Reval). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissemination of specimen data in scientific collections is a crucial step in making them available to the scientific community. However, even today, especially in some countries, little or nothing is known about the contents of the naturalistic collections of some museums. This is regrettable, especially in cases where the collections include historic specimens and endangered species. The Museum of Comparative Anatomy “Giovanni Battista Grassi”, situated in Rome, Italy, houses historical anatomical and didactic collections, with specimens gathered from 1600s and almost worldwide. The collection holds 444 specimens of medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals, comprising 25 fossils, 40 skins, 186 skulls, 70 skeletons and 123 anatomical pieces, representing 63% of recent mammal orders, mainly from localities of Africa and Europe. A list of this material, indexed by the orders and families, is provided, as well as comments on the conservation status of the species. Remarkable data are summarised, including new data on a hippopotamus specimen from an extinct population and the record of three rhinoceros species from 1600s. Besides comparative anatomical studies, the Museum of Comparative Anatomy of Sapienza University emerges as a source of important material for biodiversity genomics.

The objective of this article is to shed light on the history of the Reformation in 17th-century Geneva. The lens through which this study is conducted is that of religious publishing activity, which was significantly managed by the Company of Pastors and Professors. The role of the Company in religious publishing is inextricably linked to the unique status of the Church of Geneva within the broader context of the Reformation. The Company's institutional archives offer insight into the issues at stake in the printed book matters. This article focuses on the role of the Company in local censorship, which diminished over the period under study. The Company's censorship function enabled it to exert concrete influence on the global scale of Reformed publishing. This influence was the consequence of the Company's ecclesiastical and theological authority. This authority derived from the status of the Church of Geneva as the principal church and birthplace of the Reformation in the 16th century. An analysis of the metaphors signifying and symbolizing this role in the printed books themselves underlines the pre-eminence of the Church of Geneva in 17th-century Reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to verify the hierarchy of towns in Lower Silesia on the basis of population data from the second decade of the 17th century, assuming that a statistically described distribution law applies. The analysis of the city size distribution was based on Gibrat's law and Zipf's rank‐size rule. This made it possible to verify the assumptions made at the outset and to estimate the population of towns of unknown size and designated rank. The research carried out suggests a revision of the estimates, especially for the largest cities in the region, which tend to be underestimated. Studies have also shown that the method can be extremely useful for verifying uncertain and incomplete historical demographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a corpus of ten preserved Dubrovnik comedies from the 17th century, the so-called smješnice. The study of these smješnice draws on interpretation and classification of the comedy routine of the lazzi. The authors of these comedies adopted and adapted them under the direct or indirect influence of performance and the written traces of the commedia dell'arte performances. The physical features of the lazzi, especially the acrobatic, mime and mimetic elements, necessitate a thorough investigation of the performance features of these comedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the adversities and significant obstacles encountered by Korean potters during the 17th century and their endeavors to surmount these challenges by enhancing the government kiln system and refining pottery production techniques, drawing insights from an analysis of historical records and artifacts. Furthermore, it investigates the adaptation and resettlement experiences of Korean potters who were abducted to Japan. As part of the restructuring of the government kiln system aimed to improve the conditions of artisans, initiatives were undertaken to secure cloth taxes. Additionally, the system of mandatory labor shifted from mandatory labor assignments to artisans choosing their employment in the government kilns. Measures were taken to broaden access to high-quality clay by expanding raw material sources. Challenges related to kiln mobility, which encumbered artisans, prompted the proposal of fixed kiln establishments. Regarding production techniques, artisans exerted significant efforts to master the adept application of iron-red pigment, known as seokganju, as a substitute for cobalt blue. This endeavor resulted in the emergence of simple yet naturally bold designs evident in the patterns of porcelain crafted in local kilns using underglaze iron. Kiln construction techniques advanced with the introduction of more sophisticated kilns, featuring inner walls and pillars to enhance firing processes. Moreover, a kiln design characterized by a widened base ascending toward the chimney in a ladderlike formation, initially developed in local kilns, served as the prototype for government-operated kilns. Meanwhile, artisans who were abducted or forcibly relocated to Japan acclimated to various local environments across Kyushu. Leveraging their advanced skills compared to Japanese artisans, they focused on crafting ceramics and tea bowl ware in the Joseon style. Notably, artisans such as Yi Sampyeong played a pivotal role in Japan's inaugural porcelain production by discovering new clay deposits. Families like the Satsuma-based Sim Sugwan clan persisted in the ceramic production across generations, establishing themselves as prominent figures in the Japanese ceramic industry. Although the 17th century presented formidable obstacles to Korean potters, they met these challenges with remarkable diligence and ingenuity, pioneering new styles and technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On yedinci yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa'nın en yakınındaki “öteki” olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na duyduğu merak ve bu ülkeyle gelişen ilişkileri, Avrupalı elçileri, temsilcileri, tüccarları ve gezginleri bu toprakları ziyaret etmeye teşvik etti. Doğu'ya yapılan yolculuklar ve bu yolculuklara dair anlatıların yayınlanması, Doğu'ya dair bir bilgi birikimi ve temsillerin temellerini attı. Akdeniz'de gelişen bir ticaret merkezi olarak İzmir, Avrupalı seyyahların Doğu'ya yaptıkları yolculuklarda güzergahlarına dahil ettikleri bir yer haline geldi. Seyahatnamelerde İzmir'in kentsel yaşamı, günlük rutini, demografisi ve sosyal yapısının yanı sıra fiziksel çevresi, coğrafi özellikleri ve mimari manzarası da betimlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, on yedinci yüzyıla ait bu anlatıları, özellikle de İngiliz ve Fransız seyyahların anlatılarını, ortak yönlerinin yanı sıra bireysel ve özgün bakış açıları açısından ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Buna ek olarak, çalışmada, on yedinci yüzyıldaki Doğu'ya bakışın - İzmir'in bu seyahatnamelerdeki metinsel ve görsel temsillerinin kanıtladığı üzere - on sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Oryantalizminin bir başlangıcı olarak görülüp görülemeyeceği sorgulanmaktadır.

This paper studies on multilingual administrative writing in Sweden during the early modern era of emerging national language ideology within the domain of court writing. The source material for this study consists of lower-court records from Finnish-speaking areas of the Swedish realm c. 1620–1700. The court system in Sweden was reformed in 1614 with the establishment of appellate courts that scrutinized the sentences passed by lower courts. Court records were written in Swedish, the official language of administrative writing of the period, but certain segments, notably represented speech, could be rendered in Finnish. This required textual mediation between the prescribed Swedish language of the court protocol, and the non-standard spoken Finnish in the courtrooms. The aim is to examine the embedding strategies, retention patterns, and textual mediation in the multilingual writing of 17th-century Finnish court scribes. The results show that Finnish is retained for especially pertinent or untranslatable witness statements. At the end of the 17th century, the use of parallel Swedish translations and clarifications to Finnish items increased. It is argued that this increase is due to the imposition of autocracy in 1680 and a concomitant push towards monolingual Swedish uniformity within the entire realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uniqueness and detail in the depiction of Croatian regions gives Glavač's map exceptional importance as part of the Croatian cultural heritage. Since Glavač left behind as written evidence of map creation only its title and an exhaustive dedication, other information about the map remains unknown. The appearance of the cartographic network indicates that it is a normal aspect of cylindrical projection. From the relationship between the coordinates from the map, we concluded that Glavač used the equidistant cylindrical projection with the equator as a standard parallel. After that we have calculated that the ratio of the radius of the Earth's sphere to the scale of the map is 2292.7. The numerical scale of the map can be determined from a graphical scale and from the calculated ratio of the radius to the map scale. Since there were several attempts to determine the Earth's dimensions at the time of Glavač's map, there are several possible radii of the Earth's sphere. At the end of the paper, calculating the interval of the numerical scale of the map enabled us to refute and/or accept the theses of other authors who cited different scales of Glavač's map in their works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PLANARCH - Design & Planning Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article primarily deals with the personality of Sophia of Hanover and her claims to the succession to the English throne. Sophia and her descendants (specifically George I) were appointed by the Act of Settlement as heirs to the throne upon the death of Anne Stuart. The life of Sophia, as well as her relations with the English monarchs and the Stuart family as such, will be outlined through the memoirs not only of Sophia herself but also of her family members, as well as through the correspondence of Sophie herself, including the English monarchs of the period under review.

This article uses historical and climatological methods to recontextualise the first decade of Dutch settlement at the Cape, 1652–62. It draws on weather data contained in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, natural proxies in the region, climate reanalysis and the global context of a particularly severe period during the Little Ice Age to reconstruct climatic conditions at monthly and seasonal scales for the decade under review. This reconstruction shows that the Dutch settled at a time of declining moisture at the Cape: relatively wet summers gave way to dry winters, while short-term droughts and deluges were regular occurrences. It then integrates this climatic context into an understanding of the history of this period. In so doing, it argues that adverse climatic conditions helped to undermine early Dutch designs on intensive agriculture, accelerated many free burghers' initial transition towards pastoralism, shaped the timing and volume of the cattle trade between settlers and indigenous populations and exacerbated tensions that led to the first Khoikhoi–Dutch war (1659–60). It may also have enhanced the transmission of and deaths from disease, though the evidence in this instance is less conclusive. In short, a climate-historical perspective shows that adverse climatic and environmental factors critically affected many of the core themes that are already associated with the history of early Dutch settlement at the Cape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 17th century the interest in crime news was enhanced by the appearance of the Old Bailey Trial Proceedings as a specialised periodical publication recounting trial narratives in a condensed form. Despite their formulaic character, the Old Bailey Proceedings provided middle- and upper-class readers with an insight into the dynamics of the courtroom and were therefore important vehicles for the dissemination of specialised knowledge. In my study I adopt a corpus-assisted discourse approach in order to identify collocational patterns around key words and investigate their role in the construction of meaning and ideology in discourse. Findings show that while most of the accounts encode the reporter's alignment with the jury's decision, some occasionally go offscript by problematising the logical coherence between evidence and verdict through a skilful packaging of the information which ultimately challenges the myth of an infallible justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great variety of lithological, stratigraphical and structural features (particularly in mountain areas), as well as volcanoes and sub–volcanic phenomena, attracted many travelling scientists to the Italian peninsula since the 17th century. The description of the Earth's strata became an important issue of the naturalistic research after the works by Niels Steensen (Steno). From the end of the 17th century until the end of the 18th century lithostratigraphical research developed in Italy within the studies and fieldwork of remarkable scientists, such as Antonio Vallisneri, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Giovanni Arduino and others. The emergence of stratigraphy, as a significant part of the new science of geology, was later supported by the work of several Italian scientists and geological institutions from the 19th to the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etnolingwistyka is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the specific, both sociologically and geographically determined Polish language of Kyiv, perceived by the author as a "territorial variation of the Polish literary language existing within the circle of Polish and Ruthenian intelligentsia in Kyiv in the 17th century around the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, represented by the prints of the typography of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra." The key was the application of linguistic criteria (phonetic, inflectional and syntactic ones) and answering the question of which variation of the borderland Polish we are dealing with: the northern or the southern one. However, a review of linguistic features shows that the Kyiv Polish language situates itself between the north and south borderlands. At every level of the language, features characteristic of both the southern and northern borderlands are noticeable, with the majority accounting for features common to both regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavation of Warwick, an early 17th-century English ship wrecked in a hurricane, yielded more than 2,000 individual cultural objects, the largest and most significant being the articulated remains of the starboard section of the hull. This article details the objects salvaged and excavated from the site prior to 2008 and presents an overview of selected artefacts recovered during 2010-12 excavations by the authors. The objects included in this catalog are those that have been analyzed, already conserved, or are currently in various stages of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article attempts to attribute a painting by an unknown 17th century Dutch painter from the collection of the State Historical Museum (Moscow). On the basis of the technical and technological characteristics of the painting revealed through initial examination, as well as deciphering of the artist’s signature discovered by the author of the article, the work is supposed to have been painted by Nicholas (Claes) Corneliszoon Moeyaert (1591-1655), one of the so-called “Pre-Rembrandtists”, the group of Amsterdam-based artists whose creative style influenced the young Rembrandt. The master was known for multi-figure compositions on historical and biblical subjects. The small number of Moeyaert’s works in Russian museum collections increases the cultural and historical significance of the painting from the collection of the State Historical Museum and emphasizes the need for its further research.

The objective of this article is to shed light on the history of the Reformation in 17th-century Geneva. The lens through which this study is conducted is that of religious publishing activity, which was significantly managed by the Company of Pastors and Professors. The role of the Company in religious publishing is inextricably linked to the unique status of the Church of Geneva within the broader context of the Reformation. The Company’s institutional archives offer insight into the issues at stake in the printed book matters. This article focuses on the role of the Company in local censorship, which diminished over the period under study. The Company’s censorship function enabled it to exert concrete influence on the global scale of Reformed publishing. This influence was the consequence of the Company’s ecclesiastical and theological authority. This authority derived from the status of the Church of Geneva as the principal church and birthplace of the Reformation in the 16th century. An analysis of the metaphors signifying and symbolizing this role in the printed books themselves underlines the pre-eminence of the Church of Geneva in 17th-century Reformation.

Introduction. The article deals with a little-known — though noticeable — episode in the history of late seventeenth-century Kalmyk-Crimean relations. The period remains somewhat understudied, and there are still unpublished sources on the topic. Goals. The paper aims to introduce some newly discovered archival materials discussing a most interesting period in the history of relations between the Crimean and Kalmyk Khanates characterized by a short-lived close political interaction. Materials. The work examines materials stored at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the former largely contained in collections nos. 111 (‘Don Affairs’), 119 (‘Kalmyk Affairs’), and 123 (‘Crimean Affairs’). Results. The conducted insights into archival sources have yielded some new data pertaining to mutual ambassadorial contacts between the two khanates that essentially clarify and extend the existing historical knowledge of the then Kalmyk-Crimean relations. Conclusions. The mutual political approach between Kalmyks and the Crimean Khanate in the 1680s–1690s proved short-lived, and had primarily been ignited by a dramatic deterioration in Russian-Kalmyk relations. That was a significant success of the Crimean diplomacy that took every advantage of the then dissentions between Kalmyks and the Tsardom of Russia. The mentioned political consent was paralleled by mutually beneficial horse and cattle trading activities. However, the frequent power shifts in the Crimea never facilitated any long-term interaction, the latter having been aggravated by another worsening in the ‘Nogai question’ when in 1696 Nogai subjects of Kalmyks fled to Kuban requesting the Crimean Khan’s protection. It was then that the confrontation between Kalmyk chieftains and Crimean officials — that finally led to an armed clash — arouse.

This paper applies Patton and Al-Zayadi’s scientonomic framework for understanding disciplines to a case study of the development of the chemical discipline ("chymistry") from the 17th century through the early 18th century in Western Europe. Using evidence from the tradition of textbook publication that emerged in the seventeenth-century chymistry, we reconstruct the top-level of the question hierarchy of chymistry. Analyzing how these questions and their associated theories were received, we first show how, starting in the 1660s, alchemy transitioned from a synonym of chymistry to chymistry’s subdiscipline with a more limited scope. We identify that the rejection of alchemy's core questions occurred in the 1720s based on the reception of these questions in scientific publications and by academic institutions. Hence, we conclude that the subdiscipline of alchemy became rejected in the 1720s. In order to conduct our case-study, we closely follow Newman and Principe's research on early modern alchemy and chymistry in our reconstruction of the episode. However, using the scientonomic framework in analyzing this case study reveals the specific dynamics of this instance of sub-discipline rejection. Our deepened understanding of this hallmark historical episode of disciplinary rejection indicates the value of Patton and Al-Zayadi’s theoretical framework for observational scientonomic research.

The aim of this study is to present, based on the Rom. ms. 312 from the Academy Library in Bucharest, the teaching material used by a teacher of Slavonic in the second half of the 17th century. Rom. ms. 312 BAR is well-known particularly because it contains the largest dictionary belonging to the group of the first bilingual Romanian dictionaries. The elaboration of these dictionaries should be considered in relation to the political and cultural context of the reign of Matei Basarab, in a period in which Wallachia was influenced by the cultural prestige of Kyiv and of the metropolitan Petru Movilă, who influenced the cultural development of the Romanian Principalities. Matei Basarab wanted to restore the dominance of the Slavonic language and culture, by encouraging the development of schools, among other measures. The necessary linguistic tools were provided by Kyiv, namely the Slavonic-Ruthenian lexicon and Meletius Smotrytsky’s Slavonic grammar (1619). These tools, besides being used as such in schools, provide models for the first Romanian dictionaries and the first Slavonic grammar translated into Romanian. Six Slavonic-Romanian dictionaries have survived, all written in the second half of the 17th century (except for one dating from 1649) in Wallachia, based on the Slavonic-Ruthenian lexicon published by Pamvo Berynda in 1627, which these six works adapted both in terms of the number of entries and the content of the Romanian definitions. Except for the lexicon issued in 1649, the others seem to be modified copies based on a single version. Two manuscripts containing the first Romanian bilingual lexicons also include copies after the same Romanian redaction of the Slavonic grammar. The Rom. ms. 312 comprises the lexicon, part of the grammar, and other lexicographical components, organized as additions to the main word lists. There are several studies on the content of Rom. ms. 312, yet previous research only presents it from a general perspective without much detail on its components. We shall demonstrate that its content is also more complex than that of the other lexicons, indicating and presenting its parts: the first list of words taken from the Slavonic-Ruthenian lexicon; a second list which is independent of it, but which can also be found in three of the other lexicons included in the group; three thematic lists and two lists without a specific theme, plus a dictionary of proper names translated into Slavonic, which has never been studied. Furthermore, we also present opinions on the author of the grammar included in this lexicon. A comparative analysis of the Slavonic grammar of Rom. ms. 312 and the one in Rom. ms. 3473 from the Romanian Academy Library allowed us to advance the hypothesis that these are copies of a previous writing, which was not preserved.

This article is a case study of the Russian-Iranian silk trade, particularly during the period of the Safavid Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642). During his reign, substantial changes occurred in the state silk trade, which also affected the Russian-Iranian trade. This study mainly focuses on the amount of Iranian silk exported to Russia by royal merchants, the form the Russian-Iranian silk trade took and the mode of transport as well as the main trade routes. Our research is based on archival historical sources from the Russian state archives of ancient documents. The study thus aims to shine new facts on the Russian-Iranian trade relations in the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panegyrics are a valuable primary source for reconstructing early-modern culture and mentality. However, Polish scholars have only recently paid attention to them due to the difficulties posed by their elusive language and complex rhetoric figures relying on both Ancient literature and Holy Scripture. The present article does not focus on their content. Instead, it statistically analyses a set of more than 1200 panegyrics printed between the late 16th century and late 18th century by Jesuits and Piarists, the two most influential religious congregations active in the educational field in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author aims to show the extent of this literary phenomenon and its transformation over time to provide a general overview to scholars focusing on specific texts. In particular, the article answers the following questions: how many panegyrics Jesuits and Piarists published, to which social layers and on which occasions they were dedicated. Finally, the author analyses the connections between particular noble families and religious houses. The number of printed panegyrics considerably fluctuated over time, depending on wars and political crises. After peaking in the second quarter of the 18th century, it dropped due to the transition from Baroque to Classicism in the realm of rhetoric. Most panegyrics were dedicated to the members of the high nobility, followed by bishops and the ruling family. On the other hand, the middle nobility and burghers played a secondary role. The occasions for publishing panegyrics show the increasing institutionalization of this literary genre as prints usually celebrated the entry of ecclesiastical or secular dignitaries or family celebrations such as weddings and funerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yeniçağ ekonomilerinde nakit ihtiyacının karşılanması oldukça zor bir durumdu. Osmanlılar da hazinenin nakit ihtiyacının karşılanması adına iltizam sistemini oldukça faal bir şekilde kullandılar. Ülke geneline yayılan sistemin 17. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki görünümünü inceleyen bu makale tüm iltizam sistemini değil bu sistem içinde Rumeli’deki iltizam sahipleri arasındaki ortaklık ilişkilerini araştırmaktadır. Makale ortaklık kuran mültezimlerin kimlikleri, ortaklık kurdukları iltizam tahvillerinin içerikleri, bunların maddi değerleri ve aralarındaki ilişkilerin bir girişimcilik örneği sayılıp sayılamayacağı meseleleri üzerinde odaklanmaktadır. Ortaklık ilişkisi içindeki mültezimlerin önemli bir bölümünün askerler ve sair devlet görevlilerinden olması, incelenen dönemin konjonktürel olarak güçlü bir yansıması şeklinde görülebilir. Ortaklıklara imza atan mültezimler ve onlara destek veren kâtip ya da kefil gibi diğer iştirakleri hem askeri yükümlülüklerden muaf olmak hem de mali güçlerine güç katmak adına iltizamlara rağbet göstermişlerdir. Makale Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü’nden elde edilen arşiv kaynaklarından derlenen iltizam tahvilinin incelenmesiyle şekillenmiştir. Geleneksel ve çağdaş literatür çalışmaya destek sağlayan diğer kaynak guruplarıdır.

The war seems an inappropriate element in the commentary on utopian texts. Yet it is one of the recurring motifs in fictions about Elsewhere in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the article, through famous works as well as those little known, we try to sketch the place and role of the warrior motif in the representation of fictional worlds and in the narrative construction. In the 17th century, it is only a question of the allusions and discreet mentions of the experience of the war which express the fears of the Utopians against the European conquerors. On the other hand, in the 18th century we observe the appearance of warlike episodes which are part of the storyline, which expresses the hold of the novel on the traditional model of utopia. War then becomes a necessity to accomplish a radical change undergone by the utopian community.

In the early modern era, when the Swedes waged war outside their own territory, they passed on the duty of supplying food and funding the army to the occupied territories (the war was supposed to feed itself). The practice of collecting contributions was based on the experience of the Thirty Years’ War, which was introduced in Germany by the armies of Gustav II Adolphus. Apart from financial contributions and provisions, the occupied terri-tories had to pay brandskatt, an additional enforced tax to protect the occupied lands from looting and destruction. The aim of this paper is, a.o., to determine the position of brandskatt in the extraordinary war taxes imposed on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The basic source is the Warsaw brandskatt register of 1655 found in the Riksarkivet in Stockholm.

This interdisciplinary paper discusses the situation in the Czech lands in the early modern period with regard to Catholic theology, liturgics and the development of these disciplines. Given the large number of religious texts that emerged in this period, it focuses on the beginnings of Czech liturgical education and formation aimed at the laity within the Roman Catholic Church in the 17th century, i.e. liturgical manuals written in Czech.

Based on a passage from Manuscript No. 9350 of the Austrian National Library, which, to the author’s knowledge, has not yet attracted scholarly attention, the paper deals with an interesting description of Upper Lusatia, which probably originated in the second half of the 17th century and offers some remarkable insights into the religious and cultural situation in this region.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda girişimcilik çoğunlukla tek bir dönem ve bir bütün halinde değerlendirilmektedir. Arşiv kayıtlarını yeterince dikkate almadan yapılan bu değerlendirmeler İmparatorluğun son dönemindeki girişimciliğin tüm dönemleri kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmesi sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Buradan yola çıkarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda girişimciliğin gayrimüslimlerin ve yabancıların elinde olduğu, Müslüman Türk girişimci sınıfının olmadığı sıklıkla dile getirilmektedir. Ancak arşiv kayıtları dikkate alınarak değerlendirmeler yapıldığında bu iddialara cevap verebilecek kanıtlara ulaşılmaya başlandığı görülmüştür. Divan-ı Hümayun kararlarının kaydedildiği mühimme defterleri bu arşiv kayıtlarının başında gelmektedir. Bu kayıtların, incelenen dönemdeki (1605-1702) girişimcilik profilini açıklayabilecek ipuçları taşıdığı görülmüştür. Ele alınan mühimme defterlerinin içerik analizine tabi tutulması sonucunda 17. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda güçlü bir Müslüman Türk girişimci sınıfının olduğuna dair bulgulara ulaşılmıştır.

La escritura conventual en la temprana modernidad americana implicó una confección cuidadosa de una voz enunciativa y de una imagen propia que son, a la vez, pilares en la creación de una autoridad para enunciar. Úrsula Suárez y Úrsula de Jesús realizan, bajo mandato, una narración de sus vidas en la cual el discurso místico las habilita a modular no solo sus propias voces y la de los otros, sino también los tópicos y la retórica propia de estos relatos, problematizando así sus posicionamientos, y sus límites, dentro de la estructura eclesiástica.

Leibniz's manuscripts on perspective geometry remained unpublished and unknown until very recently. Among them, Scientia perspectiva stands out as the most complex and the most original. In this paper, we offer a thorough analysis of this manuscript, showing how Leibniz moves from perspective concepts fairly common at that time to a completely new idea of the practice that could have affected its entire history. This new science represents not only Leibniz's unique contribution to the development of perspective but also casts a new light on his own notion of space and geometry and their philosophical grounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based upon the searches carried out in London by the Wardens of the Goldsmiths’ Company during the seventeenth century. Rings that were thought to be below the Gold Standard of 22 carats were taken to Goldsmiths’ Hall to be assayed. A description of the rings and the subsequent result of the assay were entered into the Court Books by the Clerk. Some of these descriptions include a note and sometimes a drawing of the maker’s mark. Other entries in the Court Books give the names and details of the careers of certain ringmakers which are entered in the Mitchell Merry Database at Goldsmiths’ Hall. By comparing these records with the marks given for particular rings, it is possible to suggest which ringmaker used the mark. Short biographies are given of possible or probable owners of these marks. An illustrated glossary of seventeenth century terms for the various ring types is provided. These records give an indication of the lives of seventeenth century ringmakers and how they coped with the calamities of the century: war, plague and fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the flood of unionist literature that followed the accession of James VI to the throne of England, Thomas Craig's De unione regnorum Britanniae stands out as the largest, at around 95,000 words, and the most sophisticated in terms of its argumentation. This article examines Craig's argumentation in detail and shows that he understood British history as a repeating cycle of internecine conflicts between the peoples of Britain followed by invasion and conquest by continental powers. For Craig, the existential threat to Britain was Spain, the dominant Catholic power of the day. While negotiations for an end to the long war between England and Spain were contemporaneous with union negotiations, the De unione can still be seen as a warning about the ongoing dangers of disunity among British Protestants. It is shown that Craig's solution to the lingering historical antagonism between England and Scotland and the unwillingness on either side to compromise their fundamental national identity lay in an idealised version of the feudal-legal relationship as the foundation for the union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magic has served as a source of fascination for early modern scholars throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. While critics continue to debate magic's relationship to religion and science, in recent years the focus has turned to knowledge‐making and how magic contributed to a diverse range of discourses during the 16th and 17th centuries. This article first explores some of the significant historical debates on early modern magic before turning to more recent work in literary studies of the Renaissance. While focusing on early modern England and the stage, the article also highlights newer directions for the study of magic that might enfold global contexts and critical methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will try to delve into the particularities of the process of Christianization of slaves in New Granada at the beginning of the 17th century and its significance. At the beginning of the 17th century, the largest number of ships, mainly Portuguese, arrived at the port of Cartagena, bringing black slaves from Africa. The poor health conditions in which slaves arrived raised a great desire for their conversion to Christianity, added to the fact that the most of them spent short time in the port. This urgency in the salvation of the souls of the slaves recently arrived in port led to raise several exceptions in baptism, which we will try to analyze, exposed by the Jesuit Alonso de Sandoval in his book De Instaurata Aethiopum Salute published in 1627 and carried out by Pedro Claver, since his final arrival in Cartagena in 1615. We will make special emphasis on the exceptions that were exposed and defended before the Roman Catholic Church, which were the rename, the use of several interpreters of diverse African languages, permanently, and at the same time throughout the Christianization process, in addition to orality, repetition and memorization as the only means of transmitting this religious knowledge.

Die musiktheoretischen Überlegungen Jean-Philippe Rameaus waren wegweisend für die Entwicklung der Harmonielehre. Dabei sind seine Ideen stark vom Naturverständnis des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts geprägt. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird dem nachgegangen und untersucht, welche naturphilosophischen Gedanken, u. a. von Descartes und Newton, in Rameaus Traité de l’harmonie (1722) und Génération harmonique (1737) widergespiegelt werden. Es wird ersichtlich, dass insbesondere die Vorstellungen einer durch Impuls ausgelösten Bewegungsenergie und des zyklischen Bewegungsablaufs um ein Zentrum sowohl im mechanistischen Weltbild als auch in Rameaus Musiktheorie von maßgeblicher Bedeutung sind. Jean-Philippe Rameau’s music-theoretical concepts were pathbreaking for the development of harmony. However, his ideas are partially inspired by the natural philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This article examines several aspects of the contemporary understanding of nature – especially Newton’s and Descartes’ perspectives – that can also be found in Rameau’s Traité de l’harmonie (1722) and Génération harmonique (1737). As a result, it is revealed that the concepts of impulses and cyclic motion around a center are essential in both a mechanistic worldview as well as in Rameau’s musical thought.

The Briefportal Leibniz is a digital collection of selected letters from series III (Mathematischer, naturwissenschaftlicher und technischer Briefwechsel) of the ongoing critical print edition of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’ works and letters, edited by the Academies of Sciences in Berlin and Göttingen. The main corpus of the selection, 157 letters, consists of Leibniz’ correspondence with Johann Bernoulli between 1693 and 1701 which centres mainly on mathematical matters. The portal offers a reader friendly chronological overview of these and several other correspondences but lacks some of the commentary and other material of the printed edition as well as download options for the underlying data. Despite these desiderata, the Briefportal Leibniz is still a promising part of the digital augmentation of the monumental Leibniz edition.

This review examines the Digital Edition of the Diaries of Prince Christian II. von Anhalt-Bernburg, implemented by the University of Freiburg and the Herzog August Bibliothek. The research project, which has been running since 2013 and has not yet been completed, aims to present the entire diary (diplomatic transcription and facsimiles) of the prince which comprises a total of approximately 17,400 pages. In its digital approach, the project offers a sound-text-presentation that far surpasses that of the print medium (e.g., enrichment with norm data, visualizations, provision of Linked Open Data), but the lack of technical documentation makes it difficult to trace the workflow, archiving, or even subsequent use of the data.

This paper presents analysis of urbariums as legal acts that regulate mutual rights and obligations of feudal lords and serfs. Urbariums are usually not unilateral acts of the feudal lord imposing obligations on the serfs, but the term contract is also used originally because the consent of both parties is required, regardless of the fact that the subjects are in a weaker position. Urbariums can be compared with modern acts of labor law, i.e. collective agreements. Urbariums are usually researched exclusively from the legal aspect, leaving data on agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the use and protection of uncultivated land (pastures and forests) usually neglected. As such data can be investigated on the basis of mandatory payments of serfs to feudal lords and their work obligations, this paper aims to elaborate different types of income and expenditure accounts arising in 1593 in Vinodol, as compiled by the manager Marko Oršić, and determined by the Urbarium of Novi from 1606 and 1653. From the data on the restrictions on the use of uncultivated land, it can be determined that the inhabitants of that time carefully guarded it against excessive use or destruction, which could be defined today as an example of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galen was the first who defined phthisis as lung ulceration, accompanied by coughing, persistent low-grade fevers, and body wasting. Attempts to define tuberculosis and find the cause of the disease belong to significant errors in the period of medical theories about tuberculosis (TB). Even in the 17th century, the most common causes of this disease were pulmonary ulcers, incorrect shape and position of the lungs, or menstruation. This article endeavors to elucidate the history of TB and its therapy in the 17th century on the basis of the Latin inaugural academic disputation De phthisi (On Tuberculosis) from 1679, which was first translated into Slovak in 2021. It was written by Matthaeus Palumbini, a Hungarian physician of Slovak origin born in Turiec County (Comitatus Thurociensis) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Although this dissertation is due to the anatomical, physiological, and clinical views of the Early Modern period, the ideas about the disease inhalation route as well as the fact that the disease transmission happens indirectly through the air, are close to existing knowledge. Similarly, the TB classification, the description of indications, climatic treatment, or principles of healthy lifestyle surprisingly correlate with the current medical practice. The article is supplemented by examples of the period of drug prescriptions that constituted a part of the therapy. The archival source of the original text comes from the Digitale Sammlungen der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]