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This article investigates the development of the Spanish–Italian mercury cartel from the end of World War II to the mid-1950s. Previous literature has singled out the cartel as one of the most robust international cartels of the twentieth century, but as this article shows, the cartel broke down toward the end of the 1940s, and although briefly reestablished in 1954, it quickly dissolved again. Building on access to original source material from archives in Spain, Italy, the United States, and United Kingdom, we investigate the underlying reasons why the cartel broke down, and how and why it was eventually reestablished. Because both the main Italian and the Spanish mercury producers were state-owned, this article pays special attention to the influence of the political relations between Spain and Italy on the development of the cartel. The study of the mercury cartel is used as a prism to investigate the point where industry strategies meet government strategies. This article thus contributes to two major strands of literature, both to the business history literature on international cartels in the post-1945 world and to the diplomatic history literature on the intricate relationship between Spain and Italy in the early phase of the Cold War.

Drawing on the concept of technological mediation, this article examines the spatial politics of observation technologies and associated practices that have been used to monitor the movement of migratory wildebeests in the Serengeti from the 1950s until the 2000s. It shows that key technologies, and the types of research collaborations they sustained, mediated notably different normative ideas about human–wildlife interaction and the sharing of space in and around protected areas. During the 1950s and 1960s, observations of animal migration were conducted by airplane. Direct observation was characterized by the study of movement of migratory ungulates, such as the wildebeest, and humans across space in real time. Aerial observations depended on a close cooperation between scientists and park authorities, and on the knowledge and observational skills of game wardens. The experience of the movement of animals and people in real time allowed, to some degree, for experimentation with forms of human land-use. During the 1970s, many small-scale and short-term projects shifted the research focus toward data recording by camera. Aerial photographs created supposedly complete spatial overviews of inhabitation, which supported interpretations of spatial conflicts between humans occupying the park’s surrounding areas and animal populations inside the park. From the 1980s onward, computer technology allowed for long-term calculations of past and future trends in population densities of individual species. The understanding of the wildebeest as a keystone species and the Serengeti as a baseline ecosystem turned communities of local pastoralists and agriculturalists into a future threat. As observation technologies are here to stay, it remains important to pay attention to technologies’ potential roles in creating additional distances between researchers and research subjects. Historical insights, such as the ones presented in this article, can help reflect on how various forms of remote sensing may mediate normative views on human–wildlife interactions and consequentially affect local livelihoods.

Post-revolutionary Spanish America barely features in existing scholarship on nineteenth-century British political and social thought. But the region was widely discussed, and raised distinctive issues about republican government, the effects of colonial rule, and the operation of absolute power. This article examines how the British debated the autarchic dictatorship erected in newly independent Paraguay. Their attempts to make sense of this spectacular experiment in government, and its architect Dr Francia, helped to crystallize public attitudes towards the condition of Spanish America in the 1820s and 1830s. Francia's broader significance, however, was as a token in wider debates about the proper limits of republican and constitutional principles, and about the merits of arbitrary directive rule in less developed polities. For his admirers, he cast light on how other comparable regimes had gone wrong.

Materially plastics are ambivalent. In spite of their often lauded quality of creating seemingly untethered imitations, representations and replacements, they have a materiality that leaks, off-gasses and disintegrates. They are accomplished at mimicry yet frequently unable to be remoulded. They are ostensibly resistant to microbial contamination yet absorb environmental pollutants and leach endocrine disrupting plasticisers. This article argues that, due to the material influence of plastics, their ubiquity, and the societal transformations that they have enabled, that anthropologists need to pay sustained attention to this material. Moreover, it argues that anthropological methods and theories are crucial to understanding plastics at a vital moment in their (and our) history. It articulates three ways in which anthropology can engage plastics at all stages in their lifecycles. Firstly, to study plastics challenges what it means to exist: whether or not human beings are bounded or permeable entities, experienced as individuated, collective or somewhere in between. Secondly, plastics disrupt what people know, are willing to know, or are persuaded is worth knowing about the production and disposal of the products that they consume. Thirdly, the materiality of plastics expose contemporary inequalities. Plastics can create unseen violence, both in their geographically unequal toxic distributions and in the vastness of their temporal effects.

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are seeing as a solution to overcome the fluctuation and randomness of certain renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Coupling the fluctuating renewable energy sources with the controllable sources, such as biomass-fueled micro-cogeneration, constitute an HRES that significantly reduces CO2 emissions and primary energy consumption. The purpose of this work is to review research works on hybrid renewable energy systems based on micro-cogeneration and to present a case study of optimizing a solar-based micro-cogeneration system. First, renewable energy-fueled micro-cogeneration systems are presented according to the prime mover technology: Stirling engine, organic Rankine cycle and photovoltaic-thermal (PVT). The different prime movers are assessed according to their advantages, disadvantages and market availability. Next, several research works on hybrid renewable energy systems including solar and micro-cogeneration technologies are summarized and key findings are highlighted. Finally, the results of the case study are presented for reasoning the necessity of system hybridization. The results indicated that more experimental data on HRES and research effort on energy management strategies and stochastic optimization models are required. The results of the case study showed maximum thermal and electrical reliability of 68% and 70%, respectively. The optimized PVT/battery/thermal storage system was not able to cover all energy demand of the case study but supporting heat and electricity sources are required.

This article centres on a trial held in Madrid in 1614 involving a group identified as ‘vagrants’ of ‘Armenian’ and ‘Greek’ background. In order to tease out the ways in which the presence of foreigners challenged the institutions and citizens, this article approaches these defendants as relationally defined actors in the urban dynamic. It reveals the tactics marginal groups employed vis-à-vis strategic attempts by the municipal government to control foreigners by assigning them identities based on ethnicity. This case-study thus calls into question notions of vagrancy and identification based on ethnicity (‘Armenian’ and ‘Greek’, in particular) in Madrid under Phillip III and IV. In doing so, it shows marginality to be a key yet elusive site for cultural encounters and collaboration in early modern Europe, in which multilingual and culturally fluid social actors related to the Armenian diaspora played a central role.

The decision of Indonesian’s constitutional court in May 2013, to review Law Number 41/1999 on Forestry, marked a significant step forward in Indonesian policy related to recognition of the rights of Indigenous people to forest. Under the decision, Indigenous forest is no longer considered State forest and rights to it should be granted to Indigenous communities inhabiting them as long as there is proof of their Indigenous status. However, at the implementation level, special measures are required to ascertain who is truly Indigenous. Bogus claims of indigeneity and rights to land are not uncommon. This paper examines the verification mechanism employed for spatial analysis to assess traditional knowledge and Indigenous law implementation as substantial evidences for Indigenous rights recognition to a forest area. We conducted a case study in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest with two groups of Indigenous communities living around the forest using image interpretation and spatial analysis supported by socio-economic and cultural analysis. We also assessed the capacity and awareness of Indigenous communities to manage their forest. This case study illustrates that in general Indigenous people apply ancestral norms, beliefs and traditional knowledge and wisdom in managing their livelihoods and daily life. Nonetheless, increasing necessities of life, better accessibility, and socio-cultural assimilation has changed the Indigenous people’s behavior towards nature. Holistic approaches in transferring land rights, effective long-term engagement, and revitalization of Indigenous law in line with formal law enforcement, are among the essential measures that must be conducted systematically to ensure that the Indigenous forest remains and is sustainably managed for the benefit of the Indigenous community and the environment.

Resumo Objetivou-se conhecer os fatores associados ao desempenho de alunos em provas para avaliar a qualidade do aprendizado que compõem o Sistema Permanente de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Spaece). Para tanto, empregou-se a metodologia denominada Análise Envoltória de Dados ( Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA) para estimar a eficiência relativa de unidades escolares do município de Sobral (CE). Evidenciou-se que a presença nas unidades escolares de bibliotecas, de laboratórios de informática, de quadra de esportes e de salas para atendimento especial constitui fator significativo associado ao elevado desempenho dos alunos, impactando, portanto, na eficiência escolar. Abstract The objective of this article is to know the factors that can influence the learning outcomes of students through the Permanent Evaluation System of Basic Education (Spaece). To this end, the methodology called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the relative efficiency of school units in the municipality of Sobral (CE). It was evident that the presence of libraries, computer labs, sports courts and rooms for special care in school units are significant factors that can contribute to the high performance of students, thus impacting school efficiency. Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue onocer los factores asociados al desempeño de los estudiantes en las pruebas para evaluar la calidad de los aprendizajes que conforman el Sistema de Evaluación Permanente de la Educación Básica (Spaece). Para ello, se utilizó la metodología denominada Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA para estimar la eficiencia relativa de las unidades escolares en el municipio de Sobral (CE). Se evidenció que la presencia en las unidades escolares de bibliotecas, laboratorios de computación, canchas deportivas y salas de cuidados especiales es un factor significativo asociado al alto desempeño de los estudiantes, impactando así en la eficiencia escolar.

Resumo Esse artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que objetivou mapear e analisar a trajetória formativa e profissional dos egressos do Curso de Pedagogia do Instituto Superior de Educação Professor Aldo Muylaert (Isepam), instituição estadual sediada em Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. Em 2018, realizou-se pesquisa de campo com 225 egressos (81% do total), que responderam a um formulário da Plataforma Google . A análise dos dados contou com o auxílio da Análise de Conteúdo, de Laurence Bardin. Os resultados revelaram que a inserção profissional dos participantes na área da Educação é de 75%, enquanto 16% não atuam nesse setor e 9% estão desempregados. Os egressos que não atuam na área educacional indicaram que não o fazem por falta de oportunidade de trabalho. Sobre a formação continuada, mais da metade dos egressos já cursou ou cursa a especialização e dois egressos estão cursando o mestrado. A visão dos egressos sobre as oportunidades de formação continuada revelou dificuldades financeiras para custear a especialização privada e falta de tempo para se dedicar à pós-graduação pública. Abstract This article presents the results of a research that aimed to map and analyze the formative and professional trajectory of the graduates of the Pedagogy Course of the Higher Education Institute Professor Aldo Muylaert (Isepam), a state institution based in Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. In 2018, field research was carried out with 225 graduates (81% of the total), who answered a form from the Google Platform. Data analysis was supported by Content Analysis, by Laurence Bardin. The results showed that the professional insertion of the participants in the education area is 75%, while 16% do not work in education and 9% are unemployed. The graduates who do not work in the educational area indicated that they do not do it due to lack of job opportunities. About continuing education, more than half of the graduates have already attended or attended specialization courses and two graduates are studying Master’s degrees. The view of graduates about continuing education opportunities revealed financial difficulties to pay for private specialization courses and lack of time to enroll in public graduate courses. Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo mapear y analizar la trayectoria formativa y profesional de los graduados del Curso de Pedagogía en el Instituto Superior de Educação Profesor Aldo Muylaert (Isepam), institución estatal con sede en Campos dos Goytacazes / RJ. En 2018 se realizó una encuesta de campo a 225 egresados (81% del total), quienes respondieron un formulario de la Plataforma de Google. El análisis de datos fue apoyado por el Análisis de Contenido de Laurence Bardin. Los resultados revelaron que la inserción profesional de los participantes en el área de Educación es del 75%, mientras que el 16% no trabaja en este sector y el 9% está desempleado. Los graduados que no laboran en el área educativa indicaron que no lo hacen por falta de oportunidades laborales. En cuanto a la formación continua, más de la mitad de los graduados ya han cursado o están cursando el curso de Especialización y dos graduados están cursando actualmente un Máster. La visión de los graduados sobre las oportunidades de educación continua reveló dificultades financieras para financiar la especialización privada y falta de tiempo para dedicarlos a estudios públicos de posgrado.

The main factor restricting lead isotope analysis of metals from museum collections is the requirement for physical material. Hence, there are major incentives for developing minimally invasive methods for lead isotope analysis that are accurate and precise enough to reveal historical information about artefacts and their origin. Portable laser ablation (pLA), collecting microscopic samples on Teflon filters, has four key benefits. It produces no visual impact to the artefacts, does not require transport of artefacts to laboratory facilities, there are no artefact size restrictions, and samples are processed under clean laboratory conditions allowing Pb purification prior to measurement by solution MC-ICPMS. To validate the efficacy of the pLA technique on silver, nine matrixed-matched commercial, in-house and archaeological reference materials were sampled and analysed multiple times (9-10). The pLA mean analyses (±2SD) were all consistent with inter-laboratory bulk analyses. The digestion of sample filters produces precisions that are consistently more than five-times better than in situ nsLA-MC-ICPMS and are the same order of magnitude expected for bulk samples processed in different laboratories. This journal is

In the last decade, business and life coaching programmes have rapidly proliferated in the People’s Republic of China. Such programmes promise radical self-transformations aiming at individual success and social responsibility. The methods of most coaching programmes popular in China today are characterised by strict discipline and emotional expressivity, which are enacted in personal bonds between participants and coaches. This article describes and analyses these processes of self-transformation for the case of the rapidly growing ‘Leadership Programmes’ (LP). We outline the social background and emergence of LP programmes, present the typical features of LP training and discuss the consequences of self-transformation as seen by participants and outsiders. Altogether, these leadership programmes constitute an important new platform where ethical subjectivities are created and negotiated among new middle-class Chinese; subjectivities that are supposed to be enterprising, responsible, and expressive.

The United States Council for International Business today is one of the United States most powerful domestic business organisations and is a leading ambassador for US international business intere...

Anthropology can be broadly characterised as an optimistic discipline. While working with underprivileged groups and individuals struggling against difficult socio-economic and environmental condit...

The activity of Italian banks in Egypt in the first half of the 20th century represents an almost unexplored field of investigation in economic and banking historiography. This article is the first attempt to innovate the Italian banking literature in this area, providing evidence from a country strategically located in the Middle Eastern geopolitical framework. At the same time and more generally, it contributes to the multinational banking literature on the characteristics and criticalities of banks belonging to multinational groups, which are subject to a ‘liability of foreignness’ due to political, geographical and economic differences between the home country and the host economy. The paper addresses the main drivers of success of Italian banks, which were able to occupy primary positions within the Egyptian banking sector despite their relatively modest capital size thanks to an aggressive policy focused on the cotton market. It then highlights the reasons for the subsequent problems these institutes faced, showing the difficulties of a latecomer and capital-poor country, such as Italy, in carrying out a catching-up process aimed at widening its influence over geographical areas considered strategic in terms of political and commercial penetration.

This paper proposes a reflection on the “human rights” category, as a native category, endowed with local and specific meanings. Therefore, it utilizes a comparative perspective by contrast on the uses and meanings of the “state violence” category and the building of processes demanding justice in Rio de Janeiro, in comparison to Buenos Aires. Specifically, it focuses on the ethnography produced after the murder of Rio's alderwoman Marielle Franco, to propose the notion of “attack on human rights”, showing how the category has been built through an antagonistic logic in Rio de Janeiro. Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre la categoría “derechos humanos” en cuanto categoría nativa, dotada de sentidos locales y particulares. Para ello, se vale de una perspectiva comparada sobre los usos y sentidos de la categoría violencia de estado y sobre la construcción de los procesos de demanda por justicia en Brasil en contraste con Buenos Aires. Específicamente, se detiene en la etnografía producida a partir del asesinato de la concejala carioca Marielle Franco para proponer la noción de “embate a los derechos humanos”, demostrando cómo la categoría, en Río de Janeiro, se ha ido construyendo a través de una lógica antagónica. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1182

International audience; Abstract The purpose of this article is to present an inventory of certain faunal remains from Linearbandkeramic (LBK) settlements in the Paris Basin (Ile-de-France, Hauts-de-France and Champagne) that seem to belong to a particular category, that of “sign-objects,” in other words, tangible evidence intended to be shown and directly interpretable by an observer belonging to the society which produced them. Based on three categories of archaeological contexts, a ceremonial enclosure, settlements and graves, we will attempt to highlight the species that were important to Neolithic society. Two of them, the domestic cattle and the aurochs, are particularly involved in the deposits through the exhibition of their bones or their horn cores. Sheep and roe deer are also involved through, for example, transformed bones such as perforated tibias or sharpened roe deer antlers. The results of the analysis were integrated into an archaeological model previously developed to approach the social structure of the Neolithic society.; L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner des éléments osseux peu transformés, datés de la Céramique Linéaire (LBK) et provenant de sites fouillés du Néolithique ancien (5100-4700 av. n.è.) dans le Bassin parisien, qui nous paraissent appartenir à une catégorie qui peut être qualifiée « d’objets-signes », c’est-à-dire directement interprétables par un observateur de la société qui les produit. L’étude a été menée en partant de la faune trouvée dans l’enceinte de Menneville ainsi que celle provenant de sépultures, puis en cherchant à retrouver des objets-signes dans 22 villages contemporains d’Ile-de-France, des Hauts de France et de Champagne. Les analyses menées mettent en évidence des ossements particuliers issus d’animaux domestiques ou sauvages qui sont exposés au moment de cérémonies impliquant des sacrifices d’animaux, ou qui se retrouvent dans certaines maisons. Dans l’enceinte, certains os de bovins, des bucranes et des chevilles osseuses sont sélectionnés et déposés isolément, alors que les membres en connexion proviennent de moutons, de porcs ou de chiens. Dans les habitats, un lien entre certaines catégories d’ossements et le type de maison est perceptible. Dans les grandes maisons on répertorie des chevilles osseuses ou bucranes de bovins entiers, des os d’aurochs en nombre important, des tibias perforés de mouton et des bois de chevreuils appointés. Les crânes ou les pattes d’animaux sauvages rares et les tibias de chevreuils perforés sont à l’inverse dans les maisons de petite taille. Une réflexion est menée à partir de ces résultats pour les intégrer à un modèle archéologique et les confronter à des éléments de l’anthropologie qui s’est penchée sur la signification des objets-signes de différentes natures et en tirer des hypothèses pour la société néolithique.

The individual experience of everyday city life is essentially an everyday improvisation among other people. It is in urban settings where socially structured formations of daily life meet purely individual situated experience in myriads of spontaneously created and shaped assemblages of everyday life. The visual perception of space, sonic orientation in a given place and olfactory plus tactile experience of the environment are the basic aesthetic performances in cultivating a common urban reality. The author discusses specificities of anthropological knowledge derived from first-hand experience of the life of other people in the field. To cope with the complexity of everyday urban improvisation, the author employs two ancient Greek terms to define the space of human interaction: aisthēsis, i.e., sensory perception, and the complex meaning of the Latin verb colere, from which the term culture is derived. The triangulation of everyday improvisation through the sensorial essence of everyday life complements the employment of two other ancient Greek terms, praxis and poiesis. The basic empirical materials used to discuss everyday improvisation in an urban environment are collected narrations of sensory perception and individual lives from sensobiographic walks in Ljubljana, Turku and Brighton. Historically, in the West, the dominance of the senses has shifted from sound, touch and smell, orienting people in orally designed cultural domains, to sight. Smelling is specific embeddedness in place. Its paradoxical position of sensing outside air deeply inside, integrated in breathing, but not always sensing anything special. At the crossroads of distant and close, inner and outer, olfactory experience is simultaneously existentially idiosyncratic and collectively shaped. The paper’s main point is that there are no clear limits between the experienced past and the present. However, both are aesthetically and culturally inscribed in specific registers of individual, social, cultural and embodied memories. The same stands for an ethnographic practice. Everyday life is a continuum of living, weaved together from many discontinuous contingencies. It consists of incongruent, incomplete and chaotic shifts. Repetitive social activities bring order into this everyday mess: rituals and work. For this reason, repetitive music is inevitable for establishing a common ground of the everyday. If ethnography ever touches reality, it is a continuous improvisation in everyday life, shared, collective, and peculiar individual improvisation.

Cet article est l’occasion de dresser un bilan développé et détaillé des principaux acquis sur l’agglomération de Cassinomagus, issus des huit dernières années de recherches. Deux projets collectifs de recherche (PCR) successifs ont en effet conduit à approfondir, voire, dans certains cas, à renouveler les connaissances sur ce site dont la fréquentation semble être attestée dès le second âge du Fer. Une étude diachronique, qui met en œuvre une approche tant globale qu’interdisciplinaire, permet d’aborder l’évolution de la structuration urbaine du site antique. Une organisation fonctionnelle des quartiers, autour d’un réseau viaire bien établi, se dessine ainsi pendant le ier s. apr. J.-C., avec une densification de l’habitat et une diversification des activités artisanales. Le temps fort que représente sa monumentalisation au iie s. apr. J.-C. – s’accompagnant d’une réorganisation du tissu urbain – permet plus largement d’interroger la place de l’agglomération dans la structuration communautaire de la cité des Lémovices. L’agglomération connaît ensuite une lente désaffection amorcée dès le iiie s. apr. J.-C., mais la réflexion sur les effets de sa position frontalière se poursuit grâce aux recherches historiques menées sur la paroisse de Chassenon. This article represents an opportunity to draft a developed and detailed assessment of the major advances in knowledge, provided by the last eight years of research, and pertaining to the Cassinomagus agglomeration. Indeed, two successive Collective Research Projects (CRP) have deepened, and in some cases even renewed our understanding of this site, whose study dates back to the 18th c., and which is best known for the ruins of the thermal bath building of Longeas, the temple of Montélu and the La Léna theater. Excavations carried out in the eastern part of the site revealed traces of occupation dating back to the Second Iron Age, though it remains impossible to determine whether these vestiges correspond to the origins of the urban concentration that would become Cassinomagus, or whether they are merely indicative of the presence of marginal rural occupation at that time. The site remained occupied at the beginning of the 1st c. AD. And a series of gravel structures, composed of the local substratum, a rock of meteoritic origin were discovered on the southern plateau. In the absence of a broader study of these remains, which were considered only in limited areas, it is difficult to improve our definition of the nature of the occupation of the site during this period. The study of ceramic wares does, however, allow us to conclude that Chassenon was fully integrated within the commercial networks of Western Gaul. In the northern part of the site, the presence of several kilograms of forge waste (slag, hearth walls and metal scraps) and a high density of micro-waste (scales) attests to steelmaking activities, though the location of these installations have yet to be brought to light. After a period of general cooperation, conditions seem to have been right during the second half of the 1st c. AD, and the Lemovices civitas was transformed into a fully urbanized entity. This development was concentrated primarily on the southern plateau of the site. This urban structuring is clearly apparent at the Grand Villard level, wherein housing was densified around a well-defined road network. This expansion was accompanied by a diversification of artisanal activities. It may reflect a functional organization of the different districts and may even correspond to the first major undertakings of the urbanization of the area. The end of the 1st c. AD, or the beginning of the following century, was a pivotal period in the evolution of Cassinomagus, marked by its monumentalization and the restructuring of pre-existing neighborhoods. The Grand Villard area was thus markedly transformed by the construction, occupation and redevelopment of a large building. Its layout and modifications, as well as the care lent to their implementation, as well as its decor would tend to confirm the hypothesis of a ‘domus’, not unlike those discovered in the capital city (Limoges/Augustoritum). This habitat development occurred in parallel with that of monumental ornamentation. The natural topography of the land was, in fact, widely exploited by the builders in order to install a monumental complex. On the western terrace, this complex was composed of a vast place of worship, covering an area of approximately 7 ha. On the eastern terrace, the complex included two semi-detached buildings, to the north of a theater building and, finally, double imperial-style thermal baths at the bottom of the valley. The edge of the southern plateau was marked by the aqueduct installed along a natural break in the landscape. Established according to a veritable urban planning program, the new organization of this space ostentatiously affirms the importance attributed to the gods within the city. The place of worship of Chenevières constitutes a focal point in the west, its height, in terms of topography, having been enhanced by the installation of an artificial terrace. Valuable information relative to the specific divinities belonging to the community of Cassinomagus is also provided to us by a lapidary inscription discovered in the thermal baths in 2012. In this inscription, mention is made to a tutelary god of the Lemovices (Mars Grannus), associated with the Numina Augustorum and a local divinity residing on the periphery (Cobrandia). Previously mentioned in an inscription discovered in Limoges –where its cult appears to have required an abundant use of water–, Mars associated with the epiclesis Grannus may thus shed further light on the latest discoveries within the sanctuary of Chenevières. Indeed, the scenography installed in the eastern part of the place of worship appears, in fact, to emphasize the importance of the liquid component of this cult. Already attested to by their proximity to one another and location along two major axes of communication (the Agrippa and Vienna routes), the connection between Cassinomagus and its capital (Limoges/Augustoritum), is also reflected in their many architectural similarities and in their shared pantheon. The monumentalization program observed throughout this urban zone, for the 11th c. AD, seems to contribute to redefining the limits of the territory of the Lemovices by making of Cassinomagus a sort of “preview” to the Lemovices civitas. In this context, the Chenevières sanctuary, spanning an area of 7 ha, was to play an essential role in community life as a gathering place, but also as a place of expression of the power of men and gods. The city reveals the first signs of abandonment at the beginning of the 2nd c. AD. Despite a fire in the thermal baths in 275-280, the monumental complex still appears to have been occupied, though the space witnessed a shift in function and was primarily used as a recycling site. During the fifth and sixth centuries, habitats associated with granaries were even installed in the ruins of the seaside portion of the city. While no traces of occupation were found after the 7th c. AD in the monumental complex of this urban area, it is possible that the population subsequently congregated around a parish center, where burials from the Early Middle Ages are attested to. The following centuries were little documented by archeology and our primary source of information relative to them come from historical research dating to the 10th c. AD onward. This research reveals a shift in the area of influence of the parish of Chassenon due to its location near the border: long ascribed to Limoges, it passed, at an unknown date, under the influence of Poitou and/or Angoumois. Two lordships attested to from the year 1000 then shared the parish, beginning on an unknown date. The west depended on the castellany or principality of Chabanais, in Angoumois and the east fell under the viscounty of Rochechouart, enclave of Poitou. Beyond documenting these territorial changes in the light of the political and administrative forces at play, the work carried out based on archival sources makes it possible to specify the different types of occupations present within the commune of Chassenon until the 19th c., when the locality assumed its present limits.

The Washington Arms Limitation Treaty 1922 was arguably one the most significant disarmament treaties of the first half of the 20th century. It can be shown that the heritage items associated with this treaty are still extant. Ship&rsquo, s bells are one of the few moveable objects that are specific to the operational life of a ship and are therefore highly symbolic in representing a vessel. This paper surveys which bells of the ships scrapped under conditions of the Washington Arms Limitation Treaty are known to exist. A typology of ship&rsquo, s bells has been developed to understand the nature of bell provisioning to vessels newly commissioned into the U.S. Navy. Each of the countries associated with the Washington Treaty have divergent disposal practices with respect to navy property, and this is reflected in both the prevalence and nature of custodianship of ship&rsquo, s bells from this period. Such procedures range from the U.S. requirement commanding all surplus Navy property to be deemed government property upon ship deactivation, to the British practice of vending ship&rsquo, s bells to private parties at public sales. However, ship&rsquo, s bells, like many obsolete functional items, can be regarded as iconic in terms of heritage and therefore warrant attention for future preservation and presentation in the public domain.

Throughout the nineteenth century, most historians preferred not to ask philosophical questions. In their writings, however, they indirectly engaged with problems about the character of the world-historical process, thus confronting what might be called penultimate questions. This article analyzes both the notions and the practices of historical work in Leopold Ranke's writings to consider how his spontaneous philosophy of history came to shape an entire discipline. It argues that Ranke crafted what I call historical figures from archival materials and that these served as equivalents to concepts in G. W. F. Hegel's philosophical world history. The writing of history has not yet escaped the logic of these narrative figures of historical argumentation., Modern Intellectual History, 19 (4), ISSN:1479-2451, ISSN:1479-2443

In discussion over the dating of theBucolicsof Calpurnius Siculus, an important role has always been played by attempts to identify the character of Meliboeus, who is to be read as a bucolic allegory of the poet's patron. By providing a new interpretation of the description of Meliboeus’ literary production, I argue that he must be the agricultural writer Columella. A consideration of other aspects of Meliboeus confirms this identification, as does the analysis of a number of significant allusions toDe cultu hortorum, the poem that makes up the tenth book of Columella'sDe re rustica. I then establish the date of Columella and discuss the consequences for dating Calpurnius, placing some parts of his book later in the reign of Nero than has been customary.

The plague of 1630–1632 was one of the deadliest plague epidemics to ever hit Northern Italy, and for many of the affected regions, it was also the last. While accounts on plague during the early 1630s in Florence and Milan are frequent, much less is known about the city of Imola. We analyzed the full skeletal assemblage of four mass graves (n = 133 individuals) at the Lazaretto dell’Osservanza, which date back to the outbreak of 1630–1632 in Imola and evaluated our results by integrating new archival sources. The skeletons showed little evidence of physical trauma and were covered by multiple layers of lime, which is characteristic for epidemic mass mortality sites. We screened 15 teeth for Yersinia pestis aDNA and were able to confirm the presence of plague in Imola via metagenomic analysis. Additionally, we studied a contemporaneous register, in which a friar recorded patient outcomes at the lazaretto during the last year of the epidemic. Our multidisciplinary approach combining historical, osteological and genomic data provided a unique opportunity to reconstruct an in-depth picture of the last plague of Imola through the city's main lazaretto.

This essay applies Karl Polanyi’s concepts of embedding and countermovement to provincial Hungary during and after socialism. Comprehensive state socialist repression in the 1950s was a politics-led disembedding. An economy-led countermovement began in the 1960s, later augmented by elite discourses of civil society. The 1970s and 1980s were decades of socialist embeddedness. Neoliberal configurations after 1990 dislocated both economic and associational life. The illiberal democracy of Viktor Orbán is a more consequential countermovement than the earlier countermovements to state socialism. The argument is illustrated with data from long-term fieldwork in southern Hungary, in the region of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve.

Nineteenth-century Glasgow was widely imagined and presented as the proud ‘Second City of the Empire’. This article investigates the implications of this identification with the empire by analysing Glasgow's great town hall, built 1883–89, as the main manifestation of the city's civic pride. It shows how the building's architectural style, sculpture and inauguration ceremonies created a specific image of ‘imperial’ Glasgow which emphasized loyalty to Union and empire. Instead of undermining each other, the layered political allegiances of civic pride, nationalism, unionism and imperialism were mutually reinforcing, shaping the town hall still in use today.

This study compares how two prominent twelfth-century Latin authors and theological opponents, namely the monastic author William of Saint-Thierry (c. 1080–1148) and the school master Peter Abelard (1079–1142), variously understood the authority of the controversial yet influential Greek author Origen (c. 184–253) in their works. Modern scholars who study the reception of Origen in the twelfth-century Latin West have, to this point, spoken of an Origenian revival in this period, concluding that Origen was especially popular in the cloister, among Cistercian monks, such as Bernard of Clairvaux and his followers, like William of Saint-Thierry, based on the assumption that as monks they found his writings more relevant. This study seeks to challenge this scholarly narrative by focusing on two authors who are perceived as typifying two different strands of theology, one of a contemplative character developed in the cloister (William) and one making use of dialectics and developed in the emerging schools (Abelard). By demonstrating that the schoolmaster Abelard drew on Origen to a greater degree and in a more transparent manner than his monastic opponent, this study will show that Origen’s popularity in the cloisters was not, as such, a clear point of distinction between them and schools in the way that has usually been claimed by modern scholarship.

In the western Mediterranean, the question of the settlement patterns of the first farming communities remains a much debated issue. Frequently compared with the LBK model, based on hundreds of well-documented villages, the settlement organization of the Impressed Ware complex is still poorly characterized and highly diversified. New data obtained in Southern France (Languedoc) may shed light on this matter, based on new excavations, revised data, and a multi-proxy perspective (site type, domestic area, food supply strategies, activities, spheres of acquisition of raw material, and so forth). Rather than reproducing a pattern of site locations and settlement structuring, it seems that these Early Neolithic groups sought to optimize the location and structuring of their settlements in relation to the specific characteristics of the surrounding environment and available resources. We therefore propose that the diversity observed in the settlement organization of these first farming communities is a reflection of a social organization well-adapted to the diversity of the ecosystem.

Rice is one of the most culturally valued and widely grown crops in the world today, and extensive research over the past decade has clarified much of the narrative of its domestication and early spread across East and South Asia. However, the timing and routes of its dispersal into West Asia and Europe, through which rice eventually became an important ingredient in global cuisines, has remained less clear. In this article, we discuss the piecemeal, but growing, archaeobotanical data for rice in West Asia. We also integrate written sources, linguistic data, and ethnohistoric analogies, in order to better understand the adoption of rice outside its regions of origin. The human-mediated westward spread of rice proceeded gradually, while its social standing and culinary uses repeatedly changing over time and place. Rice was present in West Asia and Europe by the tail end of the first millennium BC, but did not become a significant crop in West Asia until the past few centuries. Complementary historical, linguistic, and archaeobotanical data illustrate two separate and roughly contemporaneous routes of westward dispersal, one along the South Asian coast and the other through Silk Road trade. By better understanding the adoption of this water-demanding crop in the arid regions of West Asia, we explore an important chapter in human adaptation and agricultural decision making. Introduction Domestication - East Asia - South Asia Himalayan Plateau West and Central Asia - Historical Sources - Archaeobotanical Data South Asian Coastal Routes - Historical Sources - Archaeobotanical Data Intensification of Rice Cultivation Culinary Shift Conclusions

The extraordinary current craze around NFTs reflects their perceived value as a technological development that can bring greater certainty to questions of ownership and authenticity in fields like art and other collectibles. This is, among other things, the promise of crime prevention through technology, as ownership and authenticity are in the art world closely tied to criminal legal matters like theft, handling stolen goods and fraud. The crime prevention promise looks to fall flat though, as the technology seems to be less capable of delivering these benefits than has been assumed by its promoters. Much of the attraction of NFTs is therefore not actually based on effective crime prevention, but rather on hype. This paper explores the hype, and its relationship to the crime prevention promise of NFTs, through the lens of ‘the social lives of things’. We argue that as well as social lives, things have criminal lives. Analysis sensitive to the criminal lives of things finds an NFT trading scene heated by emotion: excitement, attraction, temptation, speculative euphoria and acquisitive, possessive sentiment. This creates a sense of object agency more active than the cold traditional vision of material structure presented in standard criminological treatments of things-in-the-world as passive opportunity structures. The hyped NFT market trades in affecting objects that create crime in emotional as well as structural ways. We therefore arrive at a conclusion opposite to starting assumptions: far from preventing crime, NFTs are making it.

This article traces the centuries-long morphological development of Algiers’ port-city interface across four historically relevant time periods that together span from the dawn of the 16th century up until today. Through a diachronic and geo-historical approach, we identify and analyse the origins of Algiers’ persistent port-city divide. In doing so, the notion of the interface is interpreted as a spatial threshold between city and port, which nevertheless supports the material flows of both entities. As a multi-purpose area, the interface holds the potential to weave the disparate entities of a port city back together. To further complement this conceptual angle, we provide investigations of porosity that determine the differing degrees of connectivity between the city and port of Algiers. This is combined with a spatial-functional analysis of Algiers’ current port-city interface, which is ultimately characterised as a non-homogeneous entity composed of four distinct sequences. These results contribute to a better orientation of imminent plans for waterfront revitalisations in Algiers. Whereas the interface was long considered as some kind of no man’s land in the past, port and municipal authorities nowadays aim to turn the interface into a tool of reconciliation, and can do so by acting upon its potential porosity. Finally, this article’s critical examination of the previously neglected case of Algiers can and should also be considered as an applicable model for the continuing study of southern Mediterranean and African port metropolises in general, which share a particular evolution in the relations between city and port.

A new generalized class of Lindley distribution is introduced in this paper. This new class is called the T-Lindley{Y} class of distributions, and it is generated by using the quantile functions of uniform, exponential, Weibull, log-logistic, logistic and Cauchy distributions. The statistical properties including the modes, moments and Shannon’s entropy are discussed. Three new generalized Lindley distributions are investigated in more details. For estimating the unknown parameters, the maximum likelihood estimation has been used and a simulation study was carried out. Lastly, the usefulness of this new proposed class in fitting lifetime data is illustrated using four different data sets. In the application section, the strength of members of the T-Lindley{Y} class in modeling both unimodal as well as bimodal data sets is presented. A member of the T-Lindley{Y} class of distributions outperformed other known distributions in modeling unimodal and bimodal lifetime data sets.

The surface of wind turbine blades are prone to degradation due to exposure to the elements. Rain, hail, insects are among the many causes of turbine blade degradation or erosion. Surface degradation of the wind turbine blades leads to a reduction in the aerodynamic performance, resulting in power losses. The effect of surface degradation is studied by modeling the turbine blade as a rough surface. Surface roughness can be positive (insects or other foreign objects) or negative (erosion, delamination). The individual roughness elements are however very small and it is not always feasible to study the actual degraded surface. Thus various roughness models have been proposed in the literature which eliminate the need to accurately model the degraded surface by representing erosion with a virtual surface and modeling the effect of erosion on the flow quantities near the eroded surface. In this study, the reduction in performance of airfoils due to leading edge roughness is quantified. Different roughness models are investigated and evaluated against theoretical models. Additionally, the effect of roughness on different integral boundary layer quantities like displacement thickness, momentum thickness and skin friction are presented.

In this study, based on 55 years’ worth of high-resolution simulated wave data using numerical modeling off the southern coasts of China, intra-annual and decadal variations of the wave climate and wave energy were evaluated. The results show that it is important to consider a sufficiently long time period for wave energy assessment to take into account the changing climate. The high-resolution wave dataset enabled the quantitative analysis in both nearshore and offshore, and the quantitative analysis was performed in two phases: First, using two different approaches. i.e., “Climate-dependent Sustainability Index” and “Wave Exploitability Index”, the wave power and its short and long-term changes were considered to prioritize the candidate stations for further assessment. Then, a modified “Multi-Criteria Approach” consisting of both sea state and Wave Energy Converters (WECs) was applied to determine the most suitable combination of WEC and location in the domain, which is Wave Dragon in the eastern parts of the domain with the energy production of around 92, 000 MWh for a single device. The results provide the quantitative analysis for different scenarios of development plans in the study area on the selection of appropriate location and technology.

A postcard ‘craze’ engulfed the developed world and colonial world during the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, when over 2.3 million picture postcards were mailed in 1904 alone. Formally published picture postcards can provide a rich source of information for heritage studies as they depict landscape scenery, towns, individual buildings and public plantings such as parks. The evidentiary value of late nineteenth and early twentieth century postcards depends on the veracity of the depicted image. While based on photographs, processes of postcard production allowed the publisher to modify the original imagery to improve the messaging entailed in the image. Modes of image manipulation, such as retouching, can sufficiently alter the content of the image to create limitations to using published postcard imagery as a tool for historic landscape and building analysis. This is the first paper to systematically discuss the process of postcard production and the manipulation of images depicted on the view size of picture postcards. It demonstrates that where evidentiary emphasis is placed on postcard images, it is imperative that a systematic search for variants is carried out.

Drought has long been suspected as playing an important role in the abandonment of pre-Columbian Native American settlements across the midcontinental United States between 1350 and 1450 CE. However, high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstructions reflecting local effective moisture (the ratio of precipitation to evaporation) that are located in proximity to Mississippi period (1050–1450 CE) population centers are lacking. Here, we present a 1600-year-long decadally resolved oxygen isotope (δ18O) record from Horseshoe Lake (Collinsville, IL), an evaporatively influenced oxbow lake that is centrally located within the largest and mostly densely populated series of Mississippian settlements known as Greater Cahokia. A shift to higher δ18O in the Horseshoe Lake sediment record from 1200 to 1400 CE indicates that strongly evaporative conditions (i.e., low effective moisture) were persistent during the leadup to Cahokia’s abandonment. These results support the hypothesis that climate, and drought specifically, strongly impacted agriculturally based pre-Columbian Native American cultures in the midcontinental US and highlights the susceptibility of this region, presently a global food production center, to hydroclimate extremes.

Funerary usage of Galeria da Cisterna (Almonda) and Gruta do Caldeirão began at the onset of the Neolithic and continued until Early Medieval times. At Cisterna, the thin Holocene deposit was unstratified; at Caldeirão, the stratigraphic sequence underwent post-depositional disturbance. Using radiocarbon dating, typological considerations, spatial distribution patterns, and physical anthropological data, these palimpsests can be disentangled to a significant extent. At both sites, the earliest depositions fall in the c. 5250–5500 cal BC interval and are associated with large numbers of beads. Wares extensively decorated with shell and comb impressions are likely to belong in this phase. Another style of decoration – shell impressions forming bands below the rim and garlands between prehension knobs – probably dates to a slightly later time. Burial continued at both sites through the c. 5000–5250 cal BC time range, but which decorative styles were then in fashion remains difficult to ascertain; it is likely that the irregular arrangements of shell impressions seen in some Cisterna vessels are among them. At Caldeirão, non-Cardial impressed and incised wares date to c. 4500–5000 cal BC, while undecorated wares are associated with human bone samples demonstrating two different periods of burial during the c. 3500–4000 cal BC interval. Most if not all of the nine Cardial individuals directly dated at the two sites died coevally with the more recent of the Mesolithic interments found in the shell-midden sites of the Tagus estuary.

The Catholic Church (Further referred to as “Church” for shortening) has been facing a number of scandals regarding its priests and religious figures for several decades. Therefore, effective measures, considering legal or pastoral changes, and a working communication strategy are necessary to deal with the sad facts and to regain credibility through means of accountability, transparency, and solidarity. The expectations of what the official Vatican media—which has been undergoing multi-layer reform since 2015—is for are changing quickly and dramatically in the era of abuse crisis, possibly even having a wicked character. Among the initial commitments of the curial Dicastery for Communication included the criteria of paying “special attention to situations of hardship, poverty and difficulty”. We shall necessarily ask whether the employees and servants in Catholic Church communication are aware of all the contemporary risks and possible consequences of being resistant to it. The goal of this contribution is to inquire if and how the character of Vatican communication changed in this direction and whether it reacted to the critique and to the doubts made on the level of credibility and accountability. The time limitation is the second half of 2019—since the appointment of the new Vatican spokesman Matteo Bruni in July 2019 to November 2019. The article takes into account the official Vatican News website data source and asks how flexibly Bruni responded to the critical situation.

In this paper my aim is to show that the physical impact of today’s Greece is extremely important for the classicists: by experiencing the Greek landscape, climate, nature they are enabled to better understand the ancient texts and, in some case, to find new solutions for old problems. The discussion focuses in particular on the island of Syros (the homeland of Eumaeus) and on the canal of Xerxes in the Mount Athos peninsula.

Digital technologies have been at the heart of fieldwork at the Kaymakçı Archaeological Project (KAP) since its beginning in 2014. All data on this excavation are born-digital, from textual, photographic, and videographic descriptions of contexts and objects in a database and excavation journals to 2D plans and profiles as well as 3D volumetric recording of contexts. The integration of structure from motion (SfM) modeling and its various products has had an especially strong impact on how project participants interact with the archaeological record during and after excavation. While this technology opens up many new possibilities for data recording, analysis, and presentation, it can also present challenges when the requirements of the recording system come into conflict with an archaeologist's training and experience. Here, we consider the benefits and costs of KAP's volumetric recording system. We explore the ways that recording protocols for image-based modeling change how archaeologists see and manage excavation areas and how the products of this recording system are revolutionizing our interaction with the (digital) archaeological record. We also share some preliminary plans for how we intend to expand this work in the future., National Endowment for the Humanities; National Science Foundation; Institute for Aegean Prehistory; Loeb Classical Library Foundation; Merops Foundation; Boston University Vecchiotti Archaeology Fund; Koç University

This paper is focused on the various kinds of personal adornments that were used during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in the Iron Gates region (southwest Romania). We review how the adornments were used, based on an analysis of their morphology and use-wear, and attempt to identify the sequence of actions involved in their manufacture. We document the changes in ornament type and technique that occurred between 12700–5600 cal BC, highlighting the fact that some “Mesolithic” types continued to be used in the Early Neolithic alongside the introduction of new types reflecting the arrival and integration into the region of a new population with different cultural traditions.

The primary purpose of this article is to analyze how the origin of the Cold War is represented in Turkish history textbooks for general secondary school education for the twelfth grade. The author examined three history textbooks, which are only approved by the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) for teaching the course of Contemporary Turkish and World History. This research applied content analysis, including narratives and visual interpretation of the origins of the Cold War, and also the events regarding the emergence of Soviet Bloc and Western Bloc in high school history textbooks in Turkey. Findings indicate that treatments of the origin of the Cold War in Turkish history textbooks are remarkably similar in many ways. The traditional approach of the origin of the Cold War, which depicts the Soviet Union as an aggressive power whose primary purpose was to expand Communism to the world, constitutes the dominant narrative in Turkish history textbooks. The representation of the United States is very positive. All textbooks underline that the United States played a crucial role in solving many problems in many different parts of the world to prevent the expansion of Communism.

espanolLas estrategias economicas de los grupos magallanicos en la Patagonia argentina, con especial atencion a la familia Braun-Menendez Behety, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad, se caracterizan por una amplia gama de inversiones diversificadas, tanto en la ocupacion de tierras para la produccion ganadera como en la creacion de establecimientos comerciales en las localidades mas importantes del sur del pais, hoy extendida a varios puntos del conjunto nacional, a traves de la Sociedad Anonima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia, mas conocida como “La Anonima”. A ello se suman la operacion de los primeros frigorificos ovinos, distintas actividades financieras y una eficaz participacion en diversos emprendimientos (lineas aereas, navegacion, servicios de telecomunicaciones, empresas editoriales, entre otras), hoy mas concentrados en la actividad supermercadista y su logistica especifica. Distintas estrategias aplicadas en la larga duracion le han permitido a esta sociedad convertirse en la actualidad en un exitoso ejemplo de conductas empresariales de caracter familiar en el pais. EnglishThe economic strategies of the Magellanic groups in the Argentinian Patagonia, with special attention to the Braun-Menendez Behety family, from the end of the 19th century to these days, are characterized by a wide range of diversified investments —both in the occupation of land for the livestock production and the creation of commercial establishments in the most important towns in the southern region of the country—, which are today extended to various parts of the national whole through the Sociedad Anonima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia, better known as “La Anonima.” Added to this is the operation of the first sheep meat processing plants, different financial activities, and effective participation in variousundertakings (airlines, navigation, telecommunications services, publishing companies, among others), today more focused on the supermarket activity and its specific logistics. Different strategies applied in the long term have allowed this economic group to become a successful example of family business conducts in the country.

This research was funded by the Junta de Andalucia Research Group RNM179, the Spanish Research Project MAT2016-75889-R and the Iranian Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaborations (CISSC)., A collection of pottery vessels uncovered during the first season of excavations in the Deh Dumen Bronze Age graveyard (the second half of the third millennium BC) located in south-western Iran were studied by using chemical, mineralogical and physical techniques, with the aim to identify the pottery manufacturing process in this region. The site is located in a region of the Zagros fold and thrust belt that includes carbonate rocks and alluvial deposits. The pottery vessels found in the site present two different fabric types in their fresh surface: bright yellowish hue fabric (TYPE-1) and sandwich-like or black core fabric (TYPE-2) showing presumably different production techniques or workshops. Twenty-four samples from pottery sherds were selected and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Hydric tests were also performed. Samples were different according to their chemistry having distinguished calcium-rich and calcium-poor ceramics. Al2O3 and Fe2O3 were detected as the other main components of samples besides SiO2 and CaO. The mineralogical and textural characterisation revealed a fine-grained clayey matrix with quartz and feldspar grains in TYPE-1 potteries and large and small calcitic and clayey lumps inclusions in TYPE-2 potteries. Imprints of straw or other plants can be responsible for the higher porosity of some of the potteries. It was found that most of the potteries from the Deh Dumen graveyard were produced by means of a local and traditional pottery manufacturing technique, whilst others may have been produced in different places and transported to the graveyard as ritual offerings., Junta de Andalucia RNM179, Spanish Research Project MAT2016-75889-R, Iranian Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaborations (CISSC)

The nature of economies and the movement of agricultural crops across Eurasia in the Bronze Age have been the subject of significant research interest in recent years. This study presents and discusses new results of flotation, radiocarbon and carbon stable isotope analyses from the seed assemblage at the Adunqiaolu site (northwestern Xinjiang), in combination with archaeological evidence. Archaeobotanical evidence, including carbonized foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and naked barley, documents the diversity of local cereal consumption during the mid-second millennium BC. Our results suggest that crops were not grown locally, however, but in the lower Boertala Valley, supporting the argument that Adunqiaolu was a winter camp. These new sets of data constitute an important contribution to the discussion on cereal dispersal across the Tianshan Mountains in the Bronze Age.

Venta Micena is an area containing several palaeontological sites marking the beginning of the Calabrian stage (Early Pleistocene). The richness of the fossil accumulation including species of Asian, African and European origin, makes Venta Micena a key site for the the palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental study of southern Europe during the Early Pleistocene. Thus, research has been focused on Venta Micena 3, which was originally interpreted as a single palaeosurface associated with a marshy context, in which most of the fauna was accumulated by Pachycrocuta brevirostris. Recent excavations have unearthed a new site, Venta Micena 4, located in the same stratigraphic unit (Unit C) and in close proximity to Venta Micena 3. Here we show the frst analyses regarding the taphonomic and spatial nature of this new site, defning two stratigraphic boundaries corresponding to two diferent depositional events. Furthermore, the taphonomic analyses of fossil remains seem to indicate a diferent accumulative agent than Pachycrocuta, thus adding more complexity to the palaeobiological interpretation of the Venta Micena area. These results contribute to the discussion of traditional interpretations made from Venta Micena 3., Regional Government of Andalusia, with both contracts associated to General Research Project BC.03.032/17, Spanish Public Employment Service (Spanish Ministry of Labour and Social Economy), Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, with an FPI Predoctoral Grant (Reg. PRE2019-089411) associated to project RTI2018-099850-B-IOO and the University of Salamanca, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA) has received fnancial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the “María de Maeztu” program for Units of Excellence (CEX2019-000945-M), Projects 2017SGR-859 (Gov. of Catalonia, AGAUR), and CGL2016-80000-P (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), Research Group HUM-607 (Junta de Andalucía).

RESUMEN A partir del estudio de la Revista de Psiquiatría y Disciplinas Conexas, publicación especializada y con más de veinte años de continuidad (1935-1957) en Chile, se examina la relación entre la categoría de anormalidad y la manera como fue asumida y representada por las páginas de este medio académico. Desde la perspectiva del construccionismo y el análisis de contenido, se revisa su perfil editorial, su vinculación con el contexto de época, el papel asignado a los psiquiatras y la manera cómo dicha revista reprodujo y transmitió identidades estereotipadas. ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between the category of abnormality and how it was assumed and represented in the pages of the Revista de Psiquiatria y Disciplinas Conexas, a specialized Chilean publication with over twenty years of continuity (1935-1957). From the perspective of constructionism and content analysis, we review its editorial profile, its link with the context of the time, the role assigned to psychiatrists and the way in which the journal reproduced and transmitted stereotyped identities.

This paper investigates how linguistic research can contribute to the field of interspecies studies through an ethnographic study on human-goat communication. It addresses two research questions: whether traditional discourse analytic theory can be used to analyze non-human communication, and whether the specific concepts of communicative events, purposes, and move structure within genre theory can be applied in these contexts. The data show that genre theory can be applied, and that both the humans and the goats attempt to make their communicative goals salient to the recipients. The results illustrate the possibility of applying traditional linguistic theory to non-human contexts, and it is argued that discourse analytic theory should include interspecies interactions to gain new insights in general communicative paradigms.(c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ring-shaped objects, used mainly as bracelets, appear in the archaeological record associated with the first farming societies around the Mediterranean area. These bracelets, among other personal ornaments, are related to the spread of the farming economy in the Mediterranean (10th–6th millennium BC). In particular, stone bracelets, given their intricate technology, are linked with the early stages of craft specialization and the beginnings of complex social organization. Likewise, their frequency in Early Neolithic assemblages and the lithologies in which they were made have become an important element in the study of the circulation networks of goods, as well as the symbolic behaviors and aesthetic preferences of the first farming groups. This research provides the first overview of the stone bracelets of Neolithic groups in the Mediterranean. We compare the similarities and differences among these ornaments in different geographical zones across the region including Turkey, Greece, Italy, and Spain. Using all the information available about these ornaments – chronology, typology, raw materials and manufacturing processes, use-wear, repair, and alteration practices – we shed light on a complex archaeological trans-cultural manifestation related to the spread of the Neolithic lifestyle across the European continent.

The Bekaa Valley, Lebanon, is famous worldwide due to the magnificent temple of Heliopolitan Jupiter at Baalbek. In recent years, new research revived the interest in the unsolved problems posed by the Baalbek monuments, including original dating and construction phases, relationships with the landscape, and nature of the cult practiced. In a preliminary paper, we used archaeoastronomy to propose that the project of the Temple of Jupiter was a unified one conceived under Herod the Great, and that the cult was strongly connected to the renewal of the seasonal cycles. Here, we extend and confirm this analysis considering the other temples of the Baalbek proper and the three prominent sanctuaries which lie in the Bekaa Valley on the way to Baalbek from Berytus, showing the existence of an orientation custom which appears to originate in Baalbek and to inform all these sacred places.

Background Smart grid rooftop solar electricity is a useful power resource and a viable alternative to conventionally generated energy. In the context of Vietnam, it could help people control their own source of electrical power and reduce power outages. This problem is expected to worsen in the future. Previous studies have shown that very few smart grid rooftop solar electricity systems have been installed by households in the Daklak Province, in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, and that as of 30th May 2019, only 18 out of 435,688 households had installed such a system. Moreover, only a small number of people knew about this resource. Method Based on previous investigations, this study proposed a research model that includes factors, which might affect the intention to instal smart grid rooftop solar electricity systems. However, the amount of money that people would be willing to pay (WTP) for the installation of such systems depends on their current electricity consumption. Therefore, to investigate this issue, a questionnaire was developed to survey 300 households in the Daklak Province, in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. A probit binary model was used to analyse the collected data from the questionnaire for this study. Results After interviewing the respondents from the 300 households in the research area and introducing into the concept and benefits of the smart grid solar electricity generating systems, they were more aware and knowledgeable of the concept. Thirty-three percent of households mentioned that they intended to instal such a system and were willing to pay between USD 1240 and USD 2220 for an appropriate-sized system based on their current electricity consumption and needs. Those households that possessed a high awareness of smart grid rooftop solar power were more likely to express the intention to instal such a system. However, it was also revealed that government incentives and household attitudes were important factors that influence the intention to instal such a system. In contrast, factors such as environmental concerns and the innovativeness of households were less influential. Conclusion The awareness and understanding of the 309 households surveyed in this study regarding smart grid rooftop solar electricity systems and government incentives were the leading factors that affected the people’s intention to instal such systems. The majority of the respondents were willing to pay between USD 1240 and USD 2220 for installing such a system. In progressing this initiative in Vietnam, based on the results of this study, the Vietnamese government could identify those households that have the necessary degree of knowledge and awareness of such systems and offering incentives to instal such systems. The government could also develop communication programmes and other initiatives to enhance the understanding and awareness of the community of rooftop solar electricity so that programmes for the development of alternative energy sources could be more effective.

This paper proposes a novel procedural framework for the archaeological study of the long-term transformation of religious practices by heuristically defining the religious in terms of their functional-effective elements. Thus, religious activities constitute a distinct communicative domain that responds to and processes theuncertaintiesandrisksof the world. Drawing on this re-definition, this paper proposes a procedure comprising the following units of investigation: (A) what uncertainties and risks of the world were generated in and differentiated by a certain social formation; (B) how were they responded to and processed; and (C) how is the mode of the responding and processing changed as social formations are transformed? The applicability of this procedure is examined through a case study from the pre- and proto-historic periods of the Japanese archipelago. It is hoped that the framework reintroduces causally explanatory, comparative and long-term perspectives to the archaeological study of religious practices.