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This article analyzes the oldest book circulation ledger preserved by the Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia, the post-independence name of the Real Biblioteca Pública de Santa Fe, the first Latin American public library. The information available in this source—compiled between 1870 and 1874—enriches traditional historiography, which commonly depicts this institution as secluded and visited mainly by newspaper readers and specialists in history. The dataset formed from the ledger's contents offers nuances to these conclusions and helps scholars understand book circulation during Colombia's "Golden Age of Radical Liberalism." Quantitative methods allow us to perceive a dynamic institution attended by readers from diverse socio-professional backgrounds, mostly students at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The article delves into the most popular titles and authors and proposes a more refined study of local reading trends and practices. The study is also a call for historians and librarians in Latin America to include book-charging ledgers as primary sources when studying readers and their habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saxons from Transylvania are a strong ethnic group. The present study brings to light an internal point of view of the Saxon identity. In the Transylvanian space, the Saxon identity is shaped by the interaction between the inhabitant ethnic groups present concomitantly in the same space. Saxons, Romanians, Hungarians and Rroma coexist and interact, developing cultural exchange as a foundation for ethnic identity coagulation. Through their interaction, Saxons are identifying themselves within the ethnicity, thus maintaining identity. Also, Saxons are differentiating from other ethnic groups, thus maintaining authenticity. Therefore, Saxons are different together, and similar apart, both authentic and identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Turismo is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the existence of wares that were produced both within and outside Spanish-tradition workshop in Panamá Viejo, this site offers an apt opportunity to study how coexisting but seemingly distinct potting communities organized their craft in a colonial context. To this end, a sample of two locally produced wares—one characterized by high-fired, wheel-thrown, and tin-glazed vessels known as Panamanian Majolica and the other by low-fired, handmade, and coarse-textured utilitarian vessels known as Criolla—were analyzed. The findings of the macroscopic and microscopic characterizations revealed that highly divergent potting communities, whose productions practices and craft organization varied drastically, coexisted at the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at introducing the readers of Planning Perspectives to the Hispanic International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF-H), a network for urban studies from morphological perspectives in Spanish-speaking countries. The platform is framed within the context of the research carried out at ISUF and its relationships with other schools and traditions of urban forms. The paper considers the themes and approaches presented at the ISUF-H conferences in Toledo (2016), Zaragoza (2018), Guadalajara-Mexico (2019), Barcelona (2020) and San José-Costa Rica (2021). In general, the diversity and vitality of research in the Spanish language is confirmed with the emergence and renewal of the themes and methodologies of analysis and eclectic approaches – with those of architects and urban planners dominating over those of geographers and specialists from other disciplines; this, in turn, demonstrates that barriers in the multidisciplinary dialogue remain and are an important challenge. Retrospective views and diagnoses based on the analysis of urban forms coexist with forward-looking views that consider current urban processes. The challenges of the ISUF-H are, therefore, akin to those of the ISUF, but also complementary, since they acknowledge the need to promote inclusive and multidisciplinary views over sectorial ones and to expand the anglophone field to include research carried out in Spanish-speaking countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Therya is the property of Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia, A. C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The new campus of the Universidad de Buenos Aires entered architectural discourse in 1967 with a publication on the design of its typical block. While the university was considered the epicentre of urban and architectural development in Latin America, contemporary descriptions of the new Ciudad Universitaria assumed a technical tone and focused on structural diagrams and managerial tools. This article examines the spatial implications of this episode, which are inextricably connected with a sophisticated financial process within the bureaucratic apparatus of the university. It reveals the extraordinary managerial skills and mediation practices of university authorities—attempting to liberate capital flows in their favour—in ensuring a fruitful dialogue with executives and intermediaries of foreign private entities. An analysis of the hollowed-out typical block building designed by Argentine architects and educators Horacio Caminos and Eduardo Catalano traces the uneven delimitation of the urban interior as the new contested territory where knowledge production is controversially cultivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Institutional Economics treats early modern Spain as an example of a state whose political and contracting institutions hindered economic growth. However, the assumption that Spanish political institutions were predatory in this respect has been called into question. This paper challenges the idea that Spain was unable to develop sufficiently good contracting institutions, of which we know relatively little. Using data from Malaga's notarial credit market, I show that legal institutions facilitated contractual compliance in private financial transactions. Specifically, public mortgage registries, which had improved the registration of properties used as collateral since their creation in 1768, favoured the subscription of larger contracts. Furthermore, results suggest that registries could have contributed to the development of a more impersonal credit market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines shifts in the economic structure of the La Coruña town in Spain from 1939-60. Analysis of entrepreneurial activities; Contribution of the tertiary sector on the diversification of the economic structure of the town; Economic growth.

The article reports on the highlights of the archaeological research conducted at Munga Street 18 in Tartu, Estonia in the summer of 2022 during the construction of a rainwater drainage system at the site. Among the discoveries are an irregular structure of hewn logs and half logs filled with limestone slabs, crystalline rocks, and bricks, as well as layers of organic-rich sediments and clay particles.

In 2004, the city of Bogotá designated the historic working-class neighborhood of Las Aguas an "Urban Renovation Zone." Subsequently, in 2012 the Universidad de los Andes proposed a massive redevelopment plan called Progresa Fenicia, with city approval. Redevelopment is imminent and residents' responses have been diverse. In an effort to contribute to the literature that seeks to enrich and nuance our understanding of urban renewal processes and gentrification, this article explores the subjective experiences of long-term residents and the role of history and memory in such processes. Our analysis is based on participant observation and 31 oral histories from long-term residents of the small urban area designated for intervention. Through them, we seek to illuminate how residents understand their personal experience of the transformation of the neighborhood, and their part in urban renewal processes that extend into the past but also the future. We emphasize the agency of long-term residents, arguing that the past and memory play a significant role in how people define place, position themselves vis-à-vis urban interventions, and shape their experiences of urban redevelopment beyond monetary issues, class displacement, physical landscape, and housing policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In an effort to cope with the increasing demand for trees, the emergent economic elite of Bogotá imported and actively planted eucalyptus throughout the hitherto grim and treeless city. This article explores the socioecological context and mechanisms that led to the adoption of the blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) in Bogotá during the late nineteenth century and the unforeseen consequences of its generalized use. Despite the city's location in one of the world's most biodiverse regions, the late nineteenth-century modernization of Bogotá relied primarily on this introduced fast-growing and highly adaptable tree. The biological properties of eucalyptus made it an inexpensive and fast-working solution to meet the increasing demand for raw material and ornamental trees. Following a period of enthusiasm for eucalyptus in the late nineteenth century, the tree's large size, poor wood quality, and enormous water demands proved detrimental, and its use declined. By the 1920s, the use of eucalyptus in urban forestry was discontinued, and a more nuanced understanding of the role of urban trees took hold. Now naturalized, this hard-working tree continues to play an important role at the margins of the city as a medicinal plant and as a source of fuel wood in periurban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the work is a reconstruction of environmental conditions in the Lower Oder River Valley in the early Middle Ages with use multi-proxy research. This was considered in terms of natural determinants of the development of hydrogenic habitats in the estuary section of a large lowland river, but at the beginning of a headland of natural morainic plateau known as Castle Hill in Szczecin. In a relatively small area, three different types of geochemical landscapes were distinguished that had specific functions in matter cycles, including the water cycle. The article mainly presents the results of geochemical studies for a series of biogenic deposits separated by a series of lacustrine sediments with a large admixture of mineral material. An attempt was also made to determine subfossil animal remains in the sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estonian Journal of Archaeology is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Archaeobotany is the study of relationships between humans and the plant world in the past based on the analysis of plant remains preserved at archaeological sites. These studies provide us an opportunity to elucidate the history of farming economy based on transformations of plants and the natural environment caused by human activities. The present review aims to track the history of development of archaeobotanical studies in Poland, which have influenced our contemporary way of perceiving the past, as well as to present the selected and most important achievements in this field. Specifically, we emphasize the enormous contribution of Polish studies to broadening our understanding of the botanical past of Europe and the world. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first comprehensive attempt to summarize over a hundred-year-old activity of archaeobotanists in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Botany is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo analiza las posibles interpretaciones de la historia urbana de la ciudad de Porto Alegre, capital de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, a través de la visión del cronista Achylles Porto Alegre como un extranjero en el centro urbano. Entendiendo que la narrativa del pasado nos lleva a un país extranjero, según David Lowenthal, es posible leer las crónicas de Achylles, periodista e historiador brasileño, activo entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, como el relato de un viaje a un país lejano y exótico. La obra del cronista, concebida bajo los auspicios del romanticismo, saca a la luz la ciudad pasada de los siglos XVIII y XIX, a menudo comparándola con la del siglo XX, construyendo la imagen de otra ciudad, una ciudad extranjera, en otra época y lugar.

Las políticas sanitarias implementadas para el control de la pandemia han incorporado medidas que han incrementado los niveles de control y vigilancia de la población, como son los estados de excepción y los toque de queda. El presente artículo pretende discutir acerca de los desafíos urbanos que sobre la concepción del espacio público post-pandemia tienen estas medidas, sobre todo en sociedades en donde se han aplicado como táctica para sofocar la protesta y los movimientos de disidencia, como es el caso de Chile con posteridad a las revueltas urbanas del 2019. A través de una revisión del toque de queda en la historia urbana, su utilización dentro de las estrategias del llamado urbanismo militarizado y las amenazas que ofrece para una concepción democrática de la ciudad basada en los derechos y una política del cuidado.

Spanish Islamic cities stagnated or declined after 1492. Because of the expulsion of Jews and Moors, despite the repopulation policies, they seemed to "petrify" their size. The uninhabited houses and the suburbs disappeared. The extension and population of the main Muslim cities, Almeria, Seville, Toledo, Valencia, Zaragoza, tended to decrease. Murcia and Granada are two paradigmatic cases of evolution. In the kingdom of Granada, Baza was an important settlement at the end of Middle Ages. Urban transformations adapted it to Castilian policies: mosques were transformed into churches, squares and gates were opened, some streets widened, and so on. However, its size remained "petrified." In the nineteenth century, there was a strong population growth cushioned by the phenomenon of "cave-house." From mid-twentieth century, it had a strong expansion and growth regardless urban plans. Currently, the city, declared as Historic Site, has slowed down its growth, although its planning foresees it will keep growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on gentrification in Latin America currently face two main obstacles. On the one hand, there appears to be a refusal by the academy in Latin America to use the term, regarding it as an expression of cultural imperialism. On the other hand, there has been an excessively flexible and ambiguous use of the term, obscuring political and scholarly debates on the issue. Both obstacles are partly a consequence of the lack of dialogue between the different authors in the field. This article generates a critical dialogue with the most relevant works and researchers on gentrification in Latin America, as well as with those scholars reluctant to use the term. Specifically, the author advocates for a more restrictive and clarifying definition of the phenomena and defends the utility of the concept as a tool to promote the critical analysis of the specific processes in many Latin American cities, as well as in cities outside the region. The paper concludes that, even though it should not be the main political concern for urban researchers in the region, gentrification is a relevant ongoing process in some Latin American cities and its study would contribute to a better comprehension of recent processes of urban restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artí­culo examina la trayectoria de los estudios sobre el crédito y los mercados financieros en la Pení­nsula Ibérica a finales de la Edad Media, desde los primeros trabajos sobre la usura y el préstamo a interés, fundamentalmente judí­o, en la primera mitad del siglo XX, hasta las lí­neas de investigación más recientes, que se ramifican en diversas direcciones, desde el marco teórico, doctrinal y legal del mercado del crédito y el estudio de los diferentes instrumentos financieros –préstamo a interés, crédito comercial y bancario, crédito a largo plazo en forma de censales y censos consignativos– a la deuda pública y el crédito privado, especialmente el crédito rural. Todos estos estudios muestran el vigor y la fecundidad de un tema de estudio sustancial, nuclear, que apela a múltiples áreas de conocimiento, desde la historia rural y agraria a la historia urbana, fiscal y financiera. También muestra la vitalidad de una historia económica que sigue siendo más histórica que econométrica, con datos y métodos cuantitativos, pero sin necesidad de imponer lógicas contemporáneas, neoclásicas o neoliberales, a las economí­as del pasado.

This paper reviews the results of the many years of investigations on the ecological aspects of settlement development in the oldest districts of the city of Gdańsk, the impacts of the changing climate and growing human pressure on the local environment, as well as the question of plant use by the inhabitants during the Middle Ages. Before the settlement was established, the landscape was dominated by alder woods and shallow water bodies of the extensive wetlands in the Wisła estuary. An important factor making settlement possible was probably the lowering of the water table around the 9th–10th centuries ad, causing a reduction of wetland. Archaeobotanical results are consistent with archaeological data on the periods at which particular town districts were settled. They provide evidence of the earliest changes to the natural environment, starting in the Stare Miasto ("Old Town") in the 11th–12th centuries, in the Główne Miasto ("Main Town") in the 12th–13th centuries, and on Wyspa Spichrzów ("Granary Island") during the 13th–14th centuries. The gradual expansion of the town caused a diversification of the local flora. Natural wetland communities and semi-natural wet meadows and pastures were still common within the settled area until the 14th century. On the other hand, the rapid spread of built-up areas, roads and gardens allowed the growth of ruderal vegetation there. Archaeobotanical and historical evidence shows the diverse and changing plant foods in the diet of the inhabitants during the Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of an assemblage dating to the second quarter of the 16th century that was discovered on the current university campus of Cartuja, on the outskirts of Granada (Andalusia, Spain). During the Middle Ages, this area was largely used for agricultural purposes, including as estates owned by high officials of the Nasrid dynasty, the last Islamicate polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The Castilian conquest of Granada in 1492 brought significant changes to the area, with the construction of a Carthusian monastery and the transformation of the surrounding landscape, including changes in property structures, different agrarian regimes and the demolition of pre-existing structures. Among these transformations was the filling up of a well with construction materials, and its further use as a rubbish dump. This fill yielded an interesting and unique zooarchaeological assemblage, the study of which is presented here. The results advance our understanding of changing patterns in animal consumption during the formative transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period at the heart of the former Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, and indicate the continuity of some Andalusi consumption patterns along with specialised production and distribution systems of meat products that have no archaeological precedent in the region, suggesting that the bones were dumped by a possible ‘Morisco’ community (autochthonous Muslims forced to convert to Christianity in 1502). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La ciudad de los réprobos. Historia urbana de los espacios carcelarios de Buenos Aires, 1869-1927. Ruiz Díaz, Matías Ariel. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Serie Tesis del IAA, 2018, 172 páginas.

El presente artículo busca tejer un relato sobre la historia urbana de la ciudad de Cali entre las décadas del setenta y el noventa del siglo XX, a partir de la relación entre la operación de las empresas de transporte público, los planes de desarrollo y la expansión de la ciudad. Se analizará de qué manera los gobiernos locales y nacionales buscaron la organización del transporte y la planificación de la ciudad, pero sus estrategias fueron sobrepasadas por las realidades de la migración, el crecimiento urbano y las necesidades básicas de sus habitantes. Una de esas necesidades fue la movilidad, que fue cubierta, a su manera, por las empresas de transporte que constituyeron la alternativa de los sectores periféricos para acceder a la ciudad formal.

El estudio de los espacios dominados por las ciudades medievales ha sido, desde la década de los ochenta, uno de los temas vertebradores de la historia urbana castellana. Sin romper con esta tradición, en este artículo se va aplicar un nuevo modelo con el que se va a intentar profundizar en los límites que hasta este momento han sido considerados como eminentemente urbanos: un recinto amurallado rodeado por una jurisdicción. Para lograr este fin se aplicarán sobre la ciudad de Burgos conceptos como el de capital regional o región, demostrando que toda gran ciudad medieval, como en la actualidad, ejercía una influencia más allá de las tierras que pertenecían a sus propios dominios.

Este trabajo consiste en un estado de la cuestión sobre los procesos de señorialización que tuvieron lugar en los concejos de realengo de la Extremadura castellano-leonesa, un espacio con una gran presencia urbana. En él se combinan las aportaciones historiográficas de la historia de la nobleza, de la historia urbana y de la historia de la monarquía; así como los trabajos de enfoque global y los estudios localistas. El objetivo es sintetizar lo que conocemos sobre el proceso a nivel jurisdiccional, económico y socio-político, los conflictos y mecanismos de pacificación de las villas, y las cuestiones que aún están por resolver. This study presents a state of the question on the process of seigneurialization that took place in the town-councils of royal domain (realengo) in the Extremadura region, an area with a considerable urban presence within the kingdom of Castile and Leon. The scholarship on the history of the nobility will be considered along with that of urban and royal history. Likewise, we will focus on a global approach and on local studies in order to synthesize what is known about this process on a jurisdictional, economic and socio-political level. Finally, we will also consider the conflict and pacifying procedures of the towns, and further issues that remain unresolved.

Georgia is at the crossroads of Western Asia, namely the Caucasus region of Eurasia, and Eastern Europe. Until 1991 it was a Soviet Republic. Shota Bostanashvili was a Georgian architect, academic, artist and cultural theorist who studied architecture during the early years of the Brezhnev era and died in the year when the term in office of Saakashvili, the main promotor of Western architecture in Georgia, came to an end. The objective of this article is to comprehensively review his major professional and academic milestones and, based on archival research, identify his key executed and unrealized architectural and urban projects, which fall into two phases with the cut off between the two being the threshold from Soviet to post-Soviet Georgia. Works related to the first phase, all state projects, were undertaken with Vakhtang Davitaia. In both phases Bostanashvili engaged with architecture in an innovative manner, emphasising its poetical dimension. Rather than being utopic, he was able to operate on both poles: his critical and poetic thinking was coupled with the pragmatic solution of design problems. Since some of his projects reflect his personal life story, the term existentialist architecture is fitting to his work. This cultural theoretical approach is his main contribution to architecture and critical discourse in contemporary Georgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the adoption of the Organic Statute of Moldavia (1832), municipals councils were established in the main towns of the Principality. Alongside the elected municipal councillors, these new institutions also employed appointed bureaucrats: secretaries, clerks (in Iaşi and Galați) and a "special appointee" (in Iaşi only). In the present article, I aimed to reconstruct the profiles of the unelected civil servants employed by the Moldavian municipalities in the year 1834. To this end, I used the service records of these functionaries, preserved at the National Archives of Romania -- Iaşi County Directorate, along with other sources (edited or unpublished). This collective biography comprises information regarding: the birth places of the municipal council employees; their median age (in 1834 and at the time of their "debut" in public service); their education; the foreign languages they spoke; their marital status and property; their experience and continuity in state service; their social status (as defined by family and nobility rank). These data were compared to the findings regarding the biographies of the municipal councillors and of the Interior Ministry employees in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with economic and social relations between Lviv, as the largest Ukrainian cities in the Medieval Ages, and the towns of Moldavian principality. They were established primarily on economic grounds, as trade routes to the East passed through the principality. Lviv officials supported the political and diplomatic steps of the Kingdom of Poland towards rapprochement with the Principality of Moldavia. Economic relations developed especially intensively under Stephen the Great, prince of Moldavia in the second half of the 15th century, when the Turks captured the northern Black Sea coast with the main trading ports of Kaffa, Kilia, and Cetatea-Alba. In addition to the important function of ensuring the transit of oriental goods to the West, Moldavian merchants supplied the Lviv market with local goods. Lviv city books note large consignments of oxen and beluga fish among the main products of Moldavian exports. In exchange, Lviv merchants supplied the Moldavian market with large quantities of Western cloth, iron products, and dyes. The organization of trade processes was facilitated by the protectionist policy of the Moldavian prince, who granted a number of privileges to the city of Lviv. Strong trade and economic contacts arose due to the large diasporas of Armenian and German merchants that existed in Lviv and Suceava, Seret, and other Moldavian towns. Merchants' groups and companies arose among Armenians, Germans, Wallachians, and Ruthenians on both mononational and multinational grounds. Immigrants from the Moldavian principality settled in Lviv and the region; on the one hand, they provided stronger economic contacts, and on the other hand, they avoided the threatening Turkish expansion into Moldavian lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the evolution of historical research on urban history over the past 30 years. The communist period marked a break from the years before the Second World War, when a number of writers, professional historians or people passionate about history published monographs on urban settlements to which they felt attached. With some exceptions, the years of communism represented a blank from this point of view, the interest shifting to the aspects contained in the classical schemes that formed the Marxist interpretations of the past, in which the urban world occupied a completely marginal place. Only archaeology and the history of monuments managed to make some progress. Ideological restrictions were removed after 1989, but this did not coincide with an immediate recovery of the place that urban history should have rightfully occupied in the research of history. Obvious progress has been made especially in the publication of primary sources: volumes of documents have appeared for towns such as Iași, Huși, Tecuci, Târgoviște and Câmpulung Muscel; several historical plans of towns and atlases have been published; several syntheses of history have appeared regarding the towns in the historical regions of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia. However, progress is mainly quantitative, not always qualitative, although a plus must be emphasised in this last regard as well. There is an obvious lack of systematic or coordinated research, as there is no coherent support from the institutions that coordinate the research process in Romania, whether we are talking about the central or local, academic or university level. Existing initiatives are most often individual, with inconsistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Peuce Journal is the property of Institutul de Cercetari Eco-Muzeale and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the role of the population in shifting the accountability of officials from the private to the public sphere in the late medieval period, when these procedures proliferated across Europe. It focuses on Castile in a European perspective as an example of two revealing developments: first, the role of urban representatives in legislation that ensured royal officials would account at the end of their term of office in the localities – despite the reticence of the Crown. Second, it points to flexibility in the use of this procedure, known as residencia and based on sindacato, employed at the discretion of communities and not exclusively at that of the elites. The article advocates reflection on the importance of the population at large generally in enforcing procedures that placed accountability in the hands of the public, and the adoption of a 'bottom up' approach to this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socioeconomic factors are heavily shaping the COVID‐19 pandemic in South America. Consequently, societies are now facing the stark effects of lockdown, while largely failing to stop the epidemic. In Chile, this has been amplified by decision‐makers who have overlooked critical socio‐spatial aspects of the epidemic. Precarious living conditions, together with spatial segregation and unstable domestic economies, help explain why mitigation strategies remain unsuccessful. The article also explores how political frameworks for approaching these issues may change because of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1905, world-renowned bullfighter Luis Mazzantini arrived in Guatemala City for a number of corridas. Despite the excitement of the urban elite, the matador's fights were poorly attended by the working class due to high ticket prices. This article uses the 'Mazzantini Season' as a case study of working-class consumer culture in Guatemala City to trace shifts in Guatemalan political economy through the 1890s and early 1900s, analysing the constraints on popular consumerism such as price inflation, currency deflation, food shortages and other factors affecting working-class urban Guatemalans. It also demonstrates the manner in which responses by the state and coffee planters to economic crises to protect elite interests fundamentally undermined the ability of working-class residents of Guatemala City to participate in consumer culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses Colombian sport policy from the late nineteenth century to the present. The text evaluates how policies were connected to the ebbs and flows of Colombian politics and the clientelist structures that characterise the country's public administration. It shows the way in which sport policy was challenged, transformed, and overseen by civil servants and governmental officials. The article also provides some insight into the influence that individuals such as athletes, coaches, and sports entrepreneurs had on the evolution and rationality of the policies enacted after 1925. It shows how economic and political motives restricted the effectiveness of some of these policies amongst women, Afro Colombians, and indigenous populations. Finally, the article suggests that both the state and some sectors of civil society, interested in promoting athletic activities as a symbol of progress and modernity, have been equally influential in the organisational model of Colombian sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women producers and sellers of textile crafts in Zinacantán, Chiapas, Mexico, use one of the few resources they have to enter business: craft production as informal, invisible, and underpaid work. Taking the body as the axis of analysis, three distinct areas of transformation of indigenous women producers by tourism may be identified: the private and domestic body of craftswomen, the social and public body as an icon of ethnic difference, and the commodified body as an extension of the touristic object. The analysis shows that tourism and participation in the international market strengthen gender, class, and ethnic differences and contribute to the perpetuation of existing inequalities. Las productoras y vendedoras de artesanía textil en Zinacantán, Chiapas, México, utilizan uno de los pocos recursos que tienen participar en el mercado: la producción artesanal como trabajo informal, invisible y mal remunerado. Tomando el cuerpo como eje de análisis, identificamos tres áreas distintas de transformación ejercidas por el turismo sobre las productoras indígenas: el cuerpo privado y doméstico de las artesanas, el organismo social y público como icono de la diferencia étnica, y el organismo mercantilizado como una extensión del objeto turístico. El análisis muestra que el turismo y la participación en el mercado internacional fortalecen las diferencias de género, clase y etnia y contribuyen a la perpetuación de las desigualdades existentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, more common traditional constructions in Galician historical cities are houses with stone walls and wood slabs. However, Galician medieval cities were built with half timbers with earth and bricks used as structural closures and recovered interiorly with mud and lime mortars. At that time, Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo were two cities built in wood, not in stone and these half timbers were the most widespread technique in these cities until the XVIII and XIX. Only a few examples can be seen at present. These constructions are on the brink of disappearance due to three main factors: the lack of general public knowledge, the lack of Government protection and, finally, the lack of building professional training in the aforementioned techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the postscript to The Social Logic of Space (1984), Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson argue that there are two versions of modernism in urban space: hard and soft. The former invests in continuity and density of the urban fabric, but with a proliferation of barriers resulting in labyrinthine schemes typical of housing estates. The latter invests in distances, discontinuities, sprawl and vast tracts of open unoccupied land. Brazil's federal capital, Brasília, presents both versions. Over time, the hard version became predominant in the gated communities of satellite dormitory nuclei; the soft version materialized in the Pilot Plan designed by Lucio Costa. Hard parallels deserted public spaces; soft teems with life and is accordingly highly praised by inhabitants. This flatly contradicts the tenets of the critical international literature on Brasília. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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