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The different lignin-based biomass activated carbons were prepared by KOH activation from three different lignin sources [corn straw lignin (CSLAC), lignosulfonate lignin (LSAC) and bagasse lignin (BLAC)]. And the effects of different lignin sources, activation temperatures and adsorption conditions (adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature and pH value) on the removal of phenol were systematically investigated. The results showed that different lignin-based biomass activated carbons, the CSLAC-based activated carbon exhibited the highest specific surface area and phenol adsorption capacity. And the CSLAC-T prepared at 800 °C (CSLAC-800) possessed specific surface area of 1679 m2/g, and the adsorption capacity of phenol reached 612 mg/g. The phenol removal rate of CSLAC-T was positively correlated with the specific surface area, and the adsorption rate of CSLAC-T was significantly higher than that before modification. In addition, the kinetic model, isothermal adsorption model and thermodynamic parameters of the three adsorbents were discussed. The results show that the three lignin-based activated carbons had a large adsorption capacity for phenol, which was spontaneous and exothermic adsorption. The adsorption is mainly through the π–π and hydrogen bond interactions, and hydrophobic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a promising biopolymer to serve as a sustainable resource for a multitude of applications (e.g., thermoset materials, production of bulk chemicals) thereby substituting fossil-based carbon sources. In this work, the reductive depolymerization of Kraft lignin (KL) was studied in ethanol/water aided by formic acid (FA) as the way forward to valorize lignin. The effect of various process conditions was elucidated using 31P-NMR, pH, GPC, CHNSO, GC–MS and 2D-LC analyses. It is found that the addition of a small amount of FA (3.6 vol%) is beneficial for obtaining smaller lignin fragments with more phenolic OH (PhOH) functionalities upon depolymerization at 250 °C for 8 h. Besides, a higher FA concentration causes acid catalyzed lignin repolymerization and a longer reaction time results in only a limited reduction in molecular weight of the obtained lignin fragments. The addition of a supported Pd catalyst leads to a more pronounced depolymerization (smaller lignin fragments with more PhOH functionalities) as well as a stronger decrease in oxygen and sulfur content. Furthermore, several experiments and multiple analysis techniques support the hypothesis that FA acts as H2 donor under the investigated conditions in this study. In conclusion, KL (MW ~ 16,436 g mol−1 and 3.31 mmol g−1 PhOH) was successfully depolymerized into a low molecular weight lignin (MW ~ 3250 g mol−1) with more PhOH functionalities (5.29 mmol g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating the host immune response, and improving several metabolic pathways, making it a key element in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this scenario, A. muciniphila is the most promising next-generation probiotic and one of the first microbial species suitable for specific clinical use when compared with traditional probiotics. Further studies are needed to provide more accurate insight into its mechanisms of action and to better elucidate its properties in several major areas, paving the way for a more integrated and personalized therapeutic approach that finally makes the most of our knowledge of the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass into useful energy has been a topic of research for combating the energy insecurity and conventional energy resource shortages, faced throughout the world. Lignin, a prime component present in lignocellulosic biomass resources is found to be one of the abundant wastes produced by second-generation (2G) ethanol plants (30–40% lignin waste) and paper and pulp industries (as a by-product). It is challenging to depolymerize lignin, owing to its complex structure. Several techniques have been devised for the effective transformation of lignin into useful fuels through a variety of catalytic and non-catalytic treatments. This review uniquely focuses on the availability of lignin throughout the Indian sub-continent along with its conversion into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels through different methods respectively. Pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization are emphasized and reviewed in the conversion of lignin to solid fuels. Various methodologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, catalytic fast pyrolysis, hydrotreatment, and hydrodeoxygenation are broadly focused on liquid fuel conversion along with the importance of several catalysts in the treatment. Interestingly, the production of gaseous fuels from lignin has also been thoroughly reviewed and several methods such as pyrolysis, steam reforming, and supercritical gasification are effectively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using onion and ginger extracts and their characterization. Subsequently, the antimicrobial effect of the nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella paratyphi was tested. Furthermore, this study implemented an in silico analysis using the STITCH database to generate protein-selenium interaction networks and predict altered KEGG pathways in the studied bacteria. The results showed the maximum UV-visible absorbance at approximately 550 nm confirming the synthesis of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds identified to enhance the synthesis and stabilize selenium nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are spherical at about 100 nm. Selenium nanoparticles showed only an inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. According to in silico analysis, nanoparticles cause an inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by an alteration in the metabolism of cysteine, methionine and arachidonic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a widely used veterinary fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is frequently detected in water environments. The degradation of ENR was examined utilizing molecular oxygen mediation using nanometer zero-valent copper (nZVC) as the catalyst in this work. The dosage of nZVC, initial pH, and reaction temperature were investigated as contributing factors to ENR degradation. The effects of Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, and humic acid on the degradation of ENR were investigated. The actual effects were evaluated using natural water. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) that participated in the reaction were identified, their generation mechanisms were elucidated, and the effects on ENR degradation were assessed. More emphasis was given to exploring ENR degradation and transformation pathways via analyses of HPLC-TOF–MS. Data showed that at 35 ℃, with an initial pH of 3 and exposed to air, an nZVC dose of 0.5 g·L−1 degraded ENR by 99.51% dramatically. HO• radicals were identified as the dominant ROS, and conversions among Cu0, Cu+, and Cu2+ played crucial roles in the generation of ROS. The destruction mechanism of ENR was speculated based on analyses of HPLC-TOF–MS results as the transformation of the piperazine ring into an oxidized state with a -COOH substitution with HO•, which caused ENR to be mineralized and converted into CO2, H2O, and NO 3 - . The ECOSAR program has been used to evaluate the toxicity of ENR and its degradation products, and oxidative degradation of nZVC significantly reduced its toxicity and increased its biodegradability. This research proposes a capable and practical method for removing ENR from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional cushioning package materials, such as Expended Polystyrene (EPS) and Expanded Polyethylene (EPE), were made with petroleum-based plastics, which are harmful to the environment. It is crucial to develop renewable bio-based cushioning materials that can replace the aforementioned foams due to the rising energy demands of human society and the depletion of fossil fuels. Herein, we report an effective strategy for creating anisotropic elastic wood with special spring-like lamellar structures. Selective removal of lignin and hemicellulose by simple chemical treatment and thermal treatment of the samples after freeze-drying results in an elastic material with good mechanical properties. The resulting elastic wood has a reversible compression rate of 60% and a high elastic recovery (99% height retention after 100 cycles at 60% strain). Drop tests revealed that the elastic wood has excellent cushioning properties. In addition, the chemical and thermal treatments also enlarge the pores in the material, which is favorable for subsequent functionalization. By loading the elastic wood with a muti-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), electromagnetic shielding properties are achieved, while the mechanical properties of elastic wood remain unchanged. Electromagnetic shielding materials can effectively suppress various electromagnetic waves propagating through space and the resulting electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation, improve the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic systems and electronic equipment, and ensure the safety of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advancements in treatment, managing aggressive types of breast cancer, particularly Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), remains a daunting task. Newer chemotherapeutics enhance the multidrug resistance in cancer cells, making them untreatable. The current research work was framed to develop a novel therapeutic target by utilizing the flavanol, troxerutin (TXN) as a drug of interest to target TNBC. And also, to increase the efficiency of the drug at the target site, a nanocarrier called selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has been exploited. Thus, the anticancer efficacy of TXN and Se–TXN against TNBC (in vitro and in vivo) has been compared and analysed in the present study. Se–TXN was synthesized by a precipitation approach and characterized by diverse analytical techniques, which confirmed the successful loading of TXN on the SeNPs. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Se–TXN was determined to be 6.5 ± 0.5 μg mL−1 according to the in vitro data. Even at lower concentrations, the existence of apoptotic bodies shows that Se–TXN is effective against TNBC. Additionally, the Se–TXN expression study shows that the activation of the caspase cascade pathway, which results in apoptosis, occurs from the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and genes and the upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins and genes. And the in vivo investigations like histopathology, hematology and biochemical parameters revealed that the Se–TXN had significantly lowered the tumour volume of treated Balb/C mice without having any significant systemic toxicity when compared to other treatment groups. Altogether, our data suggests the efficacy of Se–TXN nanoconjugates as an effective management therapy for treating TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an effective soil amendment, biochars require a comprehensive ecological evaluation before they can be widely used in agriculture because endogenous contaminants, such as environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), certainly pose an ecological risk to soil invertebrates. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model organism to investigate the neurotoxicity of two rice straw biochars pyrolyzed at 500 and 700 °C. After 24 h exposure to unwashed biochar, washed biochar, and leaching fluids (supernatants), the neurobehavioral parameters of C. elegans were determined in a liquid toxicity test. The results showed that the washed 700 °C biochar particles significantly impaired locomotion and prolonged the defecation interval at a biochar concentration of 4 g·well−1, while the unwashed biochar and supernatants caused no apparent impairment. Supporting this, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed that the intensity of EPFRs in unwashed 700 °C biochar was stronger than that of the corresponding washed particles. This indicates that, in the liquid test, the EPR signal alone is not indicative of particle toxicity. The accessibility and activity of the EPFRs should be considered. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was observed in the leaching fluids. The neurotoxic activity of the washed biochar was alleviated after the re-addition of leaching fluids to the washed biochar, suggesting that the dissolved organic materials modulate the reactivity of the EPFRs in the liquid phase. This study suggests that the leaching process may increase the risk of biochar when used in the field environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural attenuation is a major ecosystem function allowing to abate soil organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Biodegradation of PAHs is classically considered as the major driver of natural attenuation, yet the role of abiotic transformation, including photodegradation, chemical oxidation, formation of non-extractable residues, and polymerization, has been overlooked due to the lack of investigations until recently. This paper reviews PAHs dissipation in soils by abiotic processes such as photodegradation and oxidation catalyzed by inorganic minerals and organic matters. The role of soil components on degradation rates, pathways, and mechanisms are discussed. The products of PAHs abiotic transformation and their potential risks are also described. Abiotic transformations are mainly controlled by interactions between PAHs and clay minerals, metal oxides/hydroxides, and soil organic matter. PAH photodegradation proceeds by both direct and indirect photolysis processes, which are enhanced in the presence of natural photosensitizers, for example, organic matter, and photocatalysts, for example, metal oxides/hydroxides. PAHs can also be chemically/catalytically oxidized by metal oxides/hydroxides, for example, MnO2, FexOy, and clay minerals without light irradiation. Overall, PAHs transformation depends on their electron-donating properties, mineral electron-accepting properties, pH, temperature, moisture, and oxygen content. Following the elucidation of the transformative mechanism, knowledge to understand the impact of abiotic transformation on biodegradation are delineated. Future investigations are needed to advance the correlation of laboratory generated rates to the field applications, and the potential applications of natural attenuation based on abiotic processes are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents one of the most common causes of non-ischemic heart failure, characterised by ventricular dilation alongside systolic dysfunction. Despite advances in therapy, DCM mortality rates remain high, and it is one of the leading causes of heart transplantation. It was recently recognised that many patients present minor structural cardiac abnormalities and express different arrhythmogenic phenotypes before overt heart-failure symptoms. This has raised several diagnostic and management challenges, including the differential diagnosis with other phenotypically similar conditions, the identification of patients at increased risk of malignant arrhythmias, and of those who will have a worse response to medical therapy. Recent developments in complementary diagnostic procedures, namely cardiac magnetic resonance and genetic testing, have shed new light on DCM understanding and management. The present review proposes a comprehensive and systematic approach to evaluating DCM, focusing on an improved diagnostic pathway and a structured stratification of arrhythmic risk that incorporates novel imaging modalities and genetic test results, which are critical for guiding clinical decision-making and improving outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic development of nanotechnology has enabled the development of innovative and novel techniques for the production and use of nanomaterials. One of them is the use of nanocapsules based on biodegradable biopolymer composites. Closing compounds with antimicrobial activity inside the nanocapsule cause the gradual release of biologically active substances into the environment, and the effect on pathogens is regular, prolonged and targeted. Known and used in medicine for years, propolis, thanks to the synergistic effect of active ingredients, has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. Biodegradable and flexible biofilms were obtained, the morphology of the composite was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size was measured by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. Antimicrobial properties of biofoils were examined on commensal skin bacteria and pathogenic Candida isolates based on the growth inhibition zones. The research confirmed the presence of spherical nanocapsules with sizes in the nano/micrometric scale. The properties of the composites were characterized by infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. It has been proven that hyaluronic acid is a suitable matrix for the preparation of nanocapsules, as no significant interactions between hyaluronan and the tested compounds have been demonstrated. Color analysis and thermal properties, as well as the thickness and mechanical properties of the obtained films, were determined. Antimicrobial properties of the obtained nanocomposites were strong in relation to all analyzed bacterial and yeast strains isolated from various regions of the human body. These results suggest high potential applicability of the tested biofilms as effective materials for dressings to be applied on infected wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light has been widely studied for possible applications in food industry as being a kind of clean energy. Presently, the influences of illumination pretreatment on soybean oil quality followed by conventional activated clay bleaching, including the oil color, fatty acid composition, oxidation stability, and micronutrient content, were investigated. Results demonstrated that the illumination pretreatment increased the color differences between the non-illuminated and illuminated soybean oils, which indicated that the light exposure could improve the decoloring effects. The fatty acids composition and the peroxide value (POV) and oxidation stability index (OSI) of the soybean oils showed little changes during this process. Although the illumination pretreatment affected the content of lipid-soluble micronutrients, including phytosterols and tocopherols, no significant differences could be observed (p > 0.05). Moreover, it showed that the illumination pretreatment showed significant effects for decreasing the following activated clay bleaching temperature, indicating the energy saving potential of this novel soybean oil decoloring process. The present study might provide new insights for developing eco-friendly and efficient vegetable oil bleaching technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to use a simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly synthesis method to design nanocomposites. For this purpose, carbon nanostructures were used to reinforce the chitosan/alginate bond in order to improve the mechanical, solubility, water absorption and barrier (protection against UV radiation) properties of the chitosan/alginate structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and color analysis were utilized, and the thickness and mechanical properties of the obtained films were determined. The tests that were carried out showed an equal distribution of nanostructures in the composite material and the absence of chemical interactions between nanoparticles and polymers. It was also proven that the enrichment of the polysaccharide composite with graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes positively affected its absorption, mechanical capabilities and color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of growing plastic consumption, food waste by consumers and overproduction caused by economic reasons, the global goal is to decrease these phenomena. Biocomposite films investigated in the past years are creating a promising future toward ecological, intelligent and active packaging. Due to their unique properties, they can be used in many areas of our life and reduce the constantly increasing pollution of our planet. The aim of our study was to obtain innovative and flexible biopolymer films based on sodium alginate and chitosan, as well as to develop methods for generating nanocapsules with turmeric extract in them. Bionanocomposites were analyzed using UV-VIS, FTIR, photoluminescence spectroscopy and SEM microscopy, while contact angles, surface free energy, particle size (DLS) and zeta potential were determined. The mechanical and colorimetric properties of the produced films were investigated, and the water content, solubility and water absorption were determined. Microbiological tests were carried out to analyze the influence of the produced films on the development of microorganisms. The results of the performed analyses allowed us to confirm the presence of curcumin nano- and microcapsules in the alginate–chitosan composite. Moreover, studies have shown that the structure of polysaccharides does not change during capsule manufacturing. The film with the highest concentration of the capsules showed better parameters in tests of solubility, water content, degree of swelling and mechanical properties. The obtained properties of the developed films allow them to be used as active and intelligent packaging materials, or as their parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both academia and dermatological and cosmetic industries have acknowledged that healthy skin microbiota contribute to overall skin integrity and well-being. This implies that formulations developed for personal care (skin, scalp, hair etc) or (medical and cosmetic) treatment need to be compatible with microbiota conservation or possibly even improvement. The various chemical and biological components and mixtures thereof intended for direct application to the skin should not extensively affect the qualitative and quantitative composition of the skin microbiota. A compound should promote beneficial microbes and inhibit pathogens. Compounds but also final products could be considered at least theoretically "microbiome friendly" while in some cases changes to the microbiota may even be considered beneficial. An important hurdle lies in the practical and methodological approaches to be used for defining microbiota inertia of compounds and formulations. Clear guidelines for assessing microbiome friendliness are lacking. We propose three testing concepts that may help to define microbiome friendliness based on the assessment of minimal microbiota perturbation and possibly elimination of potential pathogens. Methods to prove microbiome friendliness should ultimately be based upon (metagenomic rather than amplicon-based) next generation sequencing of naive versus compound- or final product-exposed skin microbiota in vivo, but preferably also including in vitro and ex vivo pre-screening methodologies to build an understanding of their consequences. As in many domains of microbiome research, the development of experimental process controls and internal standards, which are essentially lacking to date, should be taken as a future prerequisite. There is also a requirement from regulatory agencies to define and harmonize acceptance criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac fibrosis constitutes irreversible necrosis of the heart muscle as a consequence of different acute (myocardial infarction) or chronic (diabetes, hypertension, ...) diseases but also due to genetic alterations or aging. Currently, there is no curative treatment that is able to prevent or attenuate this phenomenon that leads to progressive cardiac dysfunction and life-threatening outcomes. This review summarizes the different targets identified and the new strategies proposed to fight cardiac fibrosis. Future directions, including the use of exosomes or nanoparticles, will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovery and reuse of valuable chemicals from hydrothermal carbonization process liquid (HTC-PL) from tomato plant biomass (TPB) was conducted. Different HTC-PLs were characterized with FTIR and Py-GC-MS analyses revealing the presence of low molecular weight linear, cyclic, and aromatics compounds in the HTC-PL. Separation of these valuable chemicals by fractional distillation resulted in eutectic constrains. Solvent extraction separation followed by solvent recovery and reuse provided encouraging results. The non-polar portion of HTC-PLs were extracted by using n-hexane (C6H14), and diethyl ether (C2H5)2O solvents with 8.5 and 4.3% recoveries, respectively. Characterization by FTIR and Py-GC-MS revealed petrol fuel like materials in the extracts of C6H14 and (C2H5)2O, irrespective of higher boiling components. Blends of both non-polar extracts were flame tested revealing good burning characteristics with minimal smoke and residue. Bench scale spirit lamp tests showed the blend would be very useful for greenhouse winter heating. The polar extracts using methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) resulted in about 55% recovery. Py-GC-MS analysis revealed acetic acid and 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (5HMF) majors in the extract along with related derivatives. 5HMF is a valued chemical and demonstrated to be a useful building block for many industrial applications, and flatform chemical for various synthesis. Other identified minor components of HTC-PL were vanillin, divinyl terephthalate, and syringol. After the extractions of polar and non-polar components in three steps, the HTC-PL residue was applied as nutrient source after maintaining pH (5.6) and concentration (TOC, 100–200 mg/L) to typical greenhouse plants. Plant growth was encouraging. The paper discusses all the potential valued reuse applications of HTC-PL in greenhouses without discharges, which contributes to environmental protection and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work deals with the application of biopolymer fillers in rubber formulations. Calcium lignosulfonate was incorporated into styrene–butadiene rubber and acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber in a constant amount of 30 phr. Glycerol in a concentration scale ranging from 5 to 20 phr was used as a plasticizer for rubber formulations. For the cross-linking of the compounds, a sulfur-based curing system was used. The study was focused on the investigation of glycerol in the curing process; the viscosity of rubber compounds; and the cross-link density, morphology, physical–mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The study revealed that the application of glycerol as a plasticizer resulted in a reduction in the rubber compounds' viscosity and contributed to the better dispersion and distribution of the filler within the rubber matrices. The mutual adhesion and compatibility between the filler and the rubber matrices were improved, which resulted in the significant enhancement of tensile characteristics. The main output of the work is the knowledge that the improvement of the physical–mechanical properties of biopolymer-filled vulcanizates can be easily obtained via the simple addition of a very cheap and environmentally friendly plasticizer into rubber compounds during their processing without additional treatments or procedures. The enhancement of the physical–mechanical properties of rubber compounds filled with biopolymers might contribute to the broadening of their potential applications. Moreover, the price of the final rubber articles could be reduced, and more pronounced ecological aspects could also be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syunik and Artsakh (Kharabagh) are the greatest dialectical areas in the Armenian language which has a rich vocabulary. In the dialectical vocabulary there are large number of words of Indo-European origin which are missing not only in other dialects but also in many languages of Indo-European origin. One of the problems of comparative linguistics is that etymological studies do not pay much attention to dialectical vocabulary. The study of the words of the thematic group "Sensory Perceptions" can provide important material on the religious-philosophical issues of the peoples living in the historical area. An attempt was made to study the old words of the dialect area of Syunik and Artsakh, which refer to "sensory perceptions". In this work a new dialectical work is being etymologized: shapaghwith the meaning "1.Reflexion, flash, 2. Ra-diant, bright, shiny" which has a different phonetical and semantical version in the Armenian translation of the "Bible": shaghpaghp. An attempt was made to check the word simultaneously and to discover its perception in the most ancient examples of the translation of the Bible by using the historical-comparative method. Often, through the etymology of archaisms preserved in the language, valuable information is revealed about the religious-philosophical understandings of the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gut microbiome dysbiosis has previously been reported in spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients and could be critically involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. The objectives of this study were to further characterize the microbiota structure in SpA patients and to investigate the relationship between dysbiosis and disease activity in light of the putative influence of the genetic background. Methods: Shotgun sequencing was performed on fecal DNA isolated from stool samples from 2 groups of adult volunteers: SpA patients (n = 102) and healthy controls (n = 63). A subset of the healthy controls comprised the age‐matched siblings of patients whose HLA–B27 status was known. Changes in gut microbiota composition were assessed based on species diversity, enterotypes, and taxonomic and functional differences. Results: Dysbiosis was confirmed in SpA patients as compared to healthy controls. The restriction of microbiota diversity was detected in patients with the most active disease, and the abundance of several bacterial species was correlated with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index score. Among healthy controls, significant differences in microbiota composition were also detected between the HLA–B27–positive and the HLA–B27–negative siblings of SpA patients. We highlighted a decreased abundance of several species of bacteria in SpA patients, especially those bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales order. Among the few species of bacteria showing increased abundance, Ruminococcus gnavus was one of the top differentiating species. Conclusion: These findings reveal that genetic background and level of disease activity are likely to influence the composition of the gut microbiota of patients with SpA. It may be appropriate for further research on chronic arthritis to focus on these key parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous Brønsted acidic catalysts such as phosphoric acids are the conventional activators for organic transformations. However, the photocatalytic performance of these catalysts is still rarely explored. Herein, a novel Zr-based metal−organic framework Zr-MOF-P with phosphoric acids as a heterogeneous photocatalyst has been fabricated, which shows high selectivity and reactivity towards the photo-oxidation of sulfides under white light illumination. A mechanism study indicates that the selective oxygenation of sulfides occurs with triplet oxygen rather than common reactive oxygen species (ROS). When Zr-MOF-P is irradiated, the hydroxyl group of phosphoric acid is converted into oxygen radical, which takes an electron from the sulfides, and then the activated substrates react with the triplet oxygen to form sulfoxides, avoiding the destruction of the catalysts and endowing the reaction with high substrate compatibility and fine recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized as a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis is still elusive. The gut microbiota exerts important and diverse effects on host physiology through maintaining immune balance and generating health-benefiting metabolites. Many studies have demonstrated that IBD is associated with disturbances in the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Both the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota are dramatically decreased in IBD patients. Furthermore, some particular classes of microbiota-derived metabolites, principally short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and its metabolites, and bile acids have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this review, we aim to define the disturbance of gut microbiota and the key classes of microbiota-derived metabolites in IBD pathogenesis. In addition, we also focus on scientific evidence on probiotics, not only on the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of probiotics on IBD but also the challenges it faces in safe and appropriate application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a promising alternative to traditional fossil resources for producing biofuels due to its aromaticity and renewability. Pyrolysis is an efficient technology to convert lignin to valuable chemicals, which is beneficial for improving lignin valorization. In this review, pyrolytic behaviors of various lignin were included, as well as the pyrolytic mechanism consisting of initial, primary, and charring stages were also introduced. Several parallel reactions, such as demethoxylation, demethylation, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation of lignin side chains to form light gases, major lignin structure decomposition to generate phenolic compounds, and polymerization of active lignin intermediates to yield char, can be observed through the whole pyrolysis process. Several parameters, such as pyrolytic temperature, time, lignin type, and functional groups (hydroxyl, methoxy), were also investigated to figure out their effects on lignin pyrolysis. On the other hand, zeolite-driven lignin catalytic pyrolysis and lignin co-pyrolysis with other hydrogen-rich co-feedings were also introduced for improving process efficiency to produce more aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs). During the pyrolysis process, phenolic compounds and/or AHs can be produced, showing promising applications in biochemical intermediates and biofuel additives. Finally, some challenges and future perspectives for lignin pyrolysis have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aquatic pollution is an unavoidable danger with the spread use of agrochemicals in different agriculture sectors. Abamectin (ABM) has been one of the most widely used pesticides in recent decades due to its effectiveness in crop protection and pharmaceutical applications. The present study evaluated the effects of exposure to sublethal levels of ABM on several health and stress indicators of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and the potential protective effect of quercetin. The results showed that ABM exposure induced anemia, proteinemia, and hyperlipidemia in the serum of exposed fish and induced liver and kidney dysfunctions and oxidative damage. The dietary supplementation of quercetin ameliorates the negative effects of ABM on Nile tilapia's physiological status and can be used as an antioxidant to mitigate the destructive effects of insecticide toxicity in aquaculture. Abamectin (ABM) is a common agricultural pesticide and veterinary anthelmintic drug. It can discharge from the sites of application to aquatic systems via surface run-off or spray drift, causing harmful effects to aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the protective effect of dietary quercetin supplementation on hemato-biochemical parameters and hepato-renal oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a sublethal dose of ABM. Fish were allocated into six equal groups. The first group was kept as a control group. The second and third groups (Q400, and Q800) were fed diets supplemented with two quercetin levels (400 and 800 mg/kg diet), respectively. The fourth group (ABM) was intoxicated with 20.73 µg/L of ABM. The fifth and sixth groups (ABM + Q400, and ABM + Q800) were fed diet supplemented with two quercetin levels (400 and 800 mg/kg diet) and simultaneously intoxicated with ABM for 60 days. The results showed that ABM significantly decreased RBCs, hemoglobin content, hematocrit, total protein, albumin levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity activities compared to the control. Meanwhile, ABM significantly increased white blood cells, glucose, total lipids, cholesterol, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Liver and kidney levels of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased, while hepato-renal antioxidant biomarkers (reduced glutathione, super oxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity) were significantly decreased upon ABM exposure. On the other hand, quercetin dietary supplementation improved the hemato-biochemical alterations and alleviated oxidative stress induced by ABM exposure. Fish supplemented with quercetin at a level of 800 mg/kg diet showed better alleviating effects against ABM compared to 400 mg/kg diet. Based on these study findings, we suggest that quercetin dietary supplementation (800 mg/kg) offered direct protection against ABM-induced physiological disturbance and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hetrombopag is the only CFDA-approved thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) in China. Its chemical structure has an iron chelation domain. To explore the iron chelation effect of hetrombopag, we performed a post hoc analysis of the phase II clinical trial (NCT03557099). Thirty-five immunosuppressive therapy (IST)–refractory SAA patients were enrolled in the study, and the longitudinal changes of serum ferritin (SF) were assessed. At 18 weeks post-hetrombopag initiation, 51.4% of patients showed decreased SF levels by a median of 49.0 (18.1–95.5) % from baseline (median ΔSF decrease value, 917.2 ng/ml, range from 104.0 to 7030.0 ng/ml). A decrease in SF was found in 75.0% of hematologic responders and 31.6% of non-responders. Among the 24 patients with iron overload, 12 had decreased SF levels by up to 51% of the baseline. Patients with normal SF levels also showed decreased SF levels, and iron deficiency occurred in two patients. In conclusion, hetrombopag showed a powerful and rapid iron chelation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of dental implants in the prosthetic rehabilitation of the posterior atrophic maxilla might be a challenge procedure because of low bone quantity and quality. This study aimed to report cases of implant displacement or migration into the maxillary sinus treated from 2008 to 2021. Materials and methods: All patients with unintentional insertion and/or displacement of dental implants into the maxillary sinus cavity that underwent surgical removal were included. Variables assessed included the patients' characteristics, past medical history, clinical and radiological findings at presentation, surgical approach (transoral, transnasal, combined), and outcome. Results: A total of forty patients (23 male, 17 female) underwent surgical removal of dental implant displaced in the maxillary sinus. The mean age was 52,3 + 11,3 years. Seven patients presented with oro-antral fistula (OAF). In 15 cases, an ostium obstruction was diagnosed. Twenty-five patients underwent transoral surgery under local anesthesia. Eleven patients were treated solely via transnasal endoscopic approach, and four patients who had an associated OAF underwent surgery through a combined transnasal and transoral approach. All patients healed uneventfully without complications. Conclusion: These results and recent literature validate that transoral and transnasal approach, or a combination of these procedures, can be used safely to treat complications following displacement/migration of dental implants in the maxillary sinus. Early surgical removal minimizes sinus inflammation and prevents more invasive procedures. Each procedure presents specific indications that must be carefully evaluated prior to treatment choice to optimize intervention outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shotgun metagenome analysis provides a robust and verifiable method for comprehensive microbiome analysis of fungal, viral, archaeal and bacterial taxonomy, particularly with regard to visualization of read mapping location, normalization options, growth dynamics and functional gene repertoires. Current read classification tools use non-standard output formats, or do not fully show information on mapping location. As reference datasets are not perfect, portrayal of mapping information is critical for judging results effectively. Results: Our alignment-based pipeline, Wochenende, incorporates flexible quality control, trimming, mapping, various filters and normalization. Results are completely transparent and filters can be adjusted by the user. We observe stringent filtering of mismatches and use of mapping quality sharply reduces the number of false positives. Further modules allow genomic visualization and the calculation of growth rates, as well as integration and subsequent plotting of pipeline results as heatmaps or heat trees. Our novel normalization approach additionally allows calculation of absolute abundance profiles by comparison with reads assigned to the human host genome. Conclusion: Wochenende has the ability to find and filter alignments to all kingdoms of life using both short and long reads, and requires only good quality reference genomes. Wochenende automatically combines multiple available modules ranging from quality control and normalization to taxonomic visualization. Wochenende is available at https://github.com/MHH-RCUG/nf_wochenende. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome sequencing facilitates the study of bacterial taxonomy and allows the re-evaluation of the taxonomic relationships between species. Here, we aimed to analyze the draft genomes of four commensal Neisseria clinical isolates from the semen of infertile Lebanese men. To determine the phylogenetic relationships among these strains and other Neisseria spp. and to confirm their identity at the genomic level, we compared the genomes of these four isolates with the complete genome sequences of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis and the draft genomes of Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria perflava, Neisseria mucosa, and Neisseria macacae that are available in the NCBI Genbank database. Our findings revealed that the WGS analysis accurately identified and corroborated the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) species identities of the Neisseria isolates. The combination of three well-established genome-based taxonomic tools (in silico DNA-DNA Hybridization, Ortho Average Nucleotide identity, and pangenomic studies) proved to be relatively the best identification approach. Notably, we also discovered that some Neisseria strains that are deposited in databases contain many taxonomical errors. The latter is very important and must be addressed to prevent misdiagnosis and missing emerging etiologies. We also highlight the need for robust cut-offs to delineate the species using genomic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic wastes are becoming one of the most serious environmental pollutants because of their high antidegradation properties and the damage they cause to human health. More seriously, plastics can become smaller in size and form microplastics (MPs), attributing to the oxidation, weathering, and fragmentation processes. The influx of MPs into water bodies seriously affects the quality of the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the aging process of MPs. In this review, we first provided an overview of the definition and source of MPs. Then we analyzed the potential aging pathways of MPs in the current aquatic environment and elaborated on the changes in the physicochemical properties of MPs during the aging process (e.g., particle size, crystallinity, thermodynamic properties, and surface functional groups). In addition, the possible synergistic contamination of MPs with other pollutants in the environment is illustrated. Finally, the mechanisms of generation and toxicity of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) that may be generated during the photoaging of MPs were described, and the feasibility of using photoaged MPs as photosensitizers to catalyze photoreactive degradation of organic pollutants is proposed. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive and objective evaluation of the behavior of MPs in the aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin transformation has significant potential to produce high‐quality platform chemicals and value‐added products. Extraction techniques and techniques for processing lignin to lignin‐derived dimers and trimers and other phenolic compounds have recently attracted the attention of the scientific community. Exploring the potential of the most abundant sources of bio‐aromatics enhances the profitability and efficiency of the biorefinery process and reduces dependence on conventional resources. Successful lignin transformation entails the development of steps to overcome the following challenges: (i) the pretreatment of biomass followed by the separation of lignin to reduce crystallinity, and the reduction of the complex chemistry of biomass to produce lignin with a high degree of purity, and (ii) advances in chemical analysis for precise in situ lignin characterization during depolymerization. To bring about technological advances in the bio‐based economy, the utilization of sustainable resources for the production of value‐added products is essential. The valorization of lignin via cost‐effective and carbon‐neutral techniques has provided remarkable opportunities, including opportunities for commercialization. The life cycle analysis of lignin valorization to manufacture value‐added products from surplus biomass is central if maximum use is to be made of agro‐residues for such purposes. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a known environmental health hazard. A major source of air pollution includes diesel exhaust (DE). Initially, research on DE focused on respiratory morbidities; however, more recently, exposures to DE have been associated with neurological developmental disorders and neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of sub-chronic inhalation exposure to DE on neuroinflammatory markers in two inbred mouse strains and both sexes, including whole transcriptome examination of the medial prefrontal cortex. We exposed aged male and female C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice to DE, which was cooled and diluted with HEPA-filtered compressed air for 2 h per day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Control animals were exposed to HEPA-filtered air on the same schedule as DE-exposed animals. The prefrontal cortex was harvested and analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine gene expression (Il1β, Il6, Tnfα) and transcriptome-wide response by RNA-seq. We observed differential cytokine gene expression between strains and sexes in the DE-exposed vs. control-exposed groups for Il1β, Tnfα, and Il6. For RNA-seq, we identified 150 differentially expressed genes between air and DE treatment related to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity per Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Overall, our data show differential strain-related effects of DE on neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity and demonstrate that B6 are more susceptible than D2 to gene expression changes due to DE exposures than D2. These results are important because B6 mice are often used as the default mouse model for DE studies and strain-related effects of DE neurotoxicity warrant expanded studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: MicroRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. These molecules are defined as a class of short-sequence non-coding RNAs that influence the expression of numerous genes. The growing understanding of cardiac biology contributed to recognising specific abnormal microRNA expression when diseases are present, which makes them potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets. Recent studies have analysed and discussed microRNA expression in cardiac diseases, such as myxomatous mitral valve disease, which are prevalent in our animal companions. This review summarises the most relevant microRNAs related to cardiovascular diseases in dogs and cats. In addition, it describes microRNA's basic biology and function and discusses their potential as circulating biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and monitorisation of treatment, as well as their limitations. Although current studies describe microRNA expression in veterinary cardiology, further work is warranted before they are implemented in the clinical setting. Over the last years, the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) has increasingly been recognised. Each miRNA is a short sequence of non-coding RNA that influences countless genes' expression and, thereby, contributes to several physiological pathways and diseases. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the development of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review synopsises the most recent studies emphasising miRNA's influence in several CVDs affecting dogs and cats. It provides a concise outline of miRNA's biology and function, the diagnostic potential of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers, and their role in different CVDs. It also discusses known and future roles for miRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets. So, this review gives a comprehensive outline of the most relevant miRNAs related to CVDs in Veterinary Medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K-pop fans are widely known to use social media as a platform for their activities. Over the years, they have built online communities, which are called fandoms. K-pop fandoms are zealous in fandom activities that some abused were detected, such as spreading false news and provocating fandom wars. These could potentially lead to cyberbullying and damage the quality of online social interaction. The fans are not careful about their actions as they are using the online social identity. Thus their real identity is saved. Hence, the purposes of this study are to analyse the online social identity of K-pop fandom members, how they were introduced to the K-pop world and the purpose(s) of the fandom activities. A total of 30 participants were interviewed online for this study. Thematic analysis of the interview was done based on three stages of Tajfel's Social Identity Theory (1979) which is (1) characteristic, (2) social identification, and (3) social comparison, and Bennett's Four Areas of Fandom (2014) which are (1) communication, (2) creativity, (3) knowledge and (4) civic power and organisation. The findings of this research revealed six characteristics of the fans' online social identity as K-pop fans, the influential factors that introduced them to K-pop, and details on their fandom activities. This study provides insights into the online social identity of Kpop fans and fandom activities on Twitter. Further research is recommended to explore the language used by the Kpop community for inter- and intra-group communications, which will further enrich the understanding of this online social community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is the second most abundant renewable natural polymer that occurs on Earth, and as such, it should be widely utilised by industries in a variety of applications. However, these applications and possible research seem to be limited or prevented by a variety of factors, mainly the high heterogeneity of lignin. Selective modifications of the structure and of functional groups allow better properties in material applications, whereas the separation of different qualitative lignin groups permits selective application in industry. This review is aimed at modification of the lignin structure, increasing the hydrophobicity of the produced materials, and focusing on several perspective modifications for industrial-scale production of lignin-based polymers, as well as challenges, opportunities, and other important factors to take into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal metabolites are attracting increasing interest, especially more and more studies have found they are closely related to diseases. Microbial fermentation of indigestible dietary fibers in the gut produces short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the main product. SCFAs can exert influences on the integrity of the intestinal epithelial and mucosal barrier, immune reactions, and the diversity of microbiota in humans. Thus, alteration in SCFAs may affect inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In IBD, SCFAs are involved in the main pathogenic process and play an important role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Although many studies have proved that pretreatment with SCFAs can effectively ameliorate inflammation in the gut, the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we describe the relationship between SCFAs and IBD from the aspects of defense barrier, immune effects, and microbial alterations. We also summarize the effects of SCFAs on comorbidities in IBD via the gut‐brain, gut‐liver, and gut‐lung axis, and we give an overview of the prospects of their clinical application. A better understanding of the relevance of SCFAs in IBD may reveal novel targets for future study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous exposure of human skin to air pollution can result in a range of undesirable skin conditions. In our recent study, UV and visible light were found to increase cytotoxicity of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) against human keratinocytes. Since it is impossible to avoid exposure of human skin to PM 2.5 , effective strategies are needed to reduce their damaging effects. l-ascorbic acid and resveratrol were tested as potential topical agents against pollution-related skin impairment. Although these agents were previously found to ameliorate PM-dependent damage, the effect of light and seasonal variation of particles were not previously studied. EPR spin-trapping, DPPH assay, and singlet oxygen phosphorescence were used to determine the scavenging activities of the antioxidants. MTT, JC-10 and iodometric assays were used to analyze the effect on PM 2.5 -induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and oxidation of lipids. Live-cell imaging was employed to examine wound-healing properties of cells. Light-induced, PM 2.5 -mediated oxidative damage was examined by immunofluorescent staining. Both antioxidants effectively scavenged free radicals and singlet oxygen produced by PM 2.5 , reduced cell death and prevented oxidative damage to HaCaT cells. l-ascorbic acid and resveratrol, especially when applied in combination, can protect HaCaT cells against the dark and light induced toxicity of PM 2.5 ., (© 2023 American Society for Photobiology.)

The subject is a debate on the formation mechanism of the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR), by interaction of aromatics with transition metal oxides. Literature reports contrasting opinions concerning the stabilization of the phenoxyradicals mainly as concerns the suggested reduction of interacting transition metal centers. The present paper, in accordance with the mechanisms assessed by a number of spectroscopic and computational results, excludes the necessity that the catalytic mechanism involves the reduction of the metal centers by interaction with the aromatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (Cs) is highly useful for its 'tunable' function, hence allowing numerous optimizable applications in various fields, including the pharmaceutical industry. This has piqued the medicinal chemist's interest in developing innovative synthetic methodologies to produce a biologically optimistic pharmacophore. In order to design a highly environment-friendly artificial process for the production of Cs/Ni/NiO, hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) were prepared by an inexpensive chemical synthesis method. The synthesized HNPs were characterized by XRD, DLS, and ATR-FTIR analyses. The morphology and elemental analyses of Cs/Ni/NiO HNPs were investigated using FESEM, TEM, and EDX procedures. Cs/Ni/NiO HNPs bactericidal activity was significant for inhibiting pathogenic bacterial strains, namely, S. aureus and E. coli. Furthermore, Cs/Ni/NiO HNPs exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7. The findings of the study on the biocompatibility of Cs/Ni/NiO HNPs on the L929 cell lines showed a non-cytotoxic tendency toward normal cells. As a result, the report demonstrated that the chemically engineered Cs/Ni/NiO HNPs have biological properties that are effective against MDR pathogenic bacteria and carcinoma cells. More research is, however, needed to ascertain whether improving the morphology of these Cs/Ni/NiO HNPs will enhance their antibacterial and anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food-borne carbon dots (CDs) are widely generated during food processing and are inevitably ingested by humans causing toxicity. However, the toxic effects of food-borne CDs on the blood glucose metabolism are unknown. Results: In this study, we brewed beer via a representative strategy and extracted the melting-barley CDs (MBCDs) to explore the toxic effects on blood glucose in mice. We found the accumulation of fluorescent labeled MBCDs in various organs and oral administration of MBCDs can cause visceral toxicity, manifested as liver damage. Mice were orally administered MBCDs (5 and 25 mg/kg) for 16 weeks, and increased levels of fasting blood glucose were observed in both MBCDs-treated groups. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that MBCDs activate oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, the MAPK cascade, and PI3K/Akt signaling in mice livers. Mechanistically, MBCDs exposure-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction activates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and MAPK cascade, thereby promoting phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 at Ser307 and inducing insulin resistance (IR). Meanwhile, the IR promoted gluconeogenesis, which enhanced MBCDs-induced hyperglycemia of mice. Importantly, inhibition of the ROS significantly attenuated the MBCDs-induced inflammatory response and MAPK cascade, thereby alleviating IR and hyperglycemia in mice. Conclusion: In summary, this study revealed that MBCDs promote ROS overproduction and thus induced IR, resulting in imbalance of glucose homeostasis in mice. More importantly, this study was further assessed to reveal an imperative emphasis on the reevaluation of dietary and environmental CDs exposure, and has important implications for T2DM prevention research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global problem and a health security threat, which makes "Ending the global TB epidemic in 2035" unachievable. Globally, the unfavourable treatment outcome remains unacceptably high. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a risk prediction model for unfavorable treatment outcomes in MDR-TB patients, which can be used by clinicians as a simple clinical tool in their decision-making. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a risk prediction model for the prediction of unfavorable treatment outcomes among MDR-TB patients in North-West Ethiopia. Methods: We used MDR-TB data collected from the University of Gondar and Debre Markos referral hospitals. A retrospective follow-up study was conducted and a total of 517 patients were included in the study. STATA version 16 statistical software and R version 4.0.5 were used for the analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out. A multivariable model was fitted using all potent predictors selected by the lasso regression method. A simplified risk prediction model (nomogram) was developed based on the binomial logit-based model, and its performance was described by assessing its discriminatory power and calibration. Finally, decision curve analysis (DCA) was done to evaluate the clinical and public health impact of the developed model. Results: The developed nomogram comprised six predictors: baseline anemia, major adverse event, comorbidity, age, marital status, and treatment supporter. The model has a discriminatory power of 0.753 (95% CI: 0.708, 0.798) and calibration test of (P-value = 0.695). It was internally validated by bootstrapping method, and it has a relatively corrected discrimination performance (AUC = 0.744, 95CI: 0.699, 0.788). The optimism coefficient was found to be 0.009. The decision curve analysis showed the net benefit of the model as threshold probabilities varied. Conclusion: The developed nomogram can be used for individualized prediction of unfavorable treatment outcomes in MDR-TB patients for it has a satisfactory level of accuracy and good calibration. The model is clinically interpretable and was found to have added benefits in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a kind of hazardous substance that exist stably in the atmosphere for a long time. EPFRs combined with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the human respiratory tract through respiration, causing oxidative stress and DNA damage, and they are also closely related to lung cancer. In this study, the inhalation risk for EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk were assessed using the equivalent number of cigarette tar EPFRs. The daily inhalation exposure for EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be equivalent to 0.66–8.40 cigarette tar EPFRs per day. The concentration level and species characteristics were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentration of EPFRs in the study ranged from 1.353–4.653 × 1013 spins/g, and the types of EPFRs were mainly oxygen- or carbon-centered semiquinone-type radicals. Our study showed that there is a strong correlation between the concentrations of EPFRs and conventional pollutants, except for sulfur dioxide. The major factors influencing EPFR concentration in the atmosphere were temperature and wind speed; the higher the temperature and wind speed, the lower the concentration of EPFRs. The findings of this study provide an important basis for further research on the formation mechanism and health effects of EPFRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]