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A few graphical methods in literature, sometimes, cannot give correct Regeneration Pinch and/or target of regeneration stream flow rate for water-using networks. By analysis, this paper points out that the reason for the above problem is that the streams of the processes, which reuse the outlet stream of the processes satisfied by freshwater only, are illustrated incorrectly. Based on the above analysis, a modified method is proposed. The procedure proposed in this article is as follows: (1) draw the Concentration-Cumulative Mass Load Curves (CCMLCs) for the processes which use freshwater only and that for other processes, respectively; (2) identify and remove the processes with high inlet concentrations and can reuse the outlet streams of the processes which are satisfied with freshwater only; (3) from the CCMLCs of the remaining processes with high-inlet concentrations, the target of regeneration stream flow rate and Regeneration Pinch can be obtained. This paper solves the problem of inconsistent results of some graphical methods and that of numerical methods in literature.

One of the impacts of harmonic resonances in wind parks is to overload wind park components. The process of identifying a problematic component may be time-consuming due to the number of scenarios and different components (capacitors, transformers, cables and generators) that must be analyzed. In this context, this paper develops a first-screening approach to narrow down the number of scenarios that must be studied in detail. It first identifies that the capacitor bank is the most critical component. Then, it uses the operating limits of the capacitor bank and the harmonic distortions measured at the wind park entrance to obtain a chart that maps the problematic operating conditions of the park. Detailed investigations are needed only if the wind park condition is in specific regions of the chart. The proposed chart is attractive for practical applications as it is obtained with a simple equation, without the need to run any computer simulation, and can be consulted with few information from the wind park that is readily available to engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GGE biplot technique is one of the appropriate methods for investigating the genotype-environment interaction. An experiment was conducted to examine and evaluate the stability and adaptability of grain yield of 12 sunflower genotypes using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in five regions including Karaj, Birjand, Firooz-Abad, Kashmar, and Arak within two agricultural years. Analysis of variance indicated that the effect of location, year, location × year, genotype, and genotype × location was significant at 1% probability level. Results of biplot analysis showed that the first and second principle components accounted 50.6% and 22.8%, respectively, and in total 73.4% of grain yield variance. In this study, genotype, location, year, year × location, genotype × location, genotype × year, and genotype × year × location explained 2.75%, 17.36%, 5.47%, 17%, 10.8%, 1.04%, and 7.48% of total variance, respectively. Investigating the polygon view led to the identification of three top genotypes and also three mega-environment. The first mega-environment included Karaj, Birjand, and Kashmar. The second was Arak, and the third was Firooz-Abad. To study the kernel yield and stability of genotypes simultaneously, average coordinate view of environments was used and it was determined that genotype Zaria with the highest grain yield has high yield stability also. Ranking the cultivars based on the ideal genotype introduced the genotype Zaria as the best genotype. The highest grain yield belonged to Zaria cultivar at 3.34 t/ha followed by Favorite with 3.23 t/ha. Results obtained from ranking the environments based on the ideal environment introduced Kashmar and Birjand regions as the best environments. Examining the biplot figure for testing environments correlation confirms the positive correlation among Karaj, Birjand, and Kashmar. Correlation between Karaj with Arak, Karaj with Firooz-Abad, and Arak with Firooz-Abad was negative. Arak and Firooz-Abad were highly discriminating and representative and would be used to identification of superior genotypes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

10.1119/10.0001299.1 In introductory physics courses, simple arguments based on traveling waves on a string are used to relate the frequency of standing waves to boundary conditions, e.g., the fixed ends of the string. Here, we extend that approach to two-dimensional waves such as the oscillations of a rectangular membrane with edges fixed at the boundary. This results in a graphical method that uses only simple geometry and is suitable for explaining two-dimensional standing-wave oscillations to non-science majors, e.g., in a physics of sound and music class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphical method for determining optimum conditions based on piping and pumping system. As an example, consider the case where was made calculation of the optimum pipe diameter necessary to handle a given flow, fluid density and viscosity, cost of electricity and efficiency of pump as a pumping cost. However for considering piping cost authors have developed optimization procedure for turbulent flow of conduit size by using pipe density and wall thickness which can be determined by piping specification.

Precipitation is the most critical element of the hydrological cycle that might influence the frequency of floods or drought. Therefore, for drought and flood forecasting, knowing the precipitation pattern and its trend is mandatory. The research aims to estimate the monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation trend using statistical (Mann Kendall test & Sen's Slope estimator) and graphical (Innovative Trend Analysis method) for the Hanumangarh district of N-E Rajasthan. The mean monthly precipitation data were gathered from the India-WRIS from 1901 to 2022 (122 years). Seasonal and annual precipitation trend variations were examined by statistical methods and compared with the graphical method. The study results conclude that precipitation trends showed variability for the SW monsoon season from the graphical to the statistical method. For the SW monsoon season, the decreasing trend was seen using statistical methods. In contrast, the graphical method revealed an increasing trend. During the annual precipitation, increasing trends were seen using statistical and graphical methods. It is found that the ITA method is more efficient in finding trends because it does not assume any assumptions like that of the MK test. This study will help water resources engineers and local people with sustainable management, planning, and development of water resources in the Hanumangarh district. HIGHLIGHTS Trends in seasonal and annual precipitation time series are assessed using both statistical and graphical methods and then results are compared.; The results of the statistical method are well-matched with the graphical method.; The ITA method is easier to apply for finding trends.; The ITA method is more accurate because it does not consider any assumptions.;

Utility targeting as well as optimal placement are among the key steps in the design of a cost-effective process utility system. Composite Curves, Grand Composite Curves (GCC) and Balanced Composite Curves are the established graphical tools for targeting and optimal placement of multiple utilities based on the Pinch Analysis technique. Although the composite graphical tools can provide valuable graphical insights and yield acceptable utility targets in terms of loads and levels, they could not pinpoint the exact heat recovery matches between process and utility streams. As a result, these composite graphical tools could not be used to perform heat allocation between the process and the individual utility streams, and for targeting the process-utility surface area targets. This paper presents an extended Stream Temperature versus Enthalpy Plot (STEP) method that is used to simultaneously target the multiple utilities and perform heat allocation between the utilities and the individual process streams. Due to the composite nature of the GCC, targeting involving variable-temperature utilities can yield inaccurate results. A case study has been used to demonstrate how this limitation can be overcome by using the extended STEP method.

2×𝑛 or 𝑚×2 interval matrix games are considered, and a graphical method for solving such games is given. Interval matrix game is the interval generation of classical matrix games. Because of uncertainty in real-world applications, payoffs of a matrix game may not be a fixed number. Since the payoffs may vary within a range for fixed strategies, an interval-valued matrix can be used to model such uncertainties. In the literature, there are different approaches for the comparison of fuzzy numbers and interval numbers. In this work, the idea of acceptability index is used which is suggested by Sengupta et al. (2001) and Sengupta and Pal (2009), and in view of acceptability index, well-known graphical method for matrix games is adapted to interval matrix games.

The functional relationship between the relative operating characteristic (ROC) and the economic value (EV) graphical methods have been exploited to develop a hybrid procedure called the extended ROC (EROC) method. The EROC retains the appealing simplicity of the traditional ROC method and the ability of the EV method to provide evaluation of the performance of an ensemble climate prediction system (EPS) for a hypothetical end user defined by the cost-loss ratio ([micro] = C/L). An inequality defining the lower and upper theoretical bounds of [micro] has been derived. Outside these limits, the EPS yields no added benefits for end user [micro] relative to the use of climatological persistence as an alternative prediction system. In the traditional ROC graphical method, the ROC skill (ROCS) is often expressed in terms of the area between the ROC graph and the diagonal baseline passing through the origin with slope m = 1. Thus, ROCS 2A - 1, where A is the area under the ROC graph. In the proposed EROC approach, a more general procedure is recommended based on the construction of user-specific baselines that do not necessarily pass through the origin and, in general, have slope m [not equal to] 1. The skill of a particular EPS computed from the EROC method is proportional to the corresponding estimated value based on the EV graphical method. Therefore, the EROC geometry conveys the same basic information as the EV method. The Semazzi-Mera skill score (SMSS) is proposed as a convenient and compact way of expressing the combined verification based on the ROC and EV methods. The ROCS estimate is a special case of the SMSS. The near-horizontal trail-like geometry sometimes exhibited by EV graphs is also examined. It is shown to occur when either the hit-rate or false-alarm term dominates in the formula for EV, unlike the more typical situation in which both terms are comparable in magnitude.

The Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) provides the framework for evaluating measurement uncertainty. The preferred GUM approach for addressing bias assumes that all systematic errors are identified and corrected at an early stage in the measurement process. We review some procedures for treating uncorrected bias and its inclusion into an overall uncertainty statement. When bias and its uncertainty are recognised as metrological states independent of scatter in the test results, the uncertainty of the reference and uncertainty of the bias can be equated. The net standard uncertainty of a test result is the root-sum-square of the standard uncertainty of the bias and the standard uncertainty of measurements on the test. Since an incomplete and therefore potentially erroneous formula is often used for estimating bias standard uncertainty, we propose an alternative calculation. We next propose a graphical method using a simple algorithm that quantifies the discrepancy between the results of a test measurement and the corresponding reference value, in terms of the percentage overlap of two probability density functions. We propose that bias should be corrected wherever possible and we illustrate this approach using the graphical method. Even though this review is focused principally on analytical chemistry and medical laboratory applications, much of the discussion is applicable to all areas of metrology. • Review of procedures for including uncorrected bias in an uncertainty statement. • Definition of bias, equality of uncertainty of bias and uncertainty of reference. • Net uncertainty of test method in terms of bias uncertainty and scatter of results. • Consistency with GUM equations for including uncorrected bias in an uncertainty. • Overlap of reference and test PDFs before bias correction measures concordance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Based on the nonlinear algorithmic theory, the R-SVM water source discrimination model and prediction method were established by using the piper qualitatively to compare the differences between the ionic components and R-type factor approximation indicator input dimensions. Taking the mine water samples of Zhaogezhuang Coal Mine as an example, according to the chemical composition analysis of the water samples from different monitoring points, six indexes of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO4 2– and HCO3 – were selected as the discrimination factors. According to the water characteristics of each aquifer and the actual needs of discrimination, the water inrush sources in the mining area were divided into four categories: The goaf water is class I, Ordovician carbonate is class II, Sandstone fracture water from the 13 coal system is class III, and Sandstone fracture water from the 12 coal system is class IV. Taking 56 typical water inrush samples as training samples, 11 groups for prediction samples, establish the input index as typical ion content, output as water source type, using SPSS statistics and MATLAB to realize the R-SVM water source discriminant analysis model, automatically establishing the mapping relationship between the water quality indexes and the evaluation standards, which can achieve the purpose of rapid and accurate discrimination of the water sample data. The results showed that the accuracy of the R-SVM model classification was 90.90% in the verification of the water source discrimination example of Zhaogezhuang mine and the coupled model has high accuracy, good applicability and discriminant ability, and has certain guiding significance for the prevention and control of water damage and the related field work.

This paper presents a comparison of different fault-current mitigation techniques used for adding an extra transformer to an existing substation whose fault-current level is close to nominal. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the net increase in substation loading capability provided by each technique while taking into account apparatus and system planning constraints. Operation under unusual peak loading conditions is investigated in terms of maximizing the use of substation assets. A graphical method based on linear programming is introduced to simplify the comparison of the techniques studied based on conventional passive technologies. The main strengths of the method are its ability to assess all techniques with a single general formulation and its possible generalization to complex problems. This paper shows that the avoided cost for reconfiguring a network and balancing the loads on the substation transformers could potentially justify more expensive techniques. Index Terms--Fault-current limiters (FCL), fault currents, planning, short-circuit currents, substations, transformers.

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• A graphical technique for visualising CO 2 emissions reduction. • CO 2 emissions reduction procedure for multi-product plants. • CO 2 emissions of shared and dedicated facilities are analysed. • Different strategies for CO 2 emissions reduction are proposed. Carbon dioxide emissions reduction has been a common trend for many industrial processes in recent years. However, few analytical tools have been developed for visualising CO 2 emissions reduction and supporting decisions at the enterprise level. A graphical technique known as Carbon Emission Composite Curves was developed previously, but was limited to the production of single product. In this work, the CO 2 emissions reduction procedure is focused and extended to multi-product plants, in which CO 2 emissions of shared and dedicated facilities of the production line are analysed. For cases where the carbon intensity of shared facilities is higher than that of the dedicated facilities, CO 2 emissions reduction should focus on the shared facilities, before efforts are put forward for the dedicated facilities. In contrast, when the carbon intensity of dedicated facilities is higher than that of the shared facilities, it is necessary to explore ways to reduce CO 2 emissions of the dedicated facilities. Two case studies are used to illustrate the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]