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Layered materials are taking centre stage in the ever-increasing research effort to develop material platforms for quantum technologies. We are at the dawn of the era of layered quantum materials. Their optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties make them attractive for most aspects of this global pursuit. Layered materials have already shown potential as scalable components, including quantum light sources, photon detectors and nanoscale sensors, and have enabled research of new phases of matter within the broader field of quantum simulations. In this Review we discuss opportunities and challenges faced by layered materials within the landscape of material platforms for quantum technologies. In particular, we focus on applications that rely on light-matter interfaces., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Despite the nearly ubiquitous expression of telomerase in almost all types of malignant human tumors, studies have shown widely varying positivity in the highest-grade glioma, the glioblastomas (GBMs), ranging from 26% to 100% of tumors analyzed. We have previously shown significant variability in positive versus negative telomerase expression from region to region within the same GBM. In this study, we hypothesized that application of new quantitative methodology would extend our previous observations and identify whether there is heterogeneity in levels of protein expression even within areas positive for telomerase in high-grade gliomas. Finally, we sought to correlate quantitative telomerase expression with patient outcome and therapeutic response. Quantitative analysis was achieved by polymerase chain-based TRAP assay with phosphorimager analysis and compared with clinical information obtained from 19 patients, most with primary, untreated GBMs. Results showed up to 3-fold variability in telomerase levels across multiple regional samples from the same patient, as well as between patients. In 5 of 6 patients with recurrent tumors who had received intervening radiation therapy or chemotherapy, telomerase was downregulated in the second, post-therapy sample. These data provide in vivo corroboration of recent in vitro experiments showing telomerase downregulation after radiation therapy or chemotherapy treatment of cell lines. Our finding of variability in levels of telomerase expression in GBMs parallels the known heterogeneity of these tumors for histologic features and cell growth-related factors. Statistical analysis showed no relationship between TRAP score and either time to clinical progression or time to death.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a difference in latency of the peroneus longus muscle at varying amplitudes of ankle inversion perturbation and between individuals with and without a history of ankle injury. Thirty-four male athletes from different football codes (soccer, rugby) received four random tilts to their left ankles at 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees in the frontal plane on a dual platform trap door. Peroneal latency was defined as the time difference between onset of the trap door movement, as detected by an accelerometer, and the onset of muscle activation above a resting baseline, as recorded using surface electromyography. Latency was determined using an algorithm. A series of repeated measures analyses of variance indicated that the latency was reliable between trials. There was no statistical evidence that history of injury or subjective ankle instability influenced the latency; however, there was a systematic difference between dominant and nondominant legs (dominant, 6.3 ms faster), and there was a small systematic effect (3 ms) for the angle of inversion perturbation. Muscle latency responses in male football players are thought to be influenced more by dominance than by history of injury or amplitude of perturbation.

Aims: To investigate the relation between somatotype, performance characteristics, and the incidence of injury during the Australian Netball Championships.Method: Two hundred and forty high performance netball players competed at the Australian Netball Championships in which 213 (89%) were measured using the Heath-Carter somatotype scale. During these championships, in conjunction with the injury assessments, data analysis included a three factor analysis of variance (level of competition, playing position, and injury) for the dependent somatotype variables (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectopmorphy), and the level of significance was set at 0.05.Results: For the three dependent somatotype variables, there were no main effects between endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy), and the level of significance was set at 0.05.Results: For the three dependent somatotype variables, there were no main effects between endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy and the incidence of injury. However, for the mesomorphy and ectomorphy variables, significant main effects for the playing position were found. No main effects existed between the somatotype variables and levels of competition.Conclusion: The somatotype variables did not influence the incidence of injury, but mesomorphy and ectomorphy did influence the different playing positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic ankle injury is a frequent clinical presentation. Ankle taping is commonly used in the prophylaxis of sprains and as an adjunct during rehabilitation of ankle injury. The mechanisms behind taping remain unclear however, one possible mechanism is improved proprioception and peroneal reflex responses. This study investigated the peroneal reflex response to rapid inversion (using a trapdoor) with different taping protocols. The dominant leg of 31 healthy subjects was tested in three conditions: no taping; simple prophylactic taping;and circumferential leg taping. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed no statistically significant effect across conditions or trials. The results suggest that neurophysiological responses to sudden inversion are not altered by mechanical or sensory input from taping in normal subjects.

The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of peroneal latency between trials and to compare the right and left sides in healthy subjects. A dual platform trapdoor was constructed to tilt the right or the left ankle by 30 degrees in the frontal plane. Electromyography recorded the onset of peroneal activity in response to this perturbation, and an accelerometer detected the onset of trapdoor movement. Peroneal latency was determined algorithmically as the time difference between the onset of trapdoor movement and the onset of peroneal activity. Twenty trials were recorded from 31 right leg dominant, healthy subjects. Peroneal latency was measured successfully for 613 trials (99% success rate). A repeated measures analysis of variance showed a main effect for side with the right, dominant side recording a longer latency. Intertrial reliability of the peroneal latency was high (intraclass correlation coefficients for the right and left legs were .91 and .82, respectively). Thus, peroneal latency is a reliable measure of the polysynaptic reflex ares involved in the response of these muscles to a sudden inversion stress.

This study examined the use of Universal Precautions in the management of bleeding sports injuries. A survey was used which asked questions on: demographics, hepatitis B vaccination, first aid practices and frequency of blood contact. The national sample consisted of 1800 Australian Physiotherapy Association National Sports Physiotherapy Group members. The response rate was 29.2 per cent. Eighty-five per cent of physiotherapists were exposed to bleeding injuries. The use of rubber gloves in the treatment of bleeding injuries was low (47 per cent using them always/frequently). Only 60 per cent disposed of sharp instruments appropriately. Eighty per cent reported being immunised against hepatitis B. Experience was strongly associated with appropriate first aid practices. The study suggests that physiotherapists in sport are not consistently adhering to Universal Precautions.

Context: Excessive dynamic lower limb misalignment may predispose ballet dancers to jump-related injuries. However, it is unknown whether proximal and distal factors influence this movement pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hip abduction strength, foot alignment, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) are associated with peak angles of hip adduction and internal rotation and knee abduction during the preparation and landing phases of a classical ballet jump. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-one healthy amateur ballet dancers were included. Hip abduction strength was evaluated isometrically using a handheld dynamometer, foot alignment was determined by the shank-forefoot alignment, and weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion ROM was measured by performing the lunge test. Peak hip and knee angles were analyzed 3-dimensionally during the preparation and landing phases of a single-leg jump. A Pearson correlation matrix was used to investigate the association of hip abduction strength, shank-forefoot alignment, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM with peak angles of hip adduction and internal rotation and knee abduction during the preparation and landing phases of the jump. Results: Greater hip abduction strength was associated with greater peak hip internal rotation angle (r =.43, P <.05), but not with peak hip adduction and knee abduction angles during the preparation phase of the jump. There were no associations of shank-forefoot alignment and ankle dorsiflexion ROM with peak hip and knee angles during the preparation (r = −.23 to.36, P >.05) and landing (r = −.20 to.24, P >.05) phases of the jump. There was no association of hip abduction strength with peak hip and knee angles during the landing phase of the jump (r = −.28 to.16, P >.05). Conclusion: Hip abductors strengthening, correction of foot misalignments, and increasing ankle dorsiflexion ROM may not prevent excessive hip and knee movements during a classical ballet single-leg jump in amateur dancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In assessing the foot types and lower limb injuries of elite netball players, the following summary seems warranted. Ninety percent of elite female netball players had symmetrical foot types for both feet and these players had experienced at least one lower limb injury. Only 7.6% players (N = 16) of the 204 players surveyed had never sustained a lower limb injury during their netball careers. Regardless of foot type, the injury history of these elite netball players presented with a total number of 449 injuries that occurred to both ankle joints (36%), one ankle joint (16%), both knee joints (6%), one knee joint (13%), shin soreness (18%), and retropatellar pain problems (11%). On further inspection, 55% of players experienced one to two lower limb injuries throughout their netball careers. Injured players showed that players with the pronating foot types with rearfoot abnormalities (57%) were the most commonly injured and that compensated rearfoot varus foot type presented the most lower limb injuries for all body sites.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between lower limb and back injuries with perceived landing patterns and podiatric variables for injured and uninjured elite netball players. 228 players of a possible 240 participants at the 1988 Australian netball championships completed injury questionnaires and were assessed for injury status. Approximately 92% of those who were part of the injury surveys were also given a podiatric assessment. Pearson chi 2 and unpaired t-tests were used to assess relationships between injury status in 2 groups (history of injury, and injuries sustained during the championships) and perceived landing patterns during play and podiatric variables. A significant association was found between history of lower limb and back injuries and level of competition. Open age netballers reported more injuries than the younger players. During each championship, a similar number of players (23%) were injured irrespective of playing level. 71% of these players sustained a grade 1 injury, 15.4% a grade 2 injury and 13.5% presented with severe grade 3 injuries. 2 players were diagnosed with an anterior cruciate ligament injury and a further 3 players sustained a fracture during the championships. Most of the injuries were ligamentous (40.5%) with some overuse tendinitis (11.5%) problems. The injury history profiles of the elite players surveyed showed that ankle and knee injuries were the most common lower limb injuries with incidences of 58 and 22%, respectively. More than a quarter of the players had overuse type injuries (24% retropatellar pain, 38% shin soreness) and 33% complained of back problems during their careers. 18 significant relationships were found between injuries sustained during a player's career and podiatric measures. Only 22.5% of a player's foot types were classified as normal while 42% presented with rearfoot varus and 20% were grouped into pronated foot postures.

Female A-grade basketballers were examined for invertor and evertor muscle strength. Two test groups participated. The injured group were players who had persisting disability following ankle sprains. The control group were players who had never sustained an ankle sprain. Test apparatus was the Orthotron isokinetic dynamometer at contraction speed of 180° per second. Trends towards higher invertor and evertor strength in uninjured group when compared with the injured group found in the present study have been supported by one other report. Invertors were found to be significantly stronger than evertors in both injured and uninjured groups, with the exception of the dominant leg of the uninjured group. A significant weakness in non-dominant evertors of the uninjured group was detected. Dominance did not significantly alter strength differences in the invertor or evertor muscle groups within the uninjured population. The clinical importance of strengthening the peroneal muscles in ankle sprain rehabilitation is discussed, and further research considerations provided., (Copyright © 1991 Australian Physiotherapy Association. Published by . All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The Indian Himalayan forests are remarkable landforms experiencing tremendous climatic variation, constituting complex and diversified ecosystems with prominent vegetation zones. Despite their global significance and substantial research efforts focused on plant diversity in the temperate Himalayan region, only a few studies have explicitly assessed the distribution patterns of understory vegetation in relation to forest compositional types along altitudinal gradients. Methods: To cover a wide range of altitudes and diverse overstory compositions, stands were sampled across four altitudinal ranges from 1500 to 3500 meters above mean sea level with increments of 500 meters in elevation steps. The overstory compositions were classified on the basis of dominant tree species in each stand on the similar sites. Vegetation in the shrub and ground layers was surveyed by visually estimating the percentage coverage within circular plots. Results: A total of 99 understory species including 37 species each in the shrub layer, 62 species in the herb layer vegetation were recorded. The abundance, species diversity and composition of understory vegetation differed significantly along the altitudinal gradient and dominant overstory composition types. Moreover, distinct understory vegetation communities were observed at lower elevations compared to higher elevations, with middle elevations exhibiting intermediate vegetation characteristics. The study also highlighted the importance of dominant overstory composition types in shaping the pattern of understory vegetation abundance, species diversity and composition in the temperate Himalayan region. The higher resource conditions associated with broadleaved stands supported higher understory species abundance at lower elevations, while the heterogeneous conditions induced by the mixedwood stands promoted higher understory species diversity. Conclusion: The hump shaped pattern along the altitudinal gradient appeared to be the most dominant pattern of plant abundance and species diversity and call for more conservation concern towards the middle elevation zones in the temperate Himalayan region. Furthermore, the management interventions should aim at maintaining diverse range of overstory composition types for conserving biodiversity and their ecological functions in the temperate Himalayan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although exercise is the mainstay of treatment for neck pain (NP), uncertainty remains over optimal decision-making concerning who may benefit most from such, particularly in the long term. To identify the subgroup of patients with nonspecific NP most likely to benefit from stretching and muscle-performance exercises. This was a secondary analysis of treatment outcomes of 70 patients (10 of whom dropped out) with a primary complaint of nonspecific NP in one treatment arm of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. All patients performed the exercises, twice weekly for 6 weeks, and a home exercise program. Blinded outcome measurements were collected at baseline, after the 6-week program, and at a 6-month follow-up. Patients rated their perceived recovery on a 15-point global rating of change scale; a rating of "quite a bit better" (+5) or higher was defined as a successful outcome. Clinical predictor variables were developed via logistic regression analysis to classify patients with NP that may benefit from exercise-based treatment. NP duration since onset≤6 months, no cervicogenic headache, and shoulder protraction were independent predictor variables. The pretest probability of success was 47% after the 6-week intervention and 40% at the 6-month follow-up. The corresponding posttest probabilities of success for participants with all three variables were 86% and 71%, respectively; such participants were likely to recover. The clinical predictor variables developed in this study may identify patients with nonspecific NP likely to benefit most from stretching and muscle-performance exercises in the short and long terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we provide a macro-level historical perspective on the emergence of Budgetary Control as a discipline about 100 years ago. The classic book by James O. McKinsey on Budgetary Control is compared with more recent works critical of Budgetary Control. The purpose is to unravel the origins and emergence of Budgetary Control and provide a reflective perspective on one of the 20th century's most important and studied management ideas and practices. We find that the normative descriptions of Budgetary Control from 100 years ago are less different than those portrayed by the supporters of more recent ideas on management control, such as Beyond Budgeting. Ideas of delegation, dynamic resource allocation, and the importance of using numbers to support and enable managers share strong similarities. Nevertheless, there are certain differences, particularly regarding fixed versus relative targets. Our essay provides a more nuanced view of traditional Budgetary Control than as expressed in the contemporary rhetoric of ideas critical toward Budgetary Control. Since we base our work on desk research, its empirical foundation is not finite. Future research could, for example, draw on bibliometric methods to map a more detailed pattern of Budgetary Control's historical emergence. Given the rapid diffusion of ideas in present-day organizations, examining historical ideas and their contestants could be fruitful. Practitioners may benefit from this essay as we will suggest that new ideas and innovations may not be as game-changing as claimed by their instigators´ dramatic and even hyperbolic rhetoric. Organizations could benefit from a critical mind-set when considering and evaluating new concepts and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive cycle and spawning frequency of the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa in the northeastern Aegean Sea. Methods: The study covered a period of 12 months, beginning in October 2018 and concluding in September 2019. During this period, sea cucumber samples were collected monthly. Macroscopic and histological examinations of gonadal tubules were conducted to provide credible information for fishery management and aquaculture. Result: The sex ratio of the sampled population was 1:1.3, with 95 males and 130 females. The drained body weights at 50% maturity were 70.90 g for females and 70.80 g for males. The total length at 50% maturity was estimated at 18.58 cm for females and 18.05 cm for males. Gonad maturation was initiated in March and progressed to spawning stages between July and August. From September to February, the gonads were in postspawning and recovery stages. A strong linear correlation was determined between the gonad index and the seawater temperature in the area. Conclusion: The information provided is expected to improve stock management, enforce fishery regulations, and support controlled breeding programs. These measures aim to preserve the natural populations of Holothuria tubulosa and guarantee the long‐term viability of the species in the wild. Impact statementThe Holothuria tubulosa is the most abundant commercial sea cucumber species found in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Aegean Sea. This species plays an important ecological role in nutrient regeneration and surface sediment mineralization in the benthic zone; however, there is significant catch pressure on natural stocks. This study revealed the reproductive cycle of this Mediterranean Sea cucumber species, offering crucial data for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture. By understanding their breeding patterns, we can better manage wild populations and develop controlled breeding programs, ensuring the long‐term survival of the species and supporting healthy marine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Netball is a sport with a large participation base and a high risk of injuries. Effective injury prevention strategies are dependent upon a clear understanding of injury issues, aetiology and mechanisms, requiring robust research methodologies to ensure a reliable evidence base. This scoping review aims to identify the characteristics and range of netball injury research methodologies, to inform recommendations for future research. Methods: A systematic search of SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, from 1985 to May 2023 identified relevant studies. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed studies assessing injury incidence, aetiology and mechanisms in netball. Results: Following screening, 65 studies were included (68% descriptive epidemiology, 32% analytic epidemiology). Descriptive epidemiology reported data from hospital/clinic and insurance databases (57%) and netball competitions (43%). Only two studies used ongoing, systematic injury surveillance in netball cohorts, and significant heterogeneity existed in study designs, data collection methods, injury definitions and injury incidence rates calculations. Studies assessed a limited number of risk factors (descriptive competition studies: median: n = 4; analytic studies median: n = 6), with 76% using a simplistic reductionist approach to determine causality. Basic descriptions and retrospective recall of injury mechanisms reduced accuracy. Only two studies conducted comprehensive assessments of injury mechanisms using video-based methods. Conclusion: To establish an accurate netball injury evidence base, future research should prioritise the development of reliable, continuous surveillance systems. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement guidelines are recommended for accurate injury data collection and reporting. A multifactorial approach should be adopted to assess the complex interaction between multiple risk factors, player load and the injury inciting event. Comprehensive descriptions of injury mechanisms using video methods, alongside descriptions from medical staff are recommended. This information is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: cervicogenic headaches are common and are believed to be the cause of dysfunction in the upper cervical spine. The mobility and the position of the atlas have been identified as a cause of upper cervical dysfunction. The mobility of the atlas is entirely under the control of the suboccipital muscles. The oblique capitis inferior muscle has a rotatory effect on the atlas when contracted. This study evaluated the immediate effects of a dry needling electrical stimulation-induced contraction of the left oblique capitis inferior muscle on the position and mobility of the atlas in the atlantoaxial joint. Methods: thirty-one subjects participated in this within-subject repeated measure study design. Each subject underwent a pre-measures neck flexion rotation test, palpation of the atlas position, and measurement of the length of the right oblique capitis inferior muscle with musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging. The pre-measures were repeated after two five-second tetanic contractions of the oblique capitis inferior muscle. Results: post-intervention analysis revealed significant changes in the length of the right oblique capitis inferior muscle. This length change correlated with the palpated positional default position immediately after the intervention. Conclusions: two five-second tetanic contractions of the left oblique capitis inferior muscle immediately affected the position of the atlas in the atlantoaxial joint. In our subjects, 90% displayed a positional default in the left rotation, and this was correlated with a change in the neck flexion rotation test. This study supports the notion that suboccipital muscle tonicity can result in mobility dysfunction and, thus, conditions such as cervicogenic headaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a flow rate model for the screw feeder and optimizing discharge performance are crucial for achieving automated intelligent precision feeding. This study constructs a mass flow rate model for screw conveyors, considering the coupled structural parameters of the hopper and screw conveyor. The model is developed using single-factor tests and central composite design (CCD) response surface tests and is validated through actual discharge tests. Results indicate that the discharge rate in the hopper–screw conveyor system is primarily influenced by the screw conveyor itself. Among the structural parameters, the hopper inclination angle and the hopper discharge opening length significantly affect the filling coefficient. Validation tests show an average error of 6.8% between the predicted and simulated mass flow rates and 5.0% with the actual mass flow rate, demonstrating the model's high precision and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine organisms are vast sources of bioactive components, with holothorians, or sea cucumbers being one of these sources. Therefore, sea cucumber specimens were examined as a promising source of natural substances that can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor agents. Holothuria papillifera was collected from Zaafarana, Ras Ghareb, and Altur stations and employed as a biological weapon against some pathogens. H. papillifera extracts showed high activity as antibacterial extracts against Staph. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis (Gram+ve), Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram-ve). It also exhibited positive antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans and revealed moderate activity against liver cancer cells and a weak activity against breast cancer cells. Alternatively, H. papillifera crude extract has weak antiviral activity against CoxB4 and very weak antiviral efficacy against HAV (hepatitis A virus). Moreover, our results proved that H. papillifera extract had anti-inflammatory effects and exhibited antioxidant power. In conclusion, H. papillifera has broad antimicrobial activity against many pathogens, as well as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, among others. It is recommended to explain and characterize the composition of the bioactive compounds of H. papillifera to be included in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial inequalities persist in education, impacting various aspects, including language teaching. Traditional English language education has often favored standard English, inadvertently marginalizing non-native English speakers and users of diverse English varieties. This perpetuation of linguistic bias reinforces White hegemony within educational systems. This article contends that Global Englishes offers a promising approach to ameliorating racial inequalities in language education. It delves into the core principles of Global Englishes, scrutinizing linguistic, sociolinguistic, and sociocultural diversity and fluidity inherent in English use and its users in our globalized world. Furthermore, it explores how the Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT) framework can promote equality, emphasizing best practices for implementing GELT to address racial inequalities. Global Englishes advocates for a more adaptable view of language, liberating non-native speakers from native-speaker norms. Global Englishes places learner agency at the forefront, nurturing linguistic creativity, advocating for curricula that acknowledge multilingualism as the norm, and affirming learners' linguistic repertoires without reference to native norms. It also encourages a critical approach, analyzing the impact of prevailing standard language ideologies and White native-speakerism biases within learners' contexts. The article concludes by offering insights into future directions to address racial inequalities in education, emphasizing the importance of incorporating multiracial perspectives into educational frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Advanced Sport Technology is the property of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Counterforce bracing is considered to change the mechanical origin of the forearm extensors, thereby decreasing the force of internally generated muscle tension. A clinical study was conducted of 19 tennis players complaining of elbow pain. Seventeen had previously used some form of counterforce bracing for symptomatic pain relief. In those with symptomatic arms, no significant difference in grip strength with or without the brace was identified. Similarly, no significant differences were recorded in the non-symptomatic arms, with or without the brace There was also no significant difference between the symptomatic and non-symptomatic arms, when grip strength was compared with and without the brace. The frequent use of counterforce bracing suggests bracing may subjectively reduce symptoms of pain. However, the results of this study demonstrate that it has no effect on objective measures of grip strength., (Copyright © 1990 Australian Physiotherapy Association. Published by . All rights reserved.)

An abstract of the article "A Pilot Study to Investigate the Short-Term Effects of Specific Soft Tissue Massage on Upper Cervical Movement Impairment in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache" by Hopper D and Bajaj Y is presented.

Aims: The development of lumbar lordosis has been traditionally examined using angular measurements of the spine to reflect its shape. While studies agree regarding the increase in the angles during growth, the growth rate is understudied, and sexual dimorphism is debated. In this study, we used a novel method to estimate the shape of the lumbar curve (LC) using the landmark-based geometric morphometric method to explore changes in LC during growth, examine the effect of size and sex on LC shape, and examine the associations between angular measurements and shape., Methods: The study population included 258 children aged between 0 and 20 years (divided into five age groups) who underwent a CT scan between the years 2009 and 2019. The landmark-based geometric morphometric method was used to capture the LC shape in a sagittal view. Additionally, the lordosis was measured via Cobb and sacral slope angles. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were carried out to examine differences in shape between males and females and between the age groups., Results: The overall shape of the LC overlapped between males and females in most age groups, except for the nine- to 12-year age group. However, size did not affect LC shape. LC shape changed significantly during growth from straight to curved, reaching its mature shape earlier in females. This corresponded with the results obtained by the lordosis and sacral slope angles. A significant positive correlation was found between the LC shape and angles, although the angles demonstrated poor distinction between age groups, as opposed to the LC shape., Conclusion: New insights into LC shape development were achieved using the geometrical morphometric method. The LC shape was sex-independent in most age groups. However, the LC reached its mature shape earlier in females than males. The method and data of this study are beneficial for future studies examining aetiological factors for spinal pathologies and maldevelopment., Competing Interests: H. May reports funding for this study from the Israel Science Foundation (#1116/16). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2025 Pelleg-Kallevag et al.)

Echinoderms exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies as adaptations to variable environments. The processes of gonadal development, germ cell differentiation, and spermatogenesis in echinoderms are crucial physiological processes that warrant further in-depth exploration. This review systematically summarizes research from early basic sciences to recent studies on male gonadal development and spermatogenesis, encompassing morphology, histology, physiology, cell biology, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. We introduce the structural and cellular similarities and differences among model or non-model organisms from five classes of echinoderms to provide insights for future comparative research between higher vertebrates and lower organisms. The regulatory systems involved in echinoderm spermatogenesis are described from various aspects including nutritional supply, environmental factors, neurological influences, endocrinological influences, and hormonal influences. This article aims to elucidate gonadal development and spermatogenesis in echinoderms-organisms at unique evolutionary nodes-providing valuable materials for studying adaptive evolution and developmental biology. Additionally, a comprehensive summary of characterized genes and gene markers associated with testes development and spermatogenesis is provided as useful information for future systematic studies on cell subpopulations. Future studies can focus on molecular changes associated with chromatin remodeling during germ cell development, cellular differentiation, and intercellular communication mediated by receptor-ligand interactions, to further our understanding of biological processes and regulatory networks involved in echinoderm gonadal development and spermatogenesis., (© 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: Women with or at risk of hereditary breast- and ovarian cancer (HBOC) often live a surveillance-focused life from young adulthood. As they navigate a life of heightened medical vigilance, or a "cancer surveillance life," we explore how women with HBOC, as well as their partners and families, experience this particular kind of living through a thorough literature review of existing qualitative research., Methods: We performed Boolean searches in PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, PSYCHinfo, Scopus, and Web of Science from April-May 2022, identifying 506 relevant articles. After eliminating duplicates and quantitative studies, we systematically analyzed 53 articles. Articles examining all aspects of living with HBOC were eligible for inclusion. Following quality assessment by a verified appraisal tool, 28 articles were included in this review. We undertook an "a-lines-of-argument synthesis," and identified key similarities across studies to highlight generalizable aspects of living with HBOC., Results: We discovered five central themes which capture the ambivalences experienced by women living with HBOC: (1) an unresolved balancing act regarding genetic testing (2) burdens of relaying genetic information within the family (3) experienced risk discrepancies (4) preservation of the self and: (5) unsettled reproductive feelings., Conclusions: Living with HBOC is filled with ambivalences, which are critical for decision making concerning disclosing risks to family members and children, choosing between risk-reducing surgeries or surveillance, and family planning. Healthcare professionals should be aware of these findings when counseling women and families with HBOC to provide the best support possible in navigating their unique kind of living., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background/Objectives: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is prevalent among physically active individuals, highlighting the need for innovative treatment strategies beyond conventional physiotherapy. This study investigates the effectiveness of integrating flossing band therapy with standard physiotherapy, anticipating improved outcomes in pain reduction, functional ability, and patient satisfaction. Methods: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial involved 50 PFPS-diagnosed participants. They were divided into two groups: Standard Physiotherapy Group (SPG) and Flossing Band and Physiotherapy Group (FBPG), each undergoing an 8-week intervention focusing on resistance training supplemented by respective therapies. Assessment metrics included pain (VAS), strength (Dynamometry), lower limb function (LEFS), and PFPS function (AKPS) measured before and after the intervention. Results: Significant enhancements in all outcome measures were noted for both groups, yet the FBPG exhibited notably superior improvements in pain, knee functionality, muscle strength, and lower extremity function. The FBPG demonstrated statistically significant greater efficacy in pain alleviation and strength enhancement. Conclusions: The addition of flossing band therapy to conventional physiotherapy presents a more effective treatment modality for PFPS, suggesting its potential to redefine therapeutic standards. Future studies should delve into the long-term impacts and mechanistic underpinnings of floss band therapy in PFPS management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones offer significant safety and security advantages by enhancing situational awareness across various fields. However, realizing these benefits hinges on well-designed drone systems. This study builds upon previous research on drone deployment challenges and proposes the Drone Safety and Security Surveillance System (D4S). D4S aims to standardize similar drone-based systems, enhancing situational awareness and supporting decision-making processes. While initially tailored for safety and security, D4S holds potential for broader applications. Two system architectures have been proposed and evaluated with positive feedback from safety and security professionals. D4S has the potential to revolutionize safety practices, improve situational awareness, and facilitate timely decision making in critical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) plays a crucial role in crop breeding improving the speed and precision of conventional breeding programmes by quickly and reliably identifying and selecting plants with desired traits. However, the efficacy of MAS depends on several prerequisites, with precise phenotyping being a key aspect of any plant breeding programme. Recent advancements in highthroughput remote phenotyping, facilitated by unmanned aerial vehicles coupled to machine learning, offer a non-destructive and efficient alternative to traditional, time-consuming, and labour-intensive methods. Furthermore, MAS relies on knowledge of marker-trait associations, commonly obtained through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), to understand complex traits such as drought tolerance, including yield components and phenology. However, GWAS has limitations that artificial intelligence (AI) has been shown to partially overcome. Additionally, AI and its explainable variants, which ensure transparency and interpretability, are increasingly being used as recognised problem-solving tools throughout the breeding process. Given these rapid technological advancements, this review provides an overview of state-of-theart methods and processes underlying each MAS, from phenotyping, genotyping and association analyses to the integration of explainable AI along the entire workflow. In this context, we specifically address the challenges and importance of breeding winter wheat for greater drought tolerance with stable yields, as regional droughts during critical developmental stages pose a threat to winter wheat production. Finally, we explore the transition from scientific progress to practical implementation and discuss ways to bridge the gap between cuttingedge developments and breeders, expediting MAS-based winter wheat breeding for drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks socialise and legitimise cultural norms, and therefore, learners' social worlds should find expression in their textbooks. In the study reported on here we examined how Grade 4 English First Additional Language and life skills textbooks reflected learner diversity in South African schools as manifested in their racial, gender, occupational, ability and geographical profiling in the textbooks. Content analysis was used to systematically identify instances of diversity representation in Grade 4 English First Additional Language and life skills textbooks. Quantitative content analysis accounted for the ubiquity of human characters' reflection in textbooks on the diversity variables in question. Qualitative analysis focused on the depiction of characters' gender roles. Quantitative data suggest that learners' social worlds were generally represented in the selected textbooks. However, males enjoyed greater visibility than females, and the visibility of disabled people was low. The 2 life skills and 1 English textbook portrayed both urban and rural settings. The qualitative analysis uncovered some gender stereotyping, where, for example, women were depicted in lower positions compared to men's high-paying vocations like judges, scientists, or doctors. Boys were depicted receiving prizes for their Matric achievements. Implications for publishers and writers commissioned to write textbooks include the need to consider representation of learner diversity in textbooks. The Department of Education should develop guidelines that promote such representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: The use of DN to the muscular trigger points and distal periosteal enthesis of the levator scapulae may be a useful adjunct intervention within a multi‐modal plan of care for the management of work‐related chronic tension‐type headaches associated with LSS. Chronic tension‐type headaches (CTTH) have a lifetime prevalence of 42% and account for more lost workdays than migraine headaches. Dry needling (DN) is being increasingly used by physical therapists in the management of CTTH; however, to date, the supporting evidence is limited. The purpose of this case report was to describe how three sessions of DN targeting myofascial trigger points in the levator scapulae (LS) muscle and its distal enthesis was used to treat a 63‐year‐old male patient who presented with work‐related CTTH associated with levator scapulae syndrome (LSS). The patient was treated for five visits over the course of 2 months. At discharge and 6‐month follow‐up, the patient reported full resolution of symptoms. Self‐report outcomes included the numeric pain rating scale and the Neck Disability Index. The use of DN to the LS muscle and its distal enthesis may be a valuable addition to a multi‐modal plan of care in the treatment of work‐related CTTH associated with LSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Netball is a popular sport worldwide, particularly for women. However, its nature puts players at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Purpose: To determine (1) the prevalence of ACL graft rupture and contralateral ACL (CACL) rupture in Australian female netballers after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and (2) the rate of return to sports (RTS) and psychological readiness. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A patient database identified 332 consecutive female netball players who underwent ACLR with hamstring tendon autografts performed by 2 surgeons between 2007 and 2015. Patients were retrospectively surveyed at a minimum of 7 years postoperatively—including details of a second ACL injury to either knee, RTS, and psychological readiness per the ACL–Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI) score. Multivariate regression assessed the association between selected variables and repeat ACL injury. Results: A total of 267 patients (80%) were included with a mean follow-up of 8.4 years (range, 7-15 years). ACL graft rupture and CACL rupture occurred in 11 (4%) and 27 (10%) patients, respectively, at 7 years postoperatively. The ACL graft had a survival rate of 99%, 97%, 97%, and 96% at 1, 2, 5, and 7 years after surgery, respectively. The native CACL had a survival rate of 100%, 99%, 94%, and 90% at 1, 2, 5, and 7 years, respectively. Adolescents had a 4.5 times greater hazard for ACL graft rupture (95% CI, 1.4-14.6; P =.014) and a 2.5 times greater hazard for CACL rupture (95% CI, 1.2-5.5; P =.021) compared with adults. CACL injury was also associated with a return to level 1—including jumping, hard pivoting, and cutting—sports (hazard ratio, 10.3 [95% CI, 1.4-77.1]; P =.023). Most (62%) participants returned to netball, with those with higher ACL-RSI scores more likely to RTS. Conclusion: The prevalence of repeat ACL injury was higher in the contralateral knee (10%) than the ACL-reconstructed knee (4%) at 7 years postoperatively. ACLR was a suitable option for female netballers who sustained an ACL rupture with low long-term rates of graft rupture. Repeat ACL injuries to either knee were more common in adolescents and those who returned to cutting and pivoting sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature studies have found that caregivers play a vital role in children's outdoor play activities. In view of the limitations and the low level of outdoor play (OP) of children in Chinese cities, the present study attempted to reveal the constraints of caregivers on children's OP based on the leisure constraints theory. Through two on-site questionnaire surveys distributed in Hefei, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to explore the constraint dimensions of caregivers on children's outdoor play (COP) and to test the adaptability of each in the leisure constraints theory. The study also evaluated the moderating effect of demographic, behavioral and preference variables in using public open spaces on these constraint dimensions. Results showed that: (1) There was a four-dimensional leisure constraint structure for caregivers' constraints on COP, namely "intra-personal," "inter-personal," "structure" and "safety;" (2) Demographics (e.g. age of caregiver, relationship with children, family structure, career, monthly income, etc.), behavioral and preference (e.g. type of site, ways of travel, frequency of visit, etc.) variables of the respondents showed significant differences in these four constraint dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial oxidation of dried cattle dung cannot achieve temperatures necessary for endothermic reduction reactions in autothermal gasification, because of lower fixed carbon (FC) content and higher volatility of feedstock. This study comprehends a simplified and viable allothermal gasification of cattle dung in an integrated system. Solar photovoltaic (PV) induced air gasification of dried cattle dung was carried out in a small-scale tubular furnace, equipped with controlled operating systems. Characterization of cattle dung showed that it had a higher heating value (HHV) of 16 ± 0.01 MJ/kg, volatile content of 63% ± 1%wt, and FC of 15 ± 1%wt. Gasification was performed at variable power supply levels (W) of the solar PV system and corresponding temperatures with varying air–fuel equivalence ratios (ER = 0.21–0.3). The optimal fractions of hydrogen (13.26 ± 0.95%), carbon monoxide (14.39 ± 1.2%), and methane (2.15 ± 0.5%) were achieved at 1100 W, 800 °C, and 0.26 ER. The HHV of syngas was 4.89 ± 0.4% MJ/Nm3 at optimal process conditions with an average yield of 2.20 ± 0.001 m3/kg. Based on the solid residue and thermal conversion efficiencies, 82.67 ± 1.2% of biomass was converted to syngas and 66.70 ± 2% of biomass energy was extracted through gasification. This research provides a firm and novel foundation for a long term, efficient and cost-effective hybrid gasification system capable of handling a wide range of high-volume biowaste feedstock, particularly cattle dung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a spatial angle measuring device based on ensemble diamond nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center optical detection magnetic resonance (ODMR). This device realizes solid-state all-optical wide-field vector magnetic field measurements for solving the angles of magnetic components in space. The system uses diamond NV center magnetic microscope imaging to obtain magnetic vector distribution and calculates the spatial angles of magnetic components based on the magnetic vector distribution. Utilizing magnetism for angle measuring enables non-contact measuring, reduces the impact on the object being measured, and ensures measurement precision and accuracy. Finally, the accuracy of the system is verified by comparing the measurement results with the set values of the angle displacement platform. The results show that the measurement error of the yaw angle of the system is 1°, and the pitch angle and roll angle are 1.5°. The experimental results are in good agreement with the expected results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of cold have long been recognized in sport and medicine. However, it also brings costs, which have more rarely been investigated, notably in terms of sensorimotor control. We hypothesized that, in addition to peripheral effects, cold slows down the processing of proprioceptive cues, which has an impact on both feedback and feedforward control. We therefore compared the performances of participants whose right arm had been immersed in either cold water (arm temperature: 14°C) or lukewarm water (arm temperature: 34°C). In experiment 1, we administered a Fitts's pointing task and performed a kinematic analysis to determine whether sensorimotor control processes were affected by the cold. Results revealed 1) modifications in late kinematic parameters, suggesting changes in the use of proprioceptive feedback, and 2) modifications in early kinematic parameters, suggesting changes in action representations and/or feedforward processes. To explore our hypothesis further, we ran a second experiment in which no physical movement was involved, and thus no peripheral effects. Participants were administrated a hand laterality task, known to involve implicit motor imagery and assess the internal representation of the hand. They were shown left- and right-hand images randomly displayed in different orientations in the picture plane and had to identify as quickly and as accurately as possible whether each image was of the left hand or the right hand. Results revealed slower responses and more errors when participants had to mentally rotate the cooled hand in the extreme orientation of 160°, further suggesting the impact of cold on action representations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We investigated how arm cooling modulates sensorimotor representations and sensorimotor control. Arm cooling induced changes in early kinematic parameters of pointing, suggesting an impact on feedforward processes or hand representation. Arm cooling induced changes in late kinematic parameters of pointing, suggesting an impact on feedback processes. Arm cooling also affected performance on a hand laterality task, suggesting that action representations were modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some bandages with Kinesiotape have demonstrated some potential as means of prevention for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury in men. Objective: The main objective of this pilot study was to observe if a Kinesiotape bandage at the knee could potentially have an immediate preventive effect against ACL injuries by improving proprioception and balance and reducing knee valgus and anterior translation of the tibia during certain functional tests in female athletes. Materials and Methods: A cross-over clinical trial including 10 female athletes (football and rugby) was conducted, where the two lower limbs of the 10 participants (n = 20) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) or to the control group (CG). A Kinesiotape bandage was placed on one knee with a tension of 75% (IG, n = 10) and another bandage on the other knee with a tension of 10% (CG, n = 10), as a placebo. Ultrasound assessment and functional tests were performed before (T1) and after (T2) bandaging according to group assignment. A videographic analysis was carried out with the ImageJ Software version 2.0. Results: A statistically significant reduction in knee valgus was observed in the Lateral Step Down test in the IG, compared to the CG (p < 0.05; η2p = 0.26) (IG-T1: 151.40 ± 11.04°; IG-T2: 157.10 ± 10.18°; versus CG-T1: 156.96 ± 5.44°; CG-T2: 158.68 ± 6.12°). In the other tests, no significant differences were found in terms of time × group interaction. Conclusions: A Kinesiotape bandage was able to reduce knee valgus in a functional test compared to a placebo bandage but was not more effective at reducing the anterior translation of the tibia or improving balance or proprioception. Based on these results, it could have a modest preventive effect against an ACL injury in female athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazaras are a newly emerging community in Australia and limited research has explored their mental health. The first aim of this study was to explore levels of psychological distress and subjective well-being reported by Hazaras in Australia, and whether scores on psychosocial variables (self-compassion, self-coldness, acculturation, resilience, spirituality), psychological distress and domains of subjective well-being differed by sociodemographic groups. The second aim had two parts: (a) to examine bivariate relationships between the psychosocial variables, psychological distress and subjective well-being; and (b) to examine whether the psychosocial predictor variables independently contributed to subjective well-being and psychological distress when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Seventy-two Hazaras (58 men and 14 women), with a mean age of 28.82 years (SD = 8.84) and average length of time residing in Australia of 10.17 years (SD = 4.11), completed an online survey. There were sociodemographic differences in relation to key variables of interest; for example, participants who did not have family members in Australia reported lower levels of global life satisfaction. Moderate negative relationships were found between self-compassion and psychological distress and between self-coldness and subjective well-being. Self-coldness, self-compassion, resilience and acculturation contributed uniquely to psychological distress and subjective well-being when controlling for sociodemographic variables. Although migration programmes that provide permanent residency and allow family members to join refugees in Australia are limited, they appear important. Many of the difficulties facing Hazaras are ongoing, external and beyond their control (e.g. visa status); however, there is a possibility that self-compassion can play a role as a protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of peloid therapy and kinesiotaping for unilateral plantar fasciitis (PF). Patients and methods: In the randomized controlled study, a total of 114 patients (89 females, 25 males; mean age: 45.1±8.3 years; range, 27 to 65 years) diagnosed with unilateral PF between January 2021 and March 2023 were randomly divided into three equal groups: the peloid group (peloid therapy and home-based exercise + heel pad), the kinesiotaping group (kinesiotaping and home-based exercise + heel pad), and the control group (home-based exercise + heel pad). Peloid therapy was performed over two weeks for a total of 10 sessions. Kinesiotaping was applied four times over two weeks. Plantar fascia, calf, and Achilles stretching exercises and foot strengthening exercises were performed, and prefabricated silicone heel insoles were used daily for six weeks. Patients were evaluated three times with clinical assessment scales for pain, the Heel Tenderness Index, and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score before treatment, at the end of treatment, and in the first month after treatment. Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed for all parameters at the end of treatment and in the first month after treatment compared to the baseline in every group (p<0.001). No superiority was found between the groups. Conclusion: Peloid therapy or kinesiotaping, given as adjuncts to home-based exercise therapy and shoe insoles in patients with unilateral PF, did not result in additional benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is ample evidence supporting the use of different manipulative therapy techniques for Cervicogenic Headache (CgH). However, no technique can be singled as the best available treatment for patients with CgH. Therefore, the objective of the study is to find and compare the clinical effects of cervical spine over thoracic spine manipulation and conventional physiotherapy in patients with CgH. Design, setting, and participants: It is a prospective, randomized controlled study conducted between July 2020 and January 2023 at the University hospital. N = 96 eligible patients with CgH were selected based on selection criteria and they were divided into cervical spine manipulation (CSM; n = 32), thoracic spine manipulation (TSM; n = 32) and conventional physiotherapy (CPT; n = 32) groups, and received the respective treatment for four weeks. Primary (CgH frequency) and secondary CgH pain intensity, CgH disability, neck pain frequency, neck pain intensity, neck pain threshold, cervical flexion rotation test (CFRT), neck disability index (NDI) and quality of life (QoL) scores were measured. The effects of treatment at various intervals were analyzed using a 3 × 4 linear mixed model analysis (LMM), with treatment group (cervical spine manipulation, thoracic spine manipulation, and conventional physiotherapy) and time intervals (baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months), and the statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: The reports of the CSM, TSM and CPT groups were compared between the groups. Four weeks following treatment CSM group showed more significant changes in primary (CgH frequency) and secondary (CgH pain intensity, CgH disability, neck pain frequency, pain intensity, pain threshold, CFRT, NDI and QoL) than the TSM and CPT groups (p = 0.001). The same gradual improvement was seen in the CSM group when compared to TSM and CPT groups (p = 0.001) in the above variables at 8 weeks and 6 months follow-up. Conclusion: The reports of the current randomized clinical study found that CSM resulted in significantly better improvements in pain parameters (intensity, frequency and threshold) functional disability and quality of life in patients with CgH than thoracic spine manipulation and conventional physiotherapy. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration:CTRI/2020/06/026092 trial was registered prospectively on 24/06/2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]