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The article discusses the neoconservative foreign policy and the New International Economic Order (NIEO) established in 1974 by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly. Topics explored include the reform of postwar economic order proposed by Third World representatives, the way neoconservatives acknowledged the revolutionary threat associated with NIEO with regard to the global power of the U.S., the conflict between then U.S. Ambassador to the UN Daniel Patrick Moynihan and U.S. State Secretary Henry Kissinger on NIEO policies, and the concerns raised by neoconservatives over U.S. foreign policies pertaining to the NIEO.

Regional integration in Asia has been considerably enhanced over the past 20 years or so. Whether integration helps Asian countries reduce their vulnerability to external shocks or is a channel for spreading external shocks remains an open question. This paper assesses the spillovers from US monetary policy shocks to Asian countries while taking into account country‐specific characteristics in explaining differences in timing and magnitude of responses across Asian countries. The results indicate that policy interest rates in Asian countries generally respond to innovations in the Fed rate in the same direction, but typically with a lag of one quarter. However, the size of the responses varies across Asian countries with respect to country‐specific characteristics. These results suggest that an independent monetary policy may not be feasible for an Asian developing country that adopts a pegged rate regime while being extensively integrated into the world economy. However, the hypothesis of the impossible trinity may not be relevant in the case of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the failure of traditional immigration controls, policymakers in the United States and Western Europe increasingly look to foreign aid to reduce migrant inflows. Some analysts expect assistance to improve living standards in source countries, thereby deterring residents from moving abroad. While this idea makes intuitive sense, research on aid and migration shows mixed results: some scholarly work supports aid-based migration policies, but other analyses suggest that aid actually enables migration by providing individuals with resources that facilitate movement across borders. We suggest that this tension in the literature reflects a failure to distinguish between different types of foreign aid. Drawing on recent work demonstrating the heterogeneous effects of various aid projects, we posit that governance aid should deter emigration by enhancing government capacity and alleviating political push factors; in contrast, economic and social aid should enable migration by increasing individuals' means and capabilities to move. We test our hypotheses on a panel of 101 developing countries spanning twenty-five years (1985–2010). We find that governance aid does reduce emigration rates from developing countries, while other types of aid appear not to affect migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint ventures predominate in business formats used by multinational corporations in developing countries. It is believed that joint ventures in these countries suffer more conflicts and performance problems than joint ventures in developed countries. However, there is little empirical research into understanding the nature of joint venture problems in less developed countries. Furthermore, what little research exists examines the issue from the perspective of the parent company at the expense of the local partner's point of view. The study reported here is intended to fill this void. Specifically, the study examines severity of various conflicts in Saudi-U.S. joint ventures operating in Saudi Arabia from the perspective of Saudi partners. Three critical sources of conflict are identified and analyzed in detail. The discussion concludes by recommending a dynamic approach to conflict management with a special emphasis on developing communication capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on technology as an important factor in the economic development of developing countries. The self-sufficiency of developing countries is posing a threat of the supremacy of the West, particularly that of the U.S. The role of technology in industrial development, creating employment and increasing trade has been explored by leaders of developing countries in the early 1970s. They wanted a minimum 25% increase in their output in manufactured goods of the world. Policy makers consider the fact that technology ultimately leads to economic development. The transfer of technology has affected the U.S. trade balance.

This article examines the budgetary process of the Confederate government, an aspect of the Confederacy generally ignored by Civil War historians. The budgetary process of the Confederacy resembled that employed by contemporary poor countries, and using a model of budgeting developed by Wildavsky, it is shown that the Confederacy's budgetary process should have been conflict-laden, as indeed it was. The Confederate budgetary process was repetitive in terms of both requests and appropriations, and since it lacked predictability, participants could not take their bearing from it. In addition to adding to our general knowledge about an important period of American history, this analysis describes how a budgetary process similar to the United States federal model operated under extreme pressure. Further, it gives an insight into the kinds of problems experienced by governments undergoing periods of development while experiencing extreme financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the functions of wholesaling in an economy of SCARCITY, the Turkish economy, in contrast to the functions of wholesaling in an economy of ABUNDANCE, the United States. The author compares the two systems, based on first-hand knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the history, goals, and aims of the U.S. foreign assistance program in 1968. The program began with the post-World War II Marshall plan to rebuild Western Europe. The U.S. AID budget was decreased ten percent in 1968 in response to escalating costs in the Vietnam War. Governments throughout the world have come to rely upon foreign financial assistance. However, the use of such funds lacks oversight in developing nations. The author suggests implementing strategies of direct aid to help build infrastructure and improve education.

This article analyzes United States food aid from 1981-2009, examining the primary donor motivations and the overall effects on the recipients. It notes the significant population growth in many of the recipient countries who have little, if any, economic development, and it asks whether United States food aid is contributing to this growth. It investigates whether the most food-scarce countries in the world can ever get out of poverty if their populations continue to outdistance their economic development and, in turn, undermine much of the foreign aid given to them. The analysis challenges Realist theory in its failure to address successfully the food aid issue and its results. This article builds upon previous studies, and it uses empirical evidence and OLS regression analysis to support its findings. It concludes with recommendations for future research and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The least developed countries rely on preferential market access. To benefit from these preferences, proof of sufficient transformation must be provided to customs in importing countries by meeting the rules of origin requirements. These rules of origin are complicated and burdensome to exporters in least developed countries. Since 2001, under the U.S. Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA), 22 African countries that export apparel to the United States have been able to use fabric of any origin (single transformation) and still meet the criterion for preferential access (the so-called Special Rule). In contrast, the EU has continued to require yarn to be woven into fabric and then made into apparel in the same country (double transformation). Panel estimates for the 1996–2004 period exploit this quasi-experimental change in the design of preferences. Estimates show that this simplification contributed to an increase in export volume of approximately 168 percent for the top seven beneficiaries, or approximately four times as much as the 44 percent growth effect from the initial preferential access under the AGOA without single transformation. This change in design was also important for diversity in apparel exports because the number of export varieties grew more rapidly under the AGOA special regime. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Brain drain is the phenomena where the most educated citizens of a country migrate to countries with better opportunities. This typically affects developing countries more negatively than developed countries. Given the close proximity to the US and the high standard of education of its citizens, Jamaica tends to be particularly hard hit by this brain drain. In this paper I examine intentions to migrate among skilled and educated Jamaicans. Specifically, I explore to what extent the composition of their personal network affects their decision to migrate. The data set consists of 62 university students, roughly half of who intended to migrate. Data were collected on 40 people that they knew, including information about social support provided by their social networks. The socioeconomic data about respondents did not predict intentions to migrate. However, students at Campion College, a prestigious high school linked to upper middle class status, were significantly more likely to express an interest in migration than students from other schools. Frequency of travel abroad was negatively related to intention to migrate for those that had traveled at least once. The proportion of network members that provided informational and career advice was significantly higher for those that intended to migrate. Implications of these findings for immigration policy in Jamaica and receiving countries are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on hunger and food security in the Global South and the Global North has often emphasized different factors and scales of analyses. Unlike newer monitoring systems in the Global South, which evolved substantially following critiques by Amartya Sen, US food security research has rarely combined the two dimensions of food availability and food access. Furthermore, this research has paid scant attention to household coping strategies. This study responds to this lacuna in US hunger research by developing a spatial model for predicting risk to food insecurity based on proxy measures for access (three demographic variables) and availability (grocery store density). The study then employs qualitative methodologies (surveys and semi-structured interviews) to understand household coping strategies in two ethnically distinct areas in Minneapolis-Saint Paul at risk to food insecurity. One neighborhood is dominated by Southeast Asian and East African immigrants and the other by African-Americans. This approach should allow for better targeting of food aid and programs that help alleviate food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers have long been interested in population and its interactions with Earth's natural systems. In recent decades it has become continually more apparent that steady population growth, coupled with increasing affluence, has wreaked havoc on many natural systems, has caused the decline and even extinction of many species of plants and animals that share the planet with us, has changed our global climate, and has exacerbated numerous other problems. Now populations in some countries, including Japan, Russia, and Germany are, or soon will be, starting to decline. This trend would seem to bode well for the planet, but the depopulation of some rich countries may be drowned out by the continuing wave of population growth in the United States and in many poor countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the economics of migrant remittances sent to developing countries. I review the overall magnitude of remittances and what current research reveals about the motivations for migrant remittances and what effects they have. I discuss field experimental evidence on migrant desires for control over the uses of their remittances. I highlight some key distinctive characteristics of remittances-such as their high frequency and relatively small individual magnitudes-as well as recent experimental evidence on the effect of reductions in remittance transaction fees, and outline a research agenda on the microeconomics of remittance decision making. Finally, I discuss what the future holds for remittances, considering aggregate trends but also approaches likely to be taken by international development agencies, national governments, the private sector, and academic economists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical business cycles, following Burns and Mitchell (1946), can be defined as the sequential pattern of expansions and contractions in aggregate economic activity. Recently, Harding and Pagan (2002, 2006) have provided an econometric toolkit for the analysis of these cycles, and this has resulted in a recent surge in researchers using these methods to analyze developing country business cycles. However, the existing literature consists of diminutive samples, and the majority of the studies fail to consider the statistical significance of the concordance statistics. To address this shortfall, this paper examines the business cycle characteristics and synchronicity for thirty-two developing countries. Furthermore, the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan are included. This provides benchmarks upon which to compare the characteristics of the developing country cycles and also to examine the degree of synchronization between developed and developing countries. Significantly, this research reveals that business cycles of developing countries are not, as previously believed, significantly shorter than those of the developed countries. However, the amplitude of both expansion and contraction phases tends to be greater in the developing countries. Furthermore, a clear relationship is exhibited between the timing of business cycle fluctuations and periods of significant regional crises, such as the Asian financial crisis. However, the more specific timing of the onset of these fluctuations appears to be determined by country-specific factors. Moreover, there are no clear patterns of concordance either within regions or between developed and developing country business cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009. The author addresses IMF policies, the IMF's attention to global imbalances, and its role in the adoption of surveillance activities prior to the financial crisis. She suggests several lessons to be learned by the IMF from the financial crisis, including the improvement of ways to assess countries' financial stability. Other topics include the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the IMF's Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR), and the economic conditions of emerging market economies (EMCs) and developing countries.

In this article the author discusses the problem of world hunger and suggests ways in which to solve it. The author challenges the United States and other developed countries to create a system of sustainable food security for the developing world. The article states that global trade negotiations, farm trade and subsidy reforms are essential goals in eradicating hunger. Among other issues the article examines climatic changes, such as global warming and an increase in greenhouse gas, and the impact that they have on agriculture.

Where does domestic policy leave off and foreign policy begin? I point out that many domestic policies have major repercussions for other countries, some of them of a kind that are conducive to violence if not outright warfare. My examples are the drug laws, which create huge incentives for foreign criminals as well as domestic ones; concerns about "global warming" which are likely to impoverish many poor countries or prevent them from advancing; and the penchant for extensive government intervention in the economy, which affects both directly and indirectly the progress of other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. We analyzed the relationship between physician migration from developing source countries to more developed host countries (brain drain) and the developmental and global health profiles of source countries. Methods. We used a cross-section of 141 countries that lost emigrating physicians to the 4 major destinations: the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. For each source country, we defined physician migration density as the number of migrant physicians per 1000 population practicing in any of the 4 major destination countries. Results. Source countries with better human resources for health, more economic and developmental progress, and better health status appear to lose proportionately more physicians than the more disadvantaged countries. Higher physician migration density is associated with higher current physician (r=0.42, P< .001), nurse (r=0.27, P=.001), and public health (r=0.48, P=.001) workforce densities and more medical schools (r=0.53, P<.001). Conclusions. Policymakers should realize that physician migration is positively related to better health systems and development in source countries. In view of the "train, retain, and sustain" perspective of public health workforce policies, physician retention should become even more important to countries growing richer, whereas poorer countries must invest more in training policies. (Am J Public Health. 2008;98:148-154. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095844) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the monetary imperialism in the U.S. He believes that the American government influences the financial organizations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to impose austerity on debtor economies, that causes unemployment ad a domestic fiscal crisis. According to the author, the American monetary imperialism is aimed at dismantling the regulatory and fiscal power of foreign governments and make them reliant of the Western suppliers.

The article investigates the transmission patterns of stock market movements between developed and emerging market economies by estimating a four-variable vector autoregression model. Economic fundamentals and trade links have been considered as possible determinants of differences in transmission patterns. Results of the impulse response functions and variance decompositions indicate that significant links exist between the stock markets of the U.S. and Mexico and weaker links between the markets of the U.S., Argentina, and Brazil. However, differences in the patterns of stock market responses are consistent with differences in trade flows. It has been found that the combined effect of emerging markets on the U.S. stock market has been a significant one. These findings can be linked to differences in the speed of information processing and to the institutional structure governing the market. It has been concluded that the transmission of stock market movements is in accord with underlying economic fundamentals rather than irrational contagion effects.

Presents a study which discussed the impact of a country's system of intellectual property protection to high-technology industries. Foreign investment attitudes of firms in the United States, Japanese and German; Model used in estimating the effects of the strength or weakness of intellectual property protection in developing countries on the amount of direct foreign investment there; Conclusion.

The article criticizes the inverted-U hypothesis, advanced by U.S. economist Simon Kuznets, that higher wealth will be predictive of lower income inequality. The inverted-U hypothesis is frequently used to explain the fact that in most less developed countries, income inequality initially goes up after development is introduced, but rebounds to even greater equality after industrialization takes hold. Such factors as unions, mass political movements, urbanism, and the like emerge to improve the condition of the poor, while unrestrained opportunities to win large fortunes diminish for the rich. However, this traditional national and international linear pattern of high mean income and low-income inequality gets reversed within U.S. counties. Constant degree of urbanization and region revealed that the importance of the development curve in predicting income inequality varies widely between the South and the non-South. Within the South an inverted-U curve does exist among urban and metropolitan counties where large-scale economic growth has been taking place. There is actual reversal within non-southern urban counties.

The article discusses about technical and financial assistance provided to less developed nations by the United States. From the early 1970's, American development assistance focused heavily on increasing agricultural production and promoting rural development. The article describes the demographic trends and changes in labor force characteristics in developing nations that will shape their development assistance needs during the next decade. It assesses the current scope of U.S. foreign aid programs in urban development.

On March 10, the U.S. approach to managing Third World debt took a dramatic turn, Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady acknowledged that "serious problems and impediments to a successful resolution of the debt crisis remain," and declared that "the path toward greater creditworthiness and a return to the markets for many debtor countries needs to involve debt reduction," The framework that Brady outlined in his speech is only a first step toward designing and implementing a more effective approach to dealing with the problem. Three general observations on what is right or wrong with the Brady initiative in its current form includes first, while the new approach contains a number of positive elements, the fundamental problem is the absence of a coordinator or a mediator to ensure that adequate debt reduction is provided in the most effective manner possible. Second, the major strength of the Brady initiative is the condition that only debtor nations pursuing sound policies under the IMF and World Bank programs should qualify for official support in receiving debt reduction. Finally, it is important to recognize that while there is now widespread agreement on the need for debt and debt service reduction, there are two different schools of thought on the rationale behind debt reduction.

This article presents an interview with Jeffrey D. Sachs, who is Professor of Economics at Harvard University and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. When asked about the Third World debt crisis, he replied that there is an air of complacency because a part of the crisis is actually over. Its that part which involves United States banks and the worry that some of the major banks might go under. While the creditor problem has receded, the other part of the crisis, the debtor problem still looms large. Over the last few years two things happened to save the banks. One, the debtor countries continued to pay interest and service their debt. Two for their part the banks have not made new loans and have had time to rebuild their capital. On the condition of the debtor countries, he stated that it has always been the second half of the creditor-debtor equation. The situation in many debtor countries is desperate. Their condition was never the central focus of the news accounts in the U.S. media. The media always focused on the banks. What is being seen today is a development crisis, not a banking crisis.

The U.S. is fast becoming the world's largest debtor country, plagued by an overvalued dollar, budget and trade deficits, and calls for protection. The disequilibria of the 1970s that spawned the LDC debt crisis are miniscule by comparison. How can the huge American trade deficit be corrected? What cure can be less a problem than this particular disease? And will the debt crisis of the less developed countries remain relatively quiescent? Will Latin America be able to avoid major social disruption if it experiences several more years of substandard growth? The contemporary focus on these key questions is fully understandable. In authors view, however, the issues they raise can only be diagnosed properly and lasting answers suggested meaningfully by stepping back to observe several related changes that appear to be evolving in the world economy. The oil shock of 1973 changed the structure of the world economy. The OPEC countries began to accumulate huge wealth, which they could not immediately employ at home. Most oil-importing countries moved into sizable trade deficit and needed large infusions of external capital. The commercial banks, with modest help from the International Monetary Fund and other official agents, stepped in with the famous recycling of petrodollars. The tenders, in fact, provided more funds than most "deficit countries" needed for current purposes, as indicated by widespread increases in national holdings of foreign-exchange reserves.