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The article discusses Scottish historian and philosopher David Hume, considering the modern case against him for plagiarism for his eighteenth century work "History of England." It considers how plagiarism was considered by British society during the long eighteenth century; explores the interrelationship between literature, history, and storytelling, and considers Hume as part of the Enlightenment. The author judges whether Hume should be considered guilty or innocent of plagiarism based on evidence provided.

The Forth Road Bridge has carried road traffic across the Forth estuary in Scotland, UK, since 1964. It was replaced in September 2017 by the Queensferry Crossing, the country's biggest infrastructure project in a generation. The outturn £1·34 billion replacement crossing project consists of a 2·7 km long cable-stayed bridge, associated connecting roads and junction improvements and a state-of-the art 22 km long intelligent transport system to manage traffic through the project corridor. This paper describes the project history, its development and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the shift in the economic direction in the 20th century in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the divisive changes in economic direction, corporatist interventions to stimulate aggregate demand, the Conservative Party's adaptation to the post-1945 mixed economy, related elements of economic management that influenced changes in economic direction after 1979 and a case study of the Scottish coalfields to show the changes in economic direction in the 1940s and 1980s.

This paper considers the intersection of Spiritual Motherhood, early childhood education and child welfare in early twentieth-century Edinburgh. Its focus is St Saviour's Child Garden (SSCG), which opened in the Canongate, in November 1906, part of the Free Kindergarten movement that emerged in Europe and North America in the late nineteenth century. The paper focuses on the SSCG's founder Lileen Hardy, in order to trace the development of this new approach to child welfare and women's work in Britain. It discusses her training at the Sesame House for Home-Life Training in London, her move to Edinburgh, and the network of predominantly women reformers, whose interests ranged from urban reform to medical welfare, she found there. It shows how this network facilitated the founding of the SSCG and discusses the form it took and Hardy's implementation of a modified form of Froebelian praxis. In so doing its concern is to show how Free Kindergarten forms part of a wider history of social welfare and urban reform as well as to the history of early childhood education, and to move attention away from the men usually associated with innovations in Scottish social reform like Patrick Geddes, and onto a group of women who created a women and child-centred proto-Welfare State in pre-First World War Edinburgh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the trade in recruiting of indentured servants and the kidnapping of children to supply that trade. He mentions the case of Peter Williamson who was kidnapped in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1743, the Aberdeen merchants who dealt in the servant trade, and the legal status of children in becoming indentured servants.

This article considers relationships between artisans and aristocrats on estates and elsewhere in Scotland during the long nineteenth century. It argues that the Scottish aristocracy, and women in particular, were distinctly preoccupied with the craft economy through schemes to promote employment but also due to attachments to 'romanticised' local and Celtic identities. Building in part on government initiatives and aristocratic office-holding as public officials and presidents of learned societies, but also sustained through personal interest and emotional investments, the craft economy and individual entrepreneurs were supported and encouraged. Patronage of and participation in public exhibitions of craftwork forms one strand of discussion and the role of hand-made objects in public gift-giving forms another. Tourism, which estates encouraged, sustained many areas of craft production with south-west Scotland and the highland counties providing examples. Widows who ran estates were involved in the development of artisan skills among local women, a convention that was further developed at the end of the century by the Home Industries movement, but also supported male artisans. Aristocrats, men and women, commonly engaged in craft practice as a form of escapist leisure that connected them to the land, to a sense of the past and to a small group of easily identified and sympathetic workers living on their estates. Artisans and workshop owners, particularly in rural areas, engage creatively in a patronage regime where elites held the upper hand and the impact on the craft economy of aristocratic support in its various forms was meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the reception of the works by German dramatist August von Kotzebue (1761–1819) in Scotland during the Enlightenment. It considers references to Kotzebue in the writings of Scottish physicist John Robison, a founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and author of "Proofs of a Conspiracy," as well as novelist Walter Scott's essay for Encyclopedia Britannica "Essay on the Drama."

The article discusses the political representation of the parliament and monarchy of Scotland in the early modern period, focusing on issues associated with elections, representation, and voting between 1603, when King James became ruler over Great Britain and Scotland and the 1707 Act of Union with Great Britain. Topics include political culture, political participation, religion and state, and civil wars.

The significance of the effort to reform the Court of Session in the early nineteenth century lies in the fact that it represented the first time Westminster had proposed to alter a key Scottish institution protected by the articles of the 1707 Act of Union. Scott as a Clerk of Session played a crucial role in the process, initially resisting reform and then undertaking to shape it. At the same time, his literary patriotism as Britain's best-selling poet was criticized by Britain's most famous cultural critic, Francis Jeffrey, a fellow member of the Faculty of Advocates. Jeffrey as editor of the Edinburgh Review wrote a controversial review of Scott's best-selling poem about the Battle of Flodden, Marmion, which accused Scott of being too ‘English’ in his treatment of this Scottish tragedy. And yet, more than Jeffrey, Scott was opposed to the Whig project of reforming Scottish law to make it more ‘constitutional’ or ‘English’. Using original documents held by the National Archives of Scotland, the Advocates Library, and the National Library of Scotland, this article examines Scott's role in making this controversy a matter of interest for both British literature and legal history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the discovery of an 18th century shipwreck near Drumbeg, North West of Scotland and presents the findings of the survey of the shipwreck site. Topics include the discovery of the shipwreck, the antiques found at the site which includes Naval Ordnance or cannons, the hull of the ship and the anchor recovered at the site. It presents an analysis of the ships construction period and the possible identification of the ship.

This article examines a new area of women's leisure; women's participation in work-related sport. The growth and development of industrial welfare in Scotland in the interwar period will be discussed. Within broader studies, Stephen Jones, Helen Jones and Melling have all indicated that there was a growth in industrial welfarism in Britain from the turn of the twentieth century. This development of welfarism, which included provision of educational classes, pensions and medical support, increasingly also encompassed a variety of sports and physical activities. By looking at case studies, developments in provision across a range of industries will be examined. This discussion will draw on a wide range of sources from a variety of women's employment, from factories to clerical positions and from the retail sector to the civil service. This article will examine the types of sporting opportunities open to women through their workplaces, including organised welfare schemes and independent employee-led activities. Moreover, it will explore working women's experiences of these activities and the ways in which they chose to participate in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the interrelationship of sport, community and industry in west Dunbartonshire during the period 1870–1900. During the early years of the Scottish Football Association (SFA)– the 1870s and 1880s – the county's main football clubs were amongst the SFA's most dominant, regularly challenging Glasgow's major clubs for supremacy in the Scottish Cup. These clubs were part of an industrial landscape, based as they were in shipbuilding and textile communities significantly comprised of Irish and Highland Scottish migrant populations. Local industrialists acted as patrons out of a paternalistic desire to mould the message of football. Their attempts were nevertheless undermined by the existence of professionalism in the game, which in turn encouraged an alternate method of social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyses the case of Hinton v Donaldson (1773) in which the judges of the Scottish Court of Session refused to follow their English brethren in recognizing an author's right of property outside the Statute of Anne (1710). The decision must be understood against the background of distinct notions of common law and equity in Scots law, drawn from the Natural law tradition of the European jus commune. At the same time the decision reveals developing strands of Enlightenment thought and concepts of the judicial role in relation to legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Memoirs of a Highland Lady" by Elizabeth Grant, focusing on how the book highlights changes to the British postal system during the 19th century. Other topics include the division between manuscript and print during the 19th century, the role of the postal service in circulating manuscripts and publications, and how the memoir depicts the transitions in Scottish life during Grant's lifetime.

The article presents an historical overview of the emergence of birth control clinics throughout Scotland from 1926 to the outbreak of World War II, noting its distinctions from trends of larger Great Britain. Topics addressed include the legal and administrative context surrounding their establishment, the dynamics between clinics and their support by individuals, voluntary organizations, and local governing bodies, and the role of Scottish religious views on birth control within the period.

This article presents an exploration into the history of the practice of law in Scotland during the 18th-century, providing the context behind the British Stamp Duty Act of 1785 during the administration of Prime Minister William Pitt. Details are given describing how Pitt planned and executed the taxation scheme, the response of Scottish lawyers against the measures, and the general conditions of practicing legal professionals during the period.

Charles I summoned his Scottish estates three times before the Scottish revolution of 1638: in 1625, 1630 and 1633. This article examines the convention of estates of 1630, held one year after Charles had suspended his English parliament. Members of the convention agreed to renew the regular parliamentary taxation (though they refused to vote it for a longer period) and proved surprisingly co-operative over Charles's controversial revocation. However, there was a major explosion of opposition on religious grounds. Two presbyterian petitions attempted to sabotage the enforcement of the five articles of Perth, the crown's flagship liturgical policy; the petitions seemed likely to attract the support of a majority of the estates but were suppressed by high-handed government action. A resolution by the estates against the five articles of Perth might have had a similar effect to the House of Commons' resolutions of 1629 that led to the suspension of the English parliament. The article examines what is known about the dissidents and argues that continuity can be identified both with previous opponents of royal policy (notably in 1621) and with subsequent support for the National Covenant after 1638. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented in which the authors discuss the 2014 Scottish Referendum on independence from Great Britain in relation to the commemorations of the Battle of Bannockburn, Scotland in 1314 and the beginning of World War I in 1914. They explore why Bannockburn is related to Scottish nationalism and examine how national identity shifted towards Great Britain during the Great War.

This paper traces the key periods, players and events which have contributed to the shaping of the current landscape of teacher education in Scotland. Starting with the Wheatley Report and the formation of the General Teaching Council (Scotland) in the 1960s through to the most recent Donaldson Review of Teacher Education, we examine ebb and flow amongst GTCS, government, colleges of education and universities. Following its own trajectory, Scottish Education resisted and rejected policies emanating from an ‘English’ ideology, capitalised on respect for and influence of the GTCS, and successfully moved teacher education’s base from autonomous colleges to high-status universities. At the core of teacher education in Scotland is the continuing desire for partnership-working amongst key stakeholders: local and national government, GTCS, schools, teacher education institutions, teaching unions, parents and pupils. A teaching profession of trained graduates, underpinned by university-led subject study, is now moving steadily towards Masters-level professional learning for all. Although having faced some troubled episodes, this period has also been characterised by remarkable stability and consensus and, although still tackling the improvement agenda suggested by the recent Donaldson review, teacher education in Scotland has retained a high degree of public and political trust. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There are two competing accounts for explaining Britain's technological transformation during the Industrial Revolution. One sees it as the inevitable outcome of a largely exogenous increase in the supply of new ideas and ways of thinking. The other sees it as a demand side response to economic incentives--that in Britain, it paid to invent the technology of the Industrial Revolution. However, this second interpretation relies on the assumption that inventors were sufficiently responsive to new commercial opportunities. This paper tests this assumption, using a new dataset of Scottish and Irish patents. It finds that the propensity of inventors to extend patent protection into Scotland and/or Ireland was indeed closely correlated with the relative market opportunity of the patented invention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1760 and 1820 Paisley in the west of Scotland was a pioneering industrial community based on the textile industry. Most of the labour force consisted of well-paid, highly skilled handloom weavers who were able to support both reading societies and a subscription library. Associational activity was widespread among both the working and middle classes, and libraries formed part of this movement. Additionally, the town was a major centre of provincial publishing, and the town's printers were pioneers of provincial serial publication. There were several circulating libraries and a middle-class subscription library, the Paisley Library Society, founded by the town's civic leaders in 1802. It formed an administrative model which was copied by the Trades Library, founded in 1806, and the church libraries founded soon after. Paisley, fuelled by the Evangelical Revival, was one of the first towns in Scotland to develop church libraries and also libraries aimed primarily at children. Libraries attracted the support of local community activists, who were often involved in more than one type of library. After 1820 activity declined as handloom weaving was replaced by machinery and attention turned to mechanics' institutes and eventually to a rate-supported solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses analysis of interview transcripts and notes from participant observation to explore white reactions to the introduction of diversity management in a large public sector workplace in Glasgow. The paper analyses white talk about racial equality in a social context where the shaming, exclusion and demonization of disadvantaged groups including migrants, asylum seekers and the poor have ensured that issues of entitlement and race are highly charged. It is suggested that in such contexts diversity management is being wielded as a new kind of civility by middle-class people invested in the objectification of poor whites. This represents a form of class conflict over belonging within the body of whiteness that risks reinforcing rather than redressing racial resentments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate about Scottish independence raises questions about church-state relations and religious establishment in Scotland as well as about national identity. This article surveys and summarises attitudes in the Church of Scotland on these subjects over the 450 years since the Scottish Reformation. It identifies and explores several key themes, notably the spiritual independence of the church and national recognition of religion. They were hotly debated topics during the reign of King James VI, enshrined in law in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution and prompted the use of the royal veto by Queen Victoria. The Articles Declaratory of the Church of Scotland, embodied in the Church of Scotland Act of 1921, which provide a unique definition of church establishment, will have to be renegotiated in the event of Scottish independence. There are competing views within the Kirk about the constitutional position of Christianity and more specifically of the Church of Scotland in an independent Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scottish Committee on the History of Parliament was established in 1936 as an offshoot of Col. Josiah Wedgwood's scheme for a collaborative 'history of parliament' researched and written on biographical lines. Circumstances, however, determined that the Scottish history would take a separate path. When Wedgwood's scheme was revived in 1951 an unsuccessful attempt was made to reintegrate the two projects. Discussions between the respective managing committees were conflicted and often bad-tempered, focussing on different interpretations of the nature of the united parliament created in 1707. The Scottish committee insisted that it was a new constitutional entity, while the English saw it as a continuation of the Westminster parliament with Scottish MPs added. This story of mutual incomprehension illustrates the profound differences between Scottish and English academics in the writing of parliamentary history, and also reveals a hitherto unobserved element in the development among leading Scottish jurists of a strain of 'legal nationalism' based on their interpretation of the constitutional significance of the Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipowners' seemingly slow adoption of marine compound engines is often attributed to not appreciating the new technology's superior economy. This article argues that this slow adoption needs to be understood alongside the challenges faced by engine builders in persuading skeptical shipowners and practical engineers that their designs were trustworthy. It explores the rich cultural contexts within which Glasgow master engineer John Elder and his associates rendered their marine compound engines credible for Liverpool's Pacific Steam Navigation Company, the first line to deploy the new engine. Elder operated within a culture whose hallmarks were useful work, economy, and the power of direct witnessing. The article also explores the role of William McNaught, an independent consultant with a strong track record as both a practical engineer and the inventor of a steam-engine indicator. His indicator, deployed to evaluate the performance of Elder's compound engines, stood at the center of the controversy over their economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the newly established Department of Health after the Great War was to 'remove the stigma of the Poor Law' from public health policy. Although there was no abolition of the Poor Law in its entirety there were strategies employed to encourage better health, and manipulation of the rules to extend free access to primary health care. This article examines the efforts of the Corporation of Glasgow from 1918 to 1939 to expand patient care to the citizens of the city who either did not qualify for poor relief or had no access to national insurance. The article examines the city's pioneering work in devising strategies to fulfil these changed priorities through the reorganization of services, building additional health infrastructure and through lobbying the Scottish Office to support legislation to create a legal context in which to expand patient access; this came to fruition in the health clauses of the 1929 Local Government ( Scotland) Act. As Glasgow was the largest municipal authority outside the London County Council, its experience is crucial in understanding how changing national priorities were applied at local level and that despite great improvements in the scholarship on the inter-war hospital service the neglect of the city has created a major hole in the study of public health before the creation of the NHS. This article will correct this omission and further add to the existing scholarship on the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses geographic aspects of prostitution in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1900 to 1939. Topics include the role of the business districts and entertainment areas in prostitution, Edinburgh policing practices related to prostitution, and the role communication technology in changing prostitution practices.

By outlining the contribution made by private libraries to the intellectual and cultural lives of a specific group of readers in the rural north-east of Scotland, this article asks what role family libraries played in the growth of library provision in the long eighteenth century. With book lending becoming something of a social imperative in the polite culture of late Georgian Britain, private libraries often served as a practical resource for the wider community, providing books that could not be acquired elsewhere, and filling important gaps in 'public sphere' provision in rural communities without access to subscription or circulating libraries. More importantly, though, the practice of book sharing had far-reaching consequences for community cohesion, shared reading habits, and intellectual culture. In particular, this essay points to the role played by the physical exchange of private books in the dissemination and widespread acceptance of new ideas relating to female education, child-rearing, and separate spheres associated with James Fordyce and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Basil Spence, Glover & Ferguson, enjoyed a conspicuous presence on the Scottish architectural scene, undertaking a wide range of notable commissions.1 One field in which they became acknowledged as specialists was that of library design. This expertise was developed during the design process for their first such job, the University of Edinburgh's Main Library, which received a RIBA award (1968) and a Civic Trust Commendation (1969). It led to an interesting group of libraries executed during the 1960s and 1970s. In this paper, both the well-known and more obscure libraries and library projects of Spence, Glover & Ferguson are discussed.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the nature of Scottish urban ambition during the Enlightenment period, through assessing the pattern of public building construction in selected burghs against the general historiography of Georgian towns. Using principally Scottish burgh council minutes and contemporary publications, it studies the improvement agenda as the context for civic building, and questions whether it provided a discernible process and chronology for the construction activity. In reviewing the symbolic role of public buildings in particular, the article ponders whether there was indeed a British urban experience toward the end of the first century of parliamentary union. [1] It concludes that both in the historically different Scottish urbanism and the distinctive manner in which Scots burghs responded to improvement, the urban experience north and south of the border was significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of kinship and lordship in determining relationships within medieval Scotland has long been acknowledged. In the late sixteenth century, however Scotland underwent an intensification of government in which the crown increasingly drew judicial processes within its own remit, replacing the private justice dispensed by regional elites with the public justice of the central courts in Edinburgh. The assumption might therefore be that the older obligations of kinship and lordship would have been overridden by the newly persistent demands for personal accountability to the crown. This article demonstrates instead that such obligations were still significant in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and that processes associated with traditional private justice were now being used in an unprecedented way by a Scottish crown, increasingly intolerant of violent crime. Familial and fictive familial obligations continued to shape how early modern Scottish society was organized and regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

James Lorimer Halliday (1897–1983) pioneered the development of the concept of psychosocial medicine in Britain in the 1930s and 1940s. He worked in Glasgow, first as a public health doctor, and then as part of the corporatist National Health Insurance scheme. Here he learned about links between poverty, the social environment, emotional stress and psychological and physical ill-health, and about statistical tools for making such problems scientifically visible. The intellectual development of his methodologically and epistemologically integrated medicine – a hybrid of biomedical and psychological approaches – was embedded in the context of this practice with its particular medical culture and socio-economic circumstances. Halliday’s ideas are part of the wider, heterogeneous turn towards medical modernism and holism within mainstream medicine in Britain, western Europe and the United States in the inter-war period, and their evolution underlines the varied nature of contemporary anti-reductionist thinking in medicine. It also points to the diversity of the sources of holism and the many routes by which psychological and especially psychosocial discourses about health and illness entered professional and public arenas in Britain in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the friendship between Huguenot poet Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas and King James VI of Scotland in the 16th century, and how their relationship affected Du Bartas popularity. The poet's diplomatic work for King Henri de Navarre of France is discussed, as well as his efforts to negotiate marriage between James and Henri's sister Catherine de Bourbon. Du Bartas route from France to Scotland is described, as well as his reputation in the court of Queen Elizabeth, and the author discusses the connection between diplomacy and English translations of French poetry.

The production of Turkey red dyed and printed cottons was a major industry in the west of Scotland, particularly in the mid- to late nineteenth century. Although the extensive works were pulled down in the second half of the twentieth century, our knowledge of this industry is significantly aided by the survival of approximately 200 pattern books, now housed in the National Museums Scotland. These pattern books, examined along with business papers, exhibition catalogues and the Board of Trade Design Registers, are the foundation for a new study into the wider Scottish decorative textile industry. The ongoing examination of these pattern books has shown the variety and longevity of Turkey red dyed and printed patterns, as well as providing insights into wider aspects of the textile industry, including issues of design, manufacture and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of justice administration in early 19th century Scotland. An overview of the criminal procedure in which criminals receive punishment, or sentencing, including the differentiation among genders, judicial discretion in this regard and sentencing guidelines, is provided. The Scottish prosecution system, including Scottish criminal law, juries, judges and prosecutors, is discussed. An overview of capital punishment in Scotland, including public opinion of it and its reduction throughout the early 19th century, is also provided.

The article discusses the history of merchants from Glasgow, Scotland in the West Indies, including their origins, education, wealth family, wills, probate inventories and business networks, from 1783 to 1877. The relationship between wealth acquired by Scottish merchants in the Caribbean Region and economic development in Scotland is discussed. The social and economic conditions of Scottish businesspeople in the West Indies, including their community's social hierarchy and the impact of Great Britain's 1833 emancipation of slaves, are also discussed.

The article discusses the reformed Protestant Church of Scotland's charitable efforts for poor people, particularly for those not in the parish, from 1560 to 1650. The role that the Scottish parochial ecclesiastical court known as the kirk session played in raising money for poor relief, including for Christians of all denominations and foreigners in Scotland, is discussed. An overview of Scottish charities' attitudes towards poor people who were seen as undeserving of charity, including those who are referred to as sturdy beggars and gypsies, is provided.

The article discusses the use of dress, particularly the tartan, by Scottish Highland elites to portray the Highlands of Scotland as modern, economically developed and loyal to Great Britain from 1745 to 1815. The relationship between Scottish Highlanders' expression of cultural identity through material culture and Great Britain's political party the Whig Party is discussed. The Highland elites' use of dress, including to represent social hierarchy, social status, and the Highlands' relationship with British imperialism through the Highlands' putative martial culture, is also discussed.

In the early 1730s, Archibald Campbell, the earl of Ilay, gained a dominant position in Scotland, and Sir Robert Walpole, the prime minister, entrusted him with the distribution of patronage there. Ilay took full advantage of this power, and controlled the votes of the financially weak Scottish peers in the election of 16 representative peers. The excise crisis of 1733-4, however, changed the political scene in Scotland. Although they had been chosen as supporters of the court party, some of the Squadrone Volante members (the duke of Montrose and the marquess of Tweeddale) and two courtiers (the earls of Marchmont and Stair) raised a standard of revolt against Walpole and Ilay. The Scottish opposition co-operated with the English country party ('the Patriots') and such Scottish tories as the duke of Hamilton. In the 1734 peers' election they launched a challenge to the ministry, but the opposition was crushed by a bankrolled election campaign organised by the court party. Although the English and Scottish opposition petitioned in the house of lords to criticize the 'undue practices' of Walpole and Ilay at the election, the ministry was backed up by English and Scottish courtiers and bishops, and overwhelmed the opposition. Three new division lists related to the aftermath of the Scottish election shed much light upon the party alignment of the upper House in the middle of the 1730s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Scottish Act 1998, an act establishing the devolved Scottish Parliament. Topics mentioned include the debate regarding the possible independence of Scotland, the powers of the Scottish Parliament, and the problems it involves, including the division of powers, the over-representation of Scotland, and the taxation.

Eighteenth-century architect-builders were a small group, but important for understanding the market strategies of knowledge-based experts in an age of rapid growth in technical information before the creation of modern professions. This article confronts a teleological historiography of emerging professionalization. It is focused on Robert Mylne and several of his contemporaries in Edinburgh and London, including a number of successful London-based Scots who were active as architects, builders, engineers, and surveyors, and self-styled in all these areas when it suited them. It supplies an account of what it took for building experts to establish themselves and flourish in big cities and the ways in which such experts navigated, controlled, and accommodated an environment of unregulated expertise that largely suited contemporary practitioners. Individual, family, and collective market strategies are examined in detail and the final section is a close analysis of the activities of the Architects Club in the 1790s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Why were there so few Scottish women writers? This question is addressed by looking at literacy and the book market in Scotland, noting both its conservatism, and the extreme scarcity of chapbook and ballad literature, and arguing the relationship between reading and writing, the importance of chapbooks in the formation of English writers, and that Scotswomen were hampered both as writers and readers by Scotland's investment in Latin, which meant that, whereas Englishmen preferred classics in translation, Scots did not, and so their books were inaccessible to their womenfolk. I end by suggesting that women's creative expression can be found, but in the Scottish ballads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim This paper provides a historical overview of licensing law in Scotland. It seeks to put important contemporary policy developments into their historical context and to draw attention to key themes in licensing policy debates across the United Kingdom. Design Based on a survey of statutes, commissions of enquiry and consumption and retail data, this paper draws together historical evidence to present a synopsis of Scottish licensing history. Settings The article focuses on Scotland, but also discusses UK-wide licensing policy over a 250-year period. Findings Scottish licensing has diverged from licensing in England and Wales and has addressed some historical licensing weaknesses, including problems of accountability, overprovision and systemic oversight regarding off-sales. Distinctive features of current Scottish legislation include public health protection as a statutory licensing objective; local Licensing Forums and Licensing Standards Officers; a requirement for explicit policies on the 'overprovision' of licensed premises; mandatory restrictions on price promotions in the on- and off-trades; and limitations on opening hours for off-licences. Conclusion Scotland has developed alcohol policies several times addressing long-standing licensing weaknesses throughout the United Kingdom. Some Scottish alcohol policies have later become the norm in England and Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1298, in a departure from past practice, the Scots under William Wallace fought and lost at Falkirk with large units of spearmen. King Robert Bruce adopted this tactic in 1307. He was successful largely owing to the attention he paid to the selection and training of his men, to the arms and armour they employed, and to the choice and preparation of the field of battle. The Scottish armies of the period may have been larger than allowed by recent historians. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers the main characteristics of the Scottish formal landscape, as established by Sir William Bruce. It considers Bruce's key contribution but also how his collaboration with Alexander Edward allowed the further development of the characteristics of the Scottish designed landscape, partly under the influence of France and also in relation to the notion of the Scottish Historical Landscape. It focuses on two case studies, Kinnaird Castle in Angus and Hopetoun House, proposing a new interpretation of the latter in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sir William Bruce's lifetime, the relationship between architecture and natural, experimental and mechanical philosophies - the so-called 'new sciences' - was a fundamental one.1 It was reflected in the presence of major architects in important European scientific institutions in the period: groups such as the Royal Society of London and the Académie des sciences in Paris.2 These organisations could count among their members Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, François Blondel and Claude Perrault, all of whom practised architecture alongside other intellectual pursuits that we would now identify as science. In Scotland, the situation was somewhat different due to the fact that the new science was never institutionalised here, as it was in England and France. Nonetheless, as this article will demonstrate, many of Scotland's more prominent late seventeenth-century intellectuals counted architecture among their interests. Additionally, proposals were made in Scotland for scientific groups that, had they got off the ground, would have almost certainly promoted architecture as an intellectual subject in their meetings. What follows is an attempt to reconstruct how Scottish intellectuals in this period conceived of architecture as an intellectual discipline and as a practice. Ultimately, this paper will conclude that their approach to architecture tended to differ from their English counterparts. Just as they conceived of the new sciences in a much more straightforwardly Baconian way than the London Royal Society, so too was their attitude to architecture informed by the general climate of utility and improvement in Scotland at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synopsis of some of the work of this Royal Master Mason, whose place in the Scottish architectural pantheon has sometimes been overlooked. Recent studies have shown him to have had almost an indispensible presence during the often tumultuous period of his career, paving the way for his better-known successors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinross has come to epitomise a defining moment in the development of Scottish domestic architecture, when the retrospective image of the tower-house finally submitted to the refinement and convenience of the compact, classical country house. This essay, which is based upon a close analysis of the aspirations and ambitions of Sir William Bruce's patrons, puts the case for an alternative hypothesis. The tower did not give way to the classical country house, as historians have proposed. Instead, both forms of architecture remained in demand throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, each appealing to different sections of noble society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth century nationalism and historiography were closely linked, and the absence of separatist nationalism in Scotland had consequences for academic history. This article looks at the content of university history teaching, using sources such as lecture notes, textbooks, and inaugural lectures. The nature of the Scottish curriculum made the Ordinary survey courses more significant than specialised Honours teaching. While chairs of general history were founded only in the 1890s, the teaching of constitutional history in law faculties from the 1860s transmitted an older tradition of whig constitutionalism, based partly on the idea of racial affinity between the English and Scots, which was reinforced by the influence of the English historians Stubbs and Seeley. Academic historians shared contemporary views of history as an evolutionary science, which stressed long-term development and allowed the Union to be presented in teleological terms. Their courses incorporated significant elements of Scottish history. Chairs of Scottish history were founded at Edinburgh in 1901 and Glasgow in 1913, but their holders shared the general unionist orientation. By 1914, therefore, university history courses embodied a distinctive Scoto-British historiography, which was a significant factor in the formation of British identity among the Scottish middle classes; there were many European parallels to this state-oriented form of national history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]